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  • Is it Pythonic to have a class keep track of its instances?

    - by Lightbreeze
    Take the following code snippet class Missile: instances = [] def __init__(self): Missile.instances.append(self) Now take the code: class Hero(): ... def fire(self): Missile() When the hero fires, a missile needs to be created and appended to the main list. Thus the hero object needs to reference the list when it fires. Here are a few solutions, although I'm sure there are others: Make the list a global, Use a class variable (as above), or Have the hero object hold a reference to the list. I didn't post this on gamedev because my question is actually more general: Is the previous code considered okay? Given a situation like this, is there a more Pythonic solution?

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  • Merging elements inside a xml.etree.ElementTree

    - by theAlse
    I have a huge test data like the one provided below (and yes I have no control over this data). Each line is actually 6 parts and I need to generate an XML based on this data. Nav;Basic;Dest;Smoke;No;Yes; Nav;Dest;Recent;Regg;No;Yes; Nav;Dest;Favourites;Regg;No;Yes; ... Nav;Dest using on board;By POI;Smoke;No;Yes; Nav;Dest using on board;Other;Regg;No;Yes; The first 3 elements on each line denotes "test suites"-XML element and the last 3 element should create a "test case"-XML element. I have successfully converted it into a XML using the following code: # testsuite (root) testsuite = ET.Element('testsuite') testsuite.set("name", "Tests") def _create_testcase_tag(elem): global testsuite level1, level2, level3, elem4, elem5, elem6 = elem # -- testsuite (level1) testsuite_level1 = ET.SubElement(testsuite, "testsuite") testsuite_level1.set("name", level1) # -- testsuite (level2) testsuite_level2 = ET.SubElement(testsuite_level1, "testsuite") testsuite_level2.set("name", level2) # -- testsuite (level3) testsuite_level2 = ET.SubElement(testsuite_level2, "testsuite") testsuite_level2.set("name", level3) # -- testcase testcase = ET.SubElement(testsuite_level2, "testcase") testcase.set("name", "TBD") summary = ET.SubElement(testcase, "summary") summary.text = "Test Type= %s, Automated= %s, Available=%s" %(elem4, elem5, elem6) with open(input_file) as in_file: for line_number, a_line in enumerate(in_file): try: parameters = a_line.split(';') if len(parameters) >= 6: level1 = parameters[0].strip() level2 = parameters[1].strip() level3 = parameters[2].strip() elem4 = parameters[3].strip() elem5 = parameters[4].strip() elem6 = parameters[5].strip() lines_as_list.append((level1, level2, level3, elem4, elem5, elem6)) except ValueError: pass lines_as_list.sort() for elem in lines_as_list: _create_testcase_tag(elem) output_xml = ET.ElementTree(testsuite) ET.ElementTree.write(output_xml, output_file, xml_declaration=True, encoding="UTF-8") The above code generates an XML like this: <testsuite name="Tests"> <testsuite name="Nav"> <testsuite name="Basic navigation"> <testsuite name="Set destination"> <testcase name="TBD"> <summary>Test Type= Smoke test Automated= No, Available=Yes</summary> </testcase> </testsuite> </testsuite> </testsuite> <testsuite name="Nav"> <testsuite name="Set destination"> <testsuite name="Recent"> <testcase name="TBD"> <summary> Test Type= Reggression test Automated= No, Available=Yes </summary> </testcase> </testsuite> </testsuite> </testsuite> </testsuite> ... This is all correct, but as you can see I have created a whole tree for each line and that is not what I need. I need to combine e.g. all testsuite with the same name into one testsuite and also perform that recursively. So the XML looks like this instead: <testsuite name="Tests"> <testsuite name="Nav"> <testsuite name="Basic navigation"> <testsuite name="Set destination"> <testcase name="TBD"> <summary>Test Type= Smoke test Automated= No, Available=Yes</summary> </testcase> </testsuite> <testsuite name="Recent"> <testcase name="TBD"> <summary> Test Type= Reggression test Automated= No, Available=Yes </summary> </testcase> </testsuite> </testsuite> </testsuite> </testsuite> I hope you can understand what I mean, but level1, level2 and level3 should be unique with testcases inside. How should I do this? Please do not suggest the use of any external libraries! I can not install new libraries in customer site. xml.etree.ElementTree is all I have. Thanks

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  • Requires a valid Date or x-amz-date header?

