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• Meaning of Bridge-Check in iptables flowchart

  - by networkIT

  In the famous iptables flow-chart what does bridge-check exactly stands for ? I couldn't find any documentation. The only clue I found was while scanning the MikroTik RouterOS documentation ( RouterOS is build upon a Linux 2.6.16 kernel ), I found this : In-interface Bridge = Checks if the input interface is a port for a bridge or is the bridge. Manual:Packet Flow Comparing both flow-charts brings clues that iptables Bridge-check might equal MikroTik In-Interface Bridge. Is this true ? Else, what might be the meaning of iptables Bridge-Check ?

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• curl XPUT returning HTTP 500 error message

  - by pradeepchhetri

  I have added the following changes in nginx configuration. server { listen 8080; root /usr/share/nginx/www; client_body_temp_path /tmp/; dav_methods PUT DELETE MKCOL COPY MOVE; create_full_put_path on; dav_access user:rw group:rw all:rw; } I have my nginx configured with --with-http_dav_module also. But when I am trying to running the command: $ curl -XPUT http://172.16.31.127:8080/test.html -d 'test' I am getting 500 Internal Server error. Can anyone help me out in solving this.

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• How can I use my laptop's monitor as my PC's ONLY monitor? (please vote to reopen) [closed]

  - by Randell

  Please vote to reopen. This is different from Can I use my laptop as a second monitor for my desk computer?, because that question is asking how to use the laptop screen as the secondary display, not as the only display. My PC's monitor just died and I'm not looking at buying a new monitor anytime soon. So I'm thinking of using my laptop's monitor for it. Both machines are running on Fedora linux. Edit: Both machines are connected to the same wireless network. PC needs to log in before it can connect to the network if I'm not mistaken.

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• How to load previous kernel via ssh?

  - by Aamir

  I work remotely on my work computer. I am also the root of the workstation that I am sharing with my colleague. Yesterday, I upgraded the kernel to 2.6.31-17 when asked by the update manager but refrained from restarting because I knew my NVIDIA and several other kernel modules wouldn't work. Unfortunately my colleague who is a linux noob restarted the machine and here I am :( I am thinking of changing the symlinks /initrd.img and /vmlinuz to the previous kernel image and use kexec. Please tell some better way to load the 2.6.31-16 release of kernel from ssh and not the grub boot menu. I am using Ubuntu Karmic.

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• JFFS2 poor mount performance

  - by Marcin Polkowski

  I run multiple ARM boards with Debian Linux installed. Board is equipped with 512 MB of NAND memory. I've observed that after ~3 months of continuous run booting time increased significantly - it takes over 3 minutes to mount filesystem (JFFS2). System was using about 35% of available storage so I’ve removed unnecessary files (got to ~18%) but this didn't change anything. Then I realized that my software produces directories that are left empty so I’ve removed ~500 empty and unnecessary dirs. This didn’t help either. After system is started I see JFFS2 garbage collector (jffs2_gcd_mtd4) running and occupying over 90% of CPU. Now my question: is there a way to „optimize” JFFS2 filesystem for better performance - faster booting (my system have limited timid to boot up)? It would be great if this optimization could be done remotely - I have no physical access to boards.

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• Restrict VPN Clients to VPN Server

  - by Sprotty

  I've setup a VPN server using Debians pptpd. This all works, but I want to restrict incoming connections so they can only access ports on the VPN server and not get access to other machines on the VPN servers local network. I'm guessing this is a firewall rule? but i'm new to linux so am struggling a bit... ---- Additional info ----- The VPN Server is also hosting an SVN server, which is its real purpose, and the only service I want it to expose to incoming connections. I guess I could expose the SVN server directly, but I'm not confident that I could secure this correctly, so a VPN seemed to give an additional layer of security.

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• What is fastest way to backup a disk image over LAN?

  - by David Balažic

  Sometimes I boot sysrescd or a similar live linux on a PC to backup the hardrive over local network to my server. I noticed many times, that the transfer speed is not optimal (slower than HDD and network speed). Any rules of thumb what to do and what to avoid? What I typically do is something like: dd bs=16M if=/dev/sda | nc ... # on client nc ... | dd bs=16M of=/destination/disk/backup1 # on server I also "throw" in lzop (other are way too slow) and sometimes on the fly md5sum calculation (both of uncompressed and compress source). I try to add (m)buffer (or other alternatives) to improve throughput (and get a progress indicator). I noticed that even with enough free CPU, adding commands to the pipeline slows things down. Typically the destination is on a NTFS volume (accessed via ntfs-3g, with the _big_writes_ option).

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• Can gedit on mac be used to edit files over ssh?

