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  • How can I collapse a dataframe by some variables, taking mean across others

    - by Alex Holcombe
    I need to summarize a data frame by some variables, ignoring the others. This is sometimes referred to as collapsing. E.g. if I have a dataframe like this: Widget Type Energy egg 1 20 egg 2 30 jap 3 50 jap 1 60 Then collapsing by Widget, with Energy the dependent variable, Energy~Widget, would yield Widget Energy egg 25 jap 55 In Excel the closest functionality might be "Pivot tables" and I've worked out how to do it in python (http://alexholcombe.wordpress.com/2009/01/26/summarizing-data-by-combinations-of-variables-with-python/), and here's an example with R using doBy library to do something very related (http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg02643.html), but is there an easy way to do the above? And even better is there anything built into the ggplot2 library to create plots that collapse across some variables?

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  • What does the C# operator => mean?

    - by Mr. Mark
    Answers to a recent post (Any chances to imitate times() Ruby method in C#?) use the = operator in the usage examples. What does this operator do? I can't locate it in my C# book, and it is hard to search for symbols like this online. (I couldn't find it.)

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  • What does "->" do or mean in PHP?

    - by mas2040
    i have seen this at a lot of place but have never understood its meaning or working... for example: // Registry $registry = new Registry(); // Loader $loader = new Loader($registry); $registry-set('load', $loader); if someone can elaborate this, i will be very greatful.. thanks in avance..

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  • Repetitive SQL: What does it mean?

    - by Lijo
    Hi In a different post I got a reply that tells about Repetitive SQL. Could you please explain what is Repetitive SQL? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2657459/sql-code-smells I thought to make it a new post as it is a different subject. The reply says that use of "multiple stored procedures that perform the exact same joins but different filters" can be avoided using VIEWs. Could you please give an example that can only be achieved using repetitive queries, if we are using Stored Proecure? [The same can be achieved without repetition when used VIEWS] Thanks Lijo

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  • What does this `_time_independent_equals` mean?

    - by Satoru.Logic
    In the tornado.web module there is a function called _time_independent_equals: def _time_independent_equals(a, b): if len(a) != len(b): return False result = 0 for x, y in zip(a, b): result |= ord(x) ^ ord(y) return result == 0 It is used to compare secure cookie signatures, and thus the name. But regarding the implementation of this function, is it just a complex way to say a==b?

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  • What does this `_time_independent_equlas` mean?

    - by Satoru.Logic
    In the tornado.web module there is a function called _time_independent_equals: def _time_independent_equals(a, b): if len(a) != len(b): return False result = 0 for x, y in zip(a, b): result |= ord(x) ^ ord(y) return result == 0 It is used to compare secure cookie signatures, and thus the name. But regarding the implementation of this function, is it just a complex way to say a==b?

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  • What does size really mean in geom_point?

    - by Jonas Stein
    In both plots the points look different, but why? mya <- data.frame(a=1:100) ggplot() + geom_path(data=mya, aes(x=a, y=a, colour=2, size=seq(0.1,10,0.1))) + geom_point(data=mya, aes(x=a, y=a, colour=1, size=1)) + theme_bw() + theme(text=element_text(size=11)) ggplot() + geom_path(data=mya, aes(x=a, y=a, colour=2, size=1)) + geom_point(data=mya, aes(x=a, y=a, colour=1, size=1)) + theme_bw() + theme(text=element_text(size=11))

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  • what does synchronization mean in hibernate..

    - by abc
    i read that upon session.flush() The data will be synchronized (but not committed) when session.flush() is called what is synchronized with what.. whether it is DB state that will come to memory by querying or memory state will be copied to Db ? clarify this plz..

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  • How to filter using a dropdown in Knockout

