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• Ruby BigDecimal sanity check (floating point newb)

  - by Andy

  Hello, Hoping to get some feedback from someone more experienced here. I haven't dealt with the dreaded floating-point calculation before... Is my understanding correct that with Ruby BigDecimal types (even with varying precision and scale lengths) should calculate accurately or should I anticipate floating point shenanigans? All my values within a Rails application are BigDecimal type and I'm seeing some errors (they do have different decimal lengths), hoping it's just my methods and not my object types... Thanks!

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• approximating log10[x^k0 + k1]

  - by Yale Zhang

  Greetings. I'm trying to approximate the function Log10[x^k0 + k1], where .21 < k0 < 21, 0 < k1 < ~2000, and x is integer < 2^14. k0 & k1 are constant. For practical purposes, you can assume k0 = 2.12, k1 = 2660. The desired accuracy is 5*10^-4 relative error. This function is virtually identical to Log[x], except near 0, where it differs a lot. I already have came up with a SIMD implementation that is ~1.15x faster than a simple lookup table, but would like to improve it if possible, which I think is very hard due to lack of efficient instructions. My SIMD implementation uses 16bit fixed point arithmetic to evaluate a 3rd degree polynomial (I use least squares fit). The polynomial uses different coefficients for different input ranges. There are 8 ranges, and range i spans (64)2^i to (64)2^(i + 1). The rational behind this is the derivatives of Log[x] drop rapidly with x, meaning a polynomial will fit it more accurately since polynomials are an exact fit for functions that have a derivative of 0 beyond a certain order. SIMD table lookups are done very efficiently with a single _mm_shuffle_epi8(). I use SSE's float to int conversion to get the exponent and significand used for the fixed point approximation. I also software pipelined the loop to get ~1.25x speedup, so further code optimizations are probably unlikely. What I'm asking is if there's a more efficient approximation at a higher level? For example: Can this function be decomposed into functions with a limited domain like log2((2^x) * significand) = x + log2(significand) hence eliminating the need to deal with different ranges (table lookups). The main problem I think is adding the k1 term kills all those nice log properties that we know and love, making it not possible. Or is it? Iterative method? don't think so because the Newton method for log[x] is already a complicated expression Exploiting locality of neighboring pixels? - if the range of the 8 inputs fall in the same approximation range, then I can look up a single coefficient, instead of looking up separate coefficients for each element. Thus, I can use this as a fast common case, and use a slower, general code path when it isn't. But for my data, the range needs to be ~2000 before this property hold 70% of the time, which doesn't seem to make this method competitive. Please, give me some opinion, especially if you're an applied mathematician, even if you say it can't be done. Thanks.

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• Solving simultaneous equations

  - by Milo

  Here is my problem: Given x, y, z and ratio where z is known and ratio is known and is a float representing a relative value, I need to find x and y. I know that: x / y == ratio y - x == z What I'm trying to do is make my own scroll pane and I'm figuring out the scrollbar parameters. So for example, If the scrollbar must be able to scroll 100 values (z) and the thumb must consume 80% of the bar (ratio = 0.8) then x would be 400 and y would be 500. Thanks

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• The bigger value in a matrix row

  - by marionmaiden

  How can I get the 2 biggers numbers of a matrix row? If the matrix have a bigger number in other row, it can't be shown. For example, let's suppose I have the following matrix int mat[][] ={{1,2,3}{4,5,6}{7,8,9}}; if I search the 2 biggers numbers from the row 0, it should return me 1 and 2.

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• Moving a Ball on iPhone

  - by Chandan Shetty SP

  I am using below formula to move the ball circular, where accelX and accelY are the values from accelerometer, it is working fine. But the problem in this code is mRadius(I fixed its value to 50), i need to change mRadius according to accelerometer values and also i need bouncing effect when it touches other circles please send your answers ASAP... I am waiting. float degrees = -atan2(accelX, accelY) * 180 / 3.14159; int x = cCentrePoint.x + mRadius * cos(degreesToRadians(degrees)); int y = cCentrePoint.y + mRadius * sin(degreesToRadians(degrees)); Here is the snap of the game i want to develop. http://iphront.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bdece528ea334033.jpg.jpg