  - by Dave

  I use a linux machine at work and a mac at home. I can ssh from my machine at home to my work machine. But the only editor that I have access to on the command line then is vi, which I don't like. Is there a way to use gedit on my mac to edit files remotely over an ssh connection? This page says that it can be done, but I think that it assumes that you are using gedit on ubuntu. On my mac (os 10.5.8) I don't have the "bookmark" option when I click "connect to server". http://thecodecentral.com/2010/04/02/use-gedit-as-remote-file-editor-via-ftp-and-ssh-ubuntu/comment-page-1#comment-50558

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• Updating autoreconf

  - by AzaraT

  So I need to use the autoreconf to configure a package. However I need at least version 2.61. I'm on CentOS 5.8 and it seems like there's no package for it so I went on to compile it myself. So I get the source of autoconf from http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/ and compiled that. And sure when I do autoconf -V it shows up as version 2.68 which is indeed the latest version. However autoreconf (nothing the re) still shows up as the old version 2.59 which causes me some problems. So could someone help a relatively new linux user, updating autoreconf properly? Thanks

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• tcp handshake failed.client send rst (after syn-ack). can any one advice?

  - by user1495181

  architecture: 2 linux computer connected . on the second (192.168.1.1) one run apache server . I have a small program that take tcp packets from nfqueue change the dst ip to 192.168.1.1 in case that the dst ip is 192.168.1.2 (i know that i can do it with iptables , but my program will do more things in the future), fix check sum and return to the queue. if i call to telnet 192.168.1.1 , means that my program dosnt need to do any manipulation, handshake is OK. If i call to telnet 192.168.1.2 , my program change the dest. server get the syn and return syn-ack, but right after getting the syn-ack the client send rst. Can anyone advice? wireshark of the telnet tcpdump of the telenet above

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• rsync remote to local automatic backup

  - by Mark Molina

  Because all my work is stored on a remote server I would like to auto backup my server monthly and weekly. My server is running Centos 5.5 and while searching the web I'm found a tool named rsync. I got my first update manually by using this command in terminal: sudo rsync -chavzP --stats USERNAME@IPADDRES: PATH_TO_BACKUP LOCAL_PATH_TO_BACKUP I then prompt my password for that user and bob's my uncle. This backups the necessary files from my remote server to my local device but does somebody know how I can automate this? Like automatic running this script every sunday? EDIT I forgot to mention that I let direct admin backup the files I need and then copy those files from the remote server to a local server.

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• Changing time or offsetting it in OpenVZ contained server

  - by Milad Naseri

  I am trying to run a VPS, a Debian box contained in an OpenVZ container. Obviously, I cannot use time --set or any such command, as the time must be set via the parent node. The owner of the parent node, however refuses to adjust the time (which is 30 minutes slower than the actual time). All the programs on my system, consequently, now recognized the false time and this throws a wrench in my syncing. Is there a way to possibly change the system time without interference from the container's administrator? Or perhaps, failing that, a way to make the programs "see" the time 30 minutes faster than what is reported by the container?

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• Copy a single file from main directory recursively across all directories within

  - by chris

  I'm on a dedicated server using CentOS, and on this server I have 5000+ directories in one main directory. In the main directory I have an index.php. I would like to copy this index.php into all 5000+ directories, but the only way I know how is doing it manually. Is there a way through the command line that I can enter something like cp and make it work from the directory? I'd copy it all the way down through all the directories and there sub directories within this main directory I am starting out in.

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• How to deny access to disabled AD accounts via kerberos in pam_krb5?

  - by Phil

  I have a working AD/Linux/LDAP/KRB5 directory and authentication setup, with one small problem. When an account is disabled, SSH publickey authentication still allows user login. It's clear that kerberos clients can identify a disabled account, as kinit and kpasswd return "Clients credentials have been revoked" with no further password / interaction. Can PAM be configured (with "UsePAM yes" in sshd_config) to disallow logins for disabled accounts, where authentication is done by publickey? This doesn't seem to work: account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_krb5.so Please don't introduce winbind in your answer - we don't use it.

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• What is the difference between du -h and ls -lh?

  - by PeanutsMonkey

  I am having a difficult time grasping what is the correct way to read the size of the files since each command gives you varying results. I also came across a post at http://forums.devshed.com/linux-help-33/du-and-ls-generating-inconsistent-file-sizes-42169.html which states the following; du gives you the size of the file as it resides on the file system. ( IE will will always give you a result that is divisible by 1024 ). ls will give you the actual size of the file. What you are looking at is the difference between the actual size of the file and the amount of space on disk it takes. ( also called file system efficiency ). What is the difference between as it resides on the file system and actual size of the fil

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• Is it possible to have Grub2's boot.img in the MBR and have it load core.img from a separate boot pa

  - by wesley

  I have a multiboot system that I would like to use Grub to manage. The version of Grub shipping with my Linux distro is Grub2, and it installs its equivalent of stage 1.5-2, core.img, into the remaining sectors on the first track after the MBR but before the first partition. Unfortunately, those sectors are needed by another program. I have a separate primary /boot partition. If I could only keep boot.img as my MBR but have it look in the /boot partition for core.img rather than the embedded one in the sectors immediately following the MBR, everything would work fine. Is this possible with grub2?