    - by Jordan Messina
    I'm getting the following error when attempting to upload a file to S3: S3StorageError: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <Error><Code>AccessDenied</Code><Message>AWS authentication requires a valid Date or x-amz-date header</Message><RequestId>7910FF83F3FE17E2</RequestId><HostId>EjycXTgSwUkx19YNkpAoY2UDDur/0d5SMvGJUicpN6qCZFa2OuqcpibIR3NJ2WKB</HostId></Error> I'm using Django with Django-Storages and Imagekit My S3 settings in my settings.py looks as follows: locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, 'en_US') DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'backends.s3.S3Storage' AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = '************************' AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '*****************************' AWS_STORAGE_BUCKET_NAME = 'static.blabla.com' AWS_HEADERS = { 'x-amz-date': datetime.datetime.utcnow().strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT'), 'Expires': 'Thu, 15 Apr 2200 20:00:00 GMT', } from S3 import CallingFormat AWS_CALLING_FORMAT = CallingFormat.SUBDOMAIN Thanks for any help you can give!

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  • Finding inline style with lxml.cssselector

    - by ropa
    New to this library (no more familiar with BeautifulSoup either, sadly), trying to do something very simple (search by inline style): <td style="padding: 20px">blah blah </td> I just want to select all tds where style="padding: 20px", but I can't seem to figure it out. All the examples show how to select td, such as: for col in page.cssselect('td'): but that doesn't help me much.

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  • Display additional data while iterating over a Django formset

    - by Jannis
    Hi, I have a list of soccer matches for which I'd like to display forms. The list comes from a remote source. matches = ["A vs. B", "C vs. D", "E vs, F"] matchFormset = formset_factory(MatchForm,extra=len(matches)) formset = MatchFormset() On the template side, I would like to display the formset with the according title (i.e. "A vs. B"). {% for form in formset.forms %} <fieldset> <legend>{{TITLE}}</legend> {{form.team1}} : {{form.team2}} </fieldset> {% endfor %} Now how do I get TITLE to contain the right title for the current form? Or asked in a different way: how do I iterate over matches with the same index as the iteration over formset.forms? Thanks for your input!

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  • Creating a QuerySet based on a ManyToManyField in Django

    - by River Tam
    So I've got two classes; Picture and Tag that are as follows: class Tag(models.Model): pics = models.ManyToManyField('Picture', blank=True) name = models.CharField(max_length=30) # stuff omitted class Picture(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True) content = models.ImageField(upload_to='instaton') #stuff omitted And what I'd like to do is get a queryset (for a ListView) given a tag name that contains the most recent X number of Pictures that are tagged as such. I've looked up very similar problems, but none of the responses make any sense to me at all. How would I go about creating this queryset?

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  • Django stupid mark_safe?

    - by Mark
    I wrote this little function for writing out HTML tags: def html_tag(tag, content=None, close=True, attrs={}): lst = ['<',tag] for key, val in attrs.iteritems(): lst.append(' %s="%s"' % (key, escape_html(val))) if close: if content is None: lst.append(' />') else: lst.extend(['>', content, '</', tag, '>']) else: lst.append('>') return mark_safe(''.join(lst)) Which worked great, but then I read this article on efficient string concatenation (I know it doesn't really matter for this, but I wanted consistency) and decided to update my script: def html_tag(tag, body=None, close=True, attrs={}): s = StringIO() s.write('<%s'%tag) for key, val in attrs.iteritems(): s.write(' %s="%s"' % (key, escape_html(val))) if close: if body is None: s.write(' />') else: s.write('>%s</%s>' % (body, tag)) else: s.write('>') return mark_safe(s.getvalue()) But now my HTML get escaped when I try to render it from my template. Everything else is exactly the same. It works properly if I replace the last line with return mark_safe(unicode(s.getvalue())). I checked the return type of s.getvalue(). It should be a str, just like the first function, so why is this failing?? Also fails with SafeString(s.getvalue()) but succeeds with SafeUnicode(s.getvalue()). I'd also like to point out that I used return mark_safe(s.getvalue()) in a different function with no odd behavior.

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  • Compound dictionary keys

    - by John Keyes
    I have a particular case where using compound dictionary keys would make a task easier. I have a working solution, but feel it is inelegant. How would you do it? context = { 'database': { 'port': 9990, 'users': ['number2', 'dr_evil'] }, 'admins': ['[email protected]', '[email protected]'], 'domain.name': 'virtucon.com' } def getitem(key, context): if hasattr(key, 'upper') and key in context: return context[key] keys = key if hasattr(key, 'pop') else key.split('.') k = keys.pop(0) if keys: try: return getitem(keys, context[k]) except KeyError, e: raise KeyError(key) if hasattr(context, 'count'): k = int(k) return context[k] if __name__ == "__main__": print getitem('database', context) print getitem('database.port', context) print getitem('database.users.0', context) print getitem('admins', context) print getitem('domain.name', context) try: getitem('database.nosuchkey', context) except KeyError, e: print "Error:", e Thanks.

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  • Favorite Django Tips & Features?

    - by Haes
    Inspired by the question series 'Hidden features of ...', I am curious to hear about your favorite Django tips or lesser known but useful features you know of. Please, include only one tip per answer. Add Django version requirements if there are any.