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• Determining polygon intersection and containment

  - by Victor Liu

  I have a set of simple (no holes, no self-intersections) polygons, and I need to check that they don't intersect each other (one can be entirely contained in another; that is okay). I can check this by simply checking the per-vertex inside-ness of one polygon versus other polygons. I also need to determine the containment tree, which is the set of relationships that say which polygon contains any given polygon. Since no polygon can intersect any other, then any contained polygon has a unique container; the "next-bigger" one. In other words, if A contains B contains C, then A is the parent of B, and B is the parent of C, and we don't consider A the parent of C. The question: How do I efficiently determine the containment relationships and check the non-intersection criterion? I ask this as one question because maybe a combined algorithm is more efficient than solving each problem separately. The algorithm should take as input a list of polygons, given by a list of their vertices. It should produce a boolean B indicating if none of the polygons intersect any other polygon, and also if B = true, a list of pairs (P, C) where polygon P is the parent of child C. This is not homework. This is for a hobby project I am working on.

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• What is SVD(singular value decomposition)

  - by shiva

  How does it actually reduce noise..can you suggest some nice tutorials?

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• How would I find all sets of N single-digit, non-repeating numbers that add up to a given sum in PHP

  - by TerranRich

  Let's say I want to find all sets of 5 single-digit, non-repeating numbers that add up to 30... I'd end up with [9,8,7,5,1], [9,8,7,4,2], [9,8,6,4,3], [9,8,6,5,2], [9,7,6,5,3], and [8,7,6,5,4]. Each of those sets contains 5 non-repeating digits that add up to 30, the given sum. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Even just a starting point for me to use would be awesome. I came up with one method, which seems like a long way of going about it: get all unique 5-digit numbers (12345, 12346, 12347, etc.), add up the digits, and see if it equals the given sum (e.g. 30). If it does, add it to the list of possible matching sets. I'm doing this for a personal project, which will help me in solving Kakuro puzzles without actually solving the whole thing at once. Yeah, it may be cheating, but it's... it's not THAT bad... :P

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• Express highest floating point quantity that is less than 1

  - by edA-qa mort-ora-y

  I was doing some rounding calculations and happened upon a question. How can I express the highest quantity less than 1 for a given floating point type? That is, how I write/represent value x such that x < 1, x + y >= 1 for any y > 0. In fractions this would be x = (q-1)/q where q is the precision of the type. For example, if you are counting in 1/999 increments then x = 998/999. For a given type (float, double, long double), how could one express the value x in code? I also wonder if such a value actually exists for all values of y. That is, as y's exponent gets smaller perhaps the relation doesn't hold anymore. So an answer with some range restriction on y is also acceptable. (The value of x I want still does exist, the relationship may just not properly express it.)

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• How to maintain decimal percision in calculations

  - by Blankman

  I need to sum 2 decimal values together, then divide by 2 and convert to string. My calculation currently is trimming to 2 decimal places, but I want to keep as many decimals as I can. city.Latitude = ( (lat.North + lat.South) / 2 ).ToString(); the values for lat.North and lat.Souch are like: 55.32342322

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• Is there a good (flexible, feature-rich, KISS, modern) free C# framework for drawing charts (just ou

  - by Ivan

  I need to visualize some scientific calculations. I generally prefer reusing code if there is already a good available instead of inventing wheels each time, that's why I am asking. I need a C# code to draw charts (just outputting a bitmap is ok) of 2d (y=f(x)) and 3d (z=f(x,y)) digital data sets (where any axis can be float, int or datetime), sometimes combined.

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• Affine transformation algorithm.

  - by thehawk90

  Does anyone know of any standard algorithms to determine an affine transformation matrix based upon a set of known points in two co-ordinate systems?