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• Keyboard-Shortcut driffen Utility to move windows around on multiscreen setup

  - by Wolfgang Fahl

  I am looking for a utility to move windows around on a multiscreen (usualy dual screen) setup. So with a keybord shortcut (or mousclick) I would like to send a windows to another monitor. I am using this functionality a lot when I give presentations. I'll lookup something on my mainscreen and then send the window to the screen or beamer where others can see it. Its also useful when working or when I want to send a screen from my computer to the TV screen that is hooked up to the computer. I know two solutions for a) Windows b) Mac OS but none yet for Linux. I'll post my windows and Mac OS solutions as answer and would be interested in other opinions.

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• Running projects from NTFS partition on Ubuntu

  - by tsuby

  I'm dual booting Windows 7/Ubuntu 12.04. I want to run C++/Java projects from a NTFS partition, where I keep generally all my files and projects. I fiddled with the fstab. One time I removed 'noexec', the other I changed it to 'exec'. After that,each time, I remounted the partition and it still didn't work. I tried using sudo mount -o remount,exec /media/mypartition It didn't work either. There was a somewhat similar question already, but it didn't have the proper answer for me or I didn't know how to make it work(note: I am a total newbie with Ubuntu and Linux in general).

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• How do i allow users to execute commands via ssh without allocating a psuedo-terminal

  - by Dani El

  I need to allow users to run a limited set of commands. But not to allow them to create interactive sessions. Just like GitHub does. If you try to ssh without a command it greetings you and close the session. I can acquire this by using ForceCommand some-script But getting in some-script i then need to eval user's input. Perhaps any other NoTTY-like option in sshd_config? --- UPDATE --- i'm looking for a pure SSH / Bash solution, not Perl/Python/etc. hacks.

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• Best DSL hardware for ADSL Troubleshooting

  - by Jeff Sacksteder

  I have a situation where I need to make the best of a bad DSL situation. The CPE is a black box with no access to DSL diagnostics. My plan is to get some sort of DSL hardware that exposes link-layer state and gives me knobs to tweak. I'd like to be able to mitigate bufferbloat as much as I can while I'm at it. The obvious choice would seem to be a Sangoma card in a linux system. I have no way of knowing if that will do anything for me without testing it, however. I have no other access to WAN troubleshooting equipment. Are there any other options avail to me as a consumer?

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• Using mongodump with an auth enabled mongodb server

  - by bb-generation

  I'm trying to do a daily backup of my mongodb server (auth enabled) using the mongodump tool. mongodump provides two parameters to set the credentials: -u [ --username ] arg username -p [ --password ] arg password Unfortunately they don't provide any parameter to read the password from stdin. Therefore everytime I run this command, everyone on the server can read the password (e.g. by using ps aux). The only workaround I have found is stopping the database and directly accessing the database files using the --dbpath parameter. Is there any other solution which allows me to backup the mongodb database without stopping the server and without "publishing" my password? I am using Debian squeeze 6.0.5 amd64 with mongodb 1.4.4-3.

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• "Cannot allocate memory" while no process seems to be using up memory

  - by omat

  I am not competent on server issues, any help is much appreciated. When try to start a python/django shell on a linux box, I am getting OSError: [Errno 12] Cannot allocate memory. free -m seems to confirm I am out of memory: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 590 560 29 0 3 37 -/+ buffers/cache: 518 71 Swap: 0 0 0 But I cannot see what is eating up the memory with top or ps aux: PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 20 0 24336 908 0 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.68 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:04.85 ksoftirqd/0 How can I identify the leak? Thanks. BTW, I am not sure if it is relevant, but the machine I am talking about is an AWS EC2 instance with Ubuntu 12 running.

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• The cache is getting at full level so fast

  - by CompilingCyborg

  Please, the memory and the cache are getting to the full level quite quickly under my linux mint 9 - isadora system. I used Ubuntu and Debian before, and it was not causing this issue at all. At the current time i typing the following command frequently to empty the cache "echo 3 /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches". Please any way around this? or do you know what's going wrong? | I am only programming on this machine; no graphics, no games nothing. Thanks in advance for your help!

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• Thunderbird 11.0.1 reply address issues

  - by hardlywired

  I'm running Thunderbird 11.0.1 under Linux Mint 12 for all my email addresses (all IMAP). I have recently found that when I reply to an email it only includes the recipient's email address in the reply on a random basis. More often than not, I have to add them in each time. If it did it all the time I would think it was a setting but random being random, I can't pin this one down. I have reinstalled without any change. Any ideas?

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• Determine process using a port, without sudo

  - by pat

  I'd like to find out which process (in particular, the process id) is using a given port. The one catch is, I don't want to use sudo, nor am I logged in as root. The processes I want this to work for are run by the same user that I want to find the process id - so I would have thought this was simple. Both lsof and netstat won't tell me the process id unless I run them using sudo - they will tell me that the port is being used though. As some extra context - I have various apps all connecting via SSH to a server I manage, and creating reverse port forwards. Once those are set up, my server does some processing using the forwarded port, and then the connection can be killed. If I can map specific ports (each app has their own) to processes, this is a simple script. Any suggestions? This is on an Ubuntu box, by the way - but I'm guessing any solution will be standard across most Linux distros.

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