    - by user517406
    I have just started using Knockout and I want to filter my data that I am displaying in my UI by selecting an item from a dropdown. I have got so far, but I cannot get the selected value from my dropdown yet, and then after that I need to actually filter the data displayed based upon that value. Here is my code so far : @model Models.Fixture @{ ViewBag.Title = "Fixtures"; Layout = "~/Areas/Development/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; } @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval") <script type="text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/knockout-2.1.0.js")"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function FixturesViewModel() { var self = this; var baseUri = '@ViewBag.ApiUrl'; self.fixtures = ko.observableArray(); self.teams = ko.observableArray(); self.update = function (fixture) { $.ajax({ type: "PUT", url: baseUri + '/' + fixture.Id, data: fixture }); }; self.sortByAwayTeamScore = function () { this.fixtures.sort(function(a, b) { return a.AwayTeamScore < b.AwayTeamScore ? -1 : 1; }); }; self.select = function (team) { }; $.getJSON("/api/fixture", self.fixtures); $.getJSON("/api/team", self.teams); } $(document).ready(function () { ko.applyBindings(new FixturesViewModel()); }); </script> <div class="content"> <div> <table><tr><td><select data-bind="options: teams, optionsText: 'TeamName', optionsCaption: 'Select...', optionsValue: 'TeamId', click: $root.select"> </select></td></tr></table> <table class="details ui-widget-content"> <thead> <tr><td>FixtureId</td><td>Season</td><td>Week</td><td>AwayTeam</td><td><a id="header" data-bind='click: sortByAwayTeamScore'>AwayTeamScore</a></td><td>HomeTeam</td><td>HomeTeamScore</td></tr> </thead> <tbody data-bind="foreach: fixtures"> <tr> <td><span data-bind="text: $data.Id"></span></td> <td><span data-bind="text: $data.Season"></span></td> <td><span data-bind="text: $data.Week"></span></td> <td><span data-bind="text: $data.AwayTeamName"></span></td> <td><input type="text" data-bind="value: $data.AwayTeamScore"/></td> <td><span data-bind="text: $data.HomeTeamName"></span></td> <td><input type="text" data-bind="value: $data.HomeTeamScore"/></td> <td><input type="button" value="Update" data-bind="click: $root.update"/></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> Can anybody please advise on this?

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  • What does $this generally mean in PHP?

    - by xczzhh
    I am really new to PHP, so I am kind of confused seeing these different operators all day. Here is some code I came across when watching a video tutorail, I'd appreciate it if some could explain a little bit: function index() { $config = Array( 'protocol' => 'smtp', 'smtp_host' => 'ssl://smtp.googlemail.com', 'smtp_port' => 465, 'smtp_user' => '[email protected]', 'smtp_pass' =>'password', ); $this->load->library('email', $config); $this->email->set_newline("\r\n"); $this->email->from('[email protected]', 'Jerry'); $this->email->to('[email protected]'); $this->email->subject('this is an email test'); $this->email->message('this is test message!'); if($this->email->send()) { echo 'Your email was sent'; } else { show_error($this->email->print_debugger()); } } ...

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  • what does "out of range" mean?

    - by user329820
    Hi I have checked these statements with mysql and no error will happen and also the out put will be 0 rows BUT my friend checked it and he found an error for SELECT becaouse it is out of range !! IS he correct? thanks CREATE TABLE T1(A INTEGER NULL); SELECT * FROM T1;

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  • What does static and IOException mean?

    - by Brian
    I just had a test on java and we had to give the definition of 1) Static: 2) IOExcepion: What I said for static was...a static method is used to define a method as a class method. And I got it wrong so I asked my teacher and he said he wants the actually definition of static not a static method, class or variable just static. Can someone tell me the definition of this and for IOException please Thanks.

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  • What does this mean?

    - by LeonixSolutions
    I found this in some code examples while googling : $sql = 'INSERT INTO users (username,passwordHash) VALUES (?,?)'; it's new to me, but I would guess that it a substitution method and equivalent to $sql = "INSERT INTO users (username,passwordHash) VALUES ($username,$passwordHash)";` or $sql = 'INSERT INTO users (username,passwordHash) VALUES (' . $username . ',' . $passwordHash . ')';` would that be correct? Is it an actual PHP syntax, or was he just trying to simplify his example?

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  • What does this C++ code mean

    - by Markus Orreilly
    I was trying to understand how webkit parses urls, and I'm having a hard time making heads or tails of this: Vector<char, 4096> buffer(fragmentEnd * 3 + 1); This line is on line 1214 (you can see it here: http://trac.webkit.org/browser/trunk/WebCore/platform/KURL.cpp#L1214). I get that it's making a vector of type char, with each entry being an array of char 4096 bytes large, but I don't get the buffer(fragmentEnd * 3 + 1) part. I think that it confuses me most b/c I can't find where the buffer variable is instantiated anywhere (shouldn't it be something more like Vector<char, 4096> buffer = new Vector<char, 4096>(...)? Thanks in advance

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