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• Calculating distance from latitude, longitude and height using a geocentric co-ordinate system

  - by Sarge

  I've implemented this method in Javascript and I'm roughly 2.5% out and I'd like to understand why. My input data is an array of points represented as latitude, longitude and the height above the WGS84 ellipsoid. These points are taken from data collected from a wrist-mounted GPS device during a marathon race. My algorithm was to convert each point to cartesian geocentric co-ordinates and then compute the Euclidean distance (c.f Pythagoras). Cartesian geocentric is also known as Earth Centred Earth Fixed. i.e. it's an X, Y, Z co-ordinate system which rotates with the earth. My test data was the data from a marathon and so the distance should be very close to 42.26km. However, the distance comes to about 43.4km. I've tried various approaches and nothing changes the result by more than a metre. e.g. I replaced the height data with data from the NASA SRTM mission, I've set the height to zero, etc. Using Google, I found two points in the literature where lat, lon, height had been transformed and my transformation algorithm is matching. What could explain this? Am I expecting too much from Javascript's double representation? (The X, Y, Z numbers are very big but the differences between two points is very small). My alternative is to move to computing the geodesic across the WGS84 ellipsoid using Vincenty's algorithm (or similar) and then calculating the Euclidean distance with the two heights but this seems inaccurate. Thanks in advance for your help!

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• Looking for interesing formula

  - by Thinker

  I'm creating a game, where players can make an alloy. To make it less predictable, and more interesting, I thought that durability and hardness of an alloy can't be calculated by simple formula, because it will be extremely easy to find extrema, where alloy have best statistics. So the questions is, is there any formula for a function, where extrema can be found only by investigating all points? Input values will be in percents: 0.0%-100.0%. I think, it should look like this: half sound wave

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• Learning Basic Mathematics

  - by NeedsToKnow

  I'm going to just come out and say it. I'm 20 and can't do maths. Two years ago I passed the end-of-high-school mathematics exam (but not at school), and did pretty well. Since then, I haven't done a scrap of mathematics. I wondered just how bad I had gotten, so I was looking at some simple algebra problems. You know, the kind you learn halfway through highschool. 5(-3x - 2) - (x - 3) = -4(4x + 5) + 13 Couldn't do them. I've got half a year left until I start a Computer Science undergraduate degree. I love designing and creating programs, and I remember I loved mathematics back when I did it. Basically, I've had a pretty bad education, but I want to be knowledgable in these areas. I was thinking of buying some high school textbooks and reading them, but I'm not sure this is the right way to go. I need to start off at some basic level and work towards a greater understanding. My question is: What should I study, how should I study, and what books can you recommend? Thanks!

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• Why can't decimal numbers be represented exactly in binary?

  - by Barry Brown

  There have been several questions posted to SO about floating-point representation. For example, the decimal number 0.1 doesn't have an exact binary representation, so it's dangerous to use the == operator to compare it to another floating-point number. I understand the principles behind floating-point representation. What I don't understand is why, from a mathematical perspective, are the numbers to the right of the decimal point any more "special" that the ones to the left? For example, the number 61.0 has an exact binary representation because the integral portion of any number is always exact. But the number 6.10 is not exact. All I did was move the decimal one place and suddenly I've gone from Exactopia to Inexactville. Mathematically, there should be no intrinsic difference between the two numbers -- they're just numbers. By contrast, if I move the decimal one place in the other direction to produce the number 610, I'm still in Exactopia. I can keep going in that direction (6100, 610000000, 610000000000000) and they're still exact, exact, exact. But as soon as the decimal crosses some threshold, the numbers are no longer exact. What's going on? Edit: to clarify, I want to stay away from discussion about industry-standard representations, such as IEEE, and stick with what I believe is the mathematically "pure" way. In base 10, the positional values are: ... 1000 100 10 1 1/10 1/100 ... In binary, they would be: ... 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 ... There are also no arbitrary limits placed on these numbers. The positions increase indefinitely to the left and to the right.

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• Position elements without overlap

  - by eWolf

  I have a number of rectangular elements that I want to position in a 2D space. I calculate an ideal position for each element. Now my problem is that many elements overlap as very often the ideal positions are concentrated in one region. I want to avoid overlap as much as possible (doesn't have to be perfect, though). How can I do this? I've heard physics simulations are suitable for this - is that correct? And can anyone provide an example/tutorial? By the way: I'm using XNA, if you know any .NET library that does exactly this job - tell me!

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• question about complex values in java

  - by davit-datuashvili

  We know that the general form of complex numbers is like this: z=a+i*b, where i is sqrt(-1). I have a question about how to express this in Java ?