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  • Pushing data once a URL is requested

    - by Eli Grey
    Given, when a user requests /foo on my server, I send the following HTTP response (not closing the connection): Content-Type: multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=----------------------- ----------------------- Content-Type: text/html <a href="/bar">foo</a> When the user clicks on foo (which will send 204 No Content so the view doesn't change), I want to send the following data in the initial response. ----------------------- Content-Type: text/html bar How would could I get the second request to trigger this from the initial response? I'm planning on possibly creating a fancy [engines that support multipart/x-mixed-replace (currently only Gecko)]-only email webapp that does server-push and Ajax effects without any JavaScript, just for fun.

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  • Munging non-printable characters to dots using string.translate()

    - by Jim Dennis
    So I've done this before and it's a surprising ugly bit of code for such a seemingly simple task. The goal is to translate any non-printable character into a . (dot). For my purposes "printable" does exclude the last few characters from string.printable (new-lines, tabs, and so on). This is for printing things like the old MS-DOS debug "hex dump" format ... or anything similar to that (where additional whitespace will mangle the intended dump layout). I know I can use string.translate() and, to use that, I need a translation table. So I use string.maketrans() for that. Here's the best I could come up with: filter = string.maketrans( string.translate(string.maketrans('',''), string.maketrans('',''),string.printable[:-5]), '.'*len(string.translate(string.maketrans('',''), string.maketrans('',''),string.printable[:-5]))) ... which is an unreadable mess (though it does work). From there you can call use something like: for each_line in sometext: print string.translate(each_line, filter) ... and be happy. (So long as you don't look under the hood). Now it is more readable if I break that horrid expression into separate statements: ascii = string.maketrans('','') # The whole ASCII character set nonprintable = string.translate(ascii, ascii, string.printable[:-5]) # Optional delchars argument filter = string.maketrans(nonprintable, '.' * len(nonprintable)) And it's tempting to do that just for legibility. However, I keep thinking there has to be a more elegant way to express this!

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  • Django and conditional aggregates

    - by piquadrat
    I have two models, authors and articles: class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField('name', max_length=100) class Article(models.Model) title = models.CharField('title', max_length=100) pubdate = models.DateTimeField('publication date') authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author) Now I want to select all authors and annotate them with their respective article count. That's a piece of cake with Django's aggregates. Problem is, it should only count the articles that are already published. According to ticket 11305 in the Django ticket tracker, this is not yet possible. I tried to use the CountIf annotation mentioned in that ticket, but it doesn't quote the datetime string and doesn't make all the joins it would need. So, what's the best solution, other than writing custom SQL?

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  • combining two select statements to return one result

    - by DalivDali
    I need to combine the results for two select queries from two view tables, from which I am performing calculations. Perhaps there is an easier way to perform a query using if...else - any pointers? Essentially I need to divide everything by 'ar.time_ratio' under the condition in sql query 1, and ignore that for query 2. SELECT gs.traffic_date, gs.domain_group, gs.clicks/ar.time_ratio as 'Scaled_clicks', gs.visitors/ar.time_ratio as 'scaled_visitors', gs.revenue/ar.time_ratio as 'scaled_revenue', (gs.revenue/gs.clicks)/ar.time_ratio as 'scaled_average_cpc', (gs.clicks)/(gs.visitors)/ar.time_ratio as 'scaled_ctr', gs.average_rpm/ar.time_ratio as 'scaled_rpm', (((gs.revenue)/(gs.visitors))/ar.time_ratio)*1000 as "Ecpm" FROM group_stats gs, v_active_ratio ar WHERE ar.group_id=gs.domain_group and SELECT gs.traffic_date, gs.domain_group, gs.clicks, gs.visitors, gs.revenue, (gs.revenue/gs.clicks) as 'average_cpc', (gs.clicks)/(gs.visitors) as 'average_ctr', gs.average_rpm, ((gs.revenue)/(gs.visitors))*1000 as "Ecpm" FROM group_stats gs, v_active_ratio ar where not ar.group_id=gs.domain_group

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  • do I need to use partial?