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• Extend and Overload MS and Point Types

  - by dr d b karron

  Do I have make my own Point and Vector types to overload them ? Why does this not work ? namespace System . windows { public partial struct Point : IFormattable { public static Point operator * ( Point P , double D ) { Point Po = new Point ( ); return Po; } } } namespace SilverlightApplication36 { public partial class MainPage : UserControl { public static void ShrinkingRectangle ( WriteableBitmap wBM , int x1 , int y1 , int x2 , int y2 , Color C ) { wBM . DrawRectangle ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , Colors . Red ); Point Center = Mean ( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ); wBM . SetPixel ( Center , Colors.Blue , 3 ); Point P1 = new Point ( x1 , y1 ); Point P2 = new Point ( x1 , y2 ); Point P3 = new Point ( x1 , y2 ); Point P4 = new Point ( x2 , y1 ); const int Steps = 10; for ( int i = 0 ; i < Steps ; i++ ) { double iF = (double)(i+1) / (double)Steps; double jF = ( 1.0 - iF ); Point P11 = **P1 * jF;** } }

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• Fast dot product for a very special case

  - by psihodelia

  Given a vector X of size L, where every scalar element of X is from a binary set {0,1}, it is to find a dot product z=dot(X,Y) if vector Y of size L consists of the integer-valued elements. I suggest, there must exist a very fast way to do it. Let's say we have L=4; X[L]={1, 0, 0, 1}; Y[L]={-4, 2, 1, 0} and we have to find z=X[0]*Y[0] + X[1]*Y[1] + X[2]*Y[2] + X[3]*Y[3] (which in this case will give us -4). It is obvious that X can be represented using binary digits, e.g. an integer type int32 for L=32. Then, all what we have to do is to find a dot product of this integer with an array of 32 integers. Do you have any idea or suggestions how to do it very fast?

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• Good computer science lecture series

  - by joemoe

  Since we have a thread on books.. what are your recommendations of publicly accessible video lecture series related to programming, computer science, or mathematics? Please post specific courses, not websites with courses. :) This is the video equivalent of this thread: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/194812/list-of-freely-available-programming-books

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• signed angle between two 3d vectors with same origin within the same plane? recipe?

  - by Advanced Customer

  Was looking through the web for an answer but it seems like there is no clear recipe for it. What I need is a signed angle of rotation between two vectors Va and Vb lying within the same 3D plane and having the same origin knowing that: the plane contatining both vectors is an arbitrary and is not parallel to XY or any other of cardinal planes Vn - is a plane normal both vectors along with the normal have the same origin O = { 0, 0, 0 } Va - is a reference for measuring the left handed rotation at Vn The angle should be measured in such a way so if the plane would be XY plane the Va would stand for X axis unit vector of it. I guess I should perform a kind of coordinate space transformation by using the Va as the X-axis and the cross product of Vb and Vn as the Y-axis and then just using some 2d method like with atan2() or something. Any ideas? Formulas?

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• Reverse engineering a bezier curve

  - by Martin

  Given a few sample points on a bézier curve, is it possible to work out the set of possible parameters of the curve? In my specific application there is a limited set of endpoints the curve may have, so I want to generate the set of possible curves, enumerate all of them and pick out all the ones which may end on a valid end point.

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• An efficient way to compute mathematical constant e

  - by Cinnamon

  Hello, The standard representation of constant e as the sum of the infinite series is very inefficient for computation, because of many division operations. So are there any alternative ways to compute the constant efficiently? Thanks!

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• A simple algorithm for polygon intersection

  - by Elazar Leibovich

  I'm looking for a very simple algorithm for computing the polygon intersection/clipping. That is, given polygons P, Q, I wish to find polygon T which is contained in P and in Q, and I wish T to be maximal among all possible polygons. I don't mind the run time (I have a few very small polygons), I can also afford getting an approximation of the polygons' intersection (that is, a polygon with less points, but which is still contained in the polygons' intersection). But it is really important for me that the algorithm will be simple (cheaper testing) and preferably short (less code). edit: please note, I wish to obtain a polygon which represent the intersection. I don't need only a boolean answer to the question of whether the two polygons intersect.

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