    - by wiso
    I've a general function, for example (only a simplified example): def do_operation(operation, a, b, name): print name do_something_more(a,b,name, operation(a,b)) def operation_x(a,b): return a**2 + b def operation_y(a,b): return a**10 - b/2. and some data: data = {"first": {"name": "first summation", "a": 10, "b": 20, "operation": operation_x}, "second": {"name": "second summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_y}, "third": {"name": "third summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_x}, # <-- operation_x again } now I can do: what_to_do = ("first", "third") # this comes from command line for sum_id in what_to_do: do_operation(data["operation"], data["a"], data["b"], data["name"]) or maybe it's better if I use functools.partial? from functools import partial do_operation_one = do_operation(name=data["first"]["name"], operation=data["first"]["operation"], a=data["first"]["a"], b=data["first"]["b"]) do_operation_two = do_operation(name=data["second"]["name"], operation=data["second"]["operation"] a=data["second"]["a"], b=data["second"]["b"]) do_operation_three = do_operation(name=data["third"]["name"], operation=data["third"]["operation"] a=data["third"]["a"], b=data["third"]["b"]) do_dictionary = { "first": do_operation_one, "second": do_operation_two, "third": do_operation_three } for what in what_to_do: do_dictionary[what]()

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  • Preserve time stamp when shrinking an image

    - by Ckhrysze
    My digital camera takes pictures with a very high resolution, and I have a PIL script to shrink them to 800x600 (or 600x800). However, it would be nice for the resultant file to retain the original timestamp. I noticed in the docs that I can use a File object instead of a name in PIL's image save method, but I don't know if that will help or not. My code is basically name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename) # open an image file (.bmp,.jpg,.png,.gif) you have in the working folder image = Image.open(filename) width = 800 height = 600 w, h = image.size if h > w: width = 600 height = 800 name = name + ".jpg" shunken = image.resize((width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS) shunken.save(name) Thank you for any help you can give!

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  • How to "signal" interested child processes (without signals)?

    - by Teddy
    I'm trying to find a good and simple method to signal child processes (created through SocketServer with ForkingMixIn) from the parent process. While Unix signals could be used, I want to avoid them since only children who are interested should receive the signal, and it would be overkill and complicated to require some kind of registration mechanism to identify to the parent process who is interested. (Please don't suggest threads, as this particular program won't work with threads, and thus has to use forks.)

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  • List of Django model instance foreign keys losing consistency during state changes.

    - by Joshua
    I have model, Match, with two foreign keys: class Match(model.Model): winner = models.ForeignKey(Player) loser = models.ForeignKey(Player) When I loop over Match I find that each model instance uses a unique object for the foreign key. This ends up biting me because it introduces inconsistency, here is an example: >>> def print_elo(match_list): ... for match in match_list: ... print match.winner.id, match.winner.elo ... print match.loser.id, match.loser.elo ... >>> print_elo(teacher_match_list) 4 1192.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 4 1192.0000000000 >>> teacher_match_list[0].winner.elo = 3000 >>> print_elo(teacher_match_list) 4 3000 # Object 4 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 4 1192.0000000000 # Object 4 >>> I solved this problem like so: def unify_refrences(match_list): """Makes each unique refrence to a model instance non-unique. In cases where multiple model instances are being used django creates a new object for each model instance, even if it that means creating the same instance twice. If one of these objects has its state changed any other object refrencing the same model instance will not be updated. This method ensure that state changes are seen. It makes sure that variables which hold objects pointing to the same model all hold the same object. Visually this means that a list of [var1, var2] whose internals look like so: var1 --> object1 --> model1 var2 --> object2 --> model1 Will result in the internals being changed so that: var1 --> object1 --> model1 var2 ------^ """ match_dict = {} for match in match_list: try: match.winner = match_dict[match.winner.id] except KeyError: match_dict[match.winner.id] = match.winner try: match.loser = match_dict[match.loser.id] except KeyError: match_dict[match.loser.id] = match.loser My question: Is there a way to solve the problem more elegantly through the use of QuerySets without needing to call save at any point? If not, I'd like to make the solution more generic: how can you get a list of the foreign keys on a model instance or do you have a better generic solution to my problem? Please correct me if you think I don't understand why this is happening.

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  • Sort and limit queryset by comment count and date using queryset.extra() (django)

    - by thornomad
    I am trying to sort/narrow a queryset of objects based on the number of comments each object has as well as by the timeframe during which the comments were posted. Am using a queryset.extra() method (using django_comments which utilizes generic foreign keys). I got the idea for using queryset.extra() (and the code) from here. This is a follow-up question to my initial question yesterday (which shows I am making some progress). Current Code: What I have so far works in that it will sort by the number of comments; however, I want to extend the functionality and also be able to pass a time frame argument (eg, 7 days) and return an ordered list of the most commented posts in that time frame. Here is what my view looks like with the basic functionality in tact: import datetime from django.contrib.comments.models import Comment from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType from django.db.models import Count, Sum from django.views.generic.list_detail import object_list def custom_object_list(request, queryset, *args, **kwargs): '''Extending the list_detail.object_list to allow some sorting. Example: http://example.com/video?sort_by=comments&days=7 Would get a list of the videos sorted by most comments in the last seven days. ''' try: # this is where I started working on the date business ... days = int(request.GET.get('days', None)) period = datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(days=int(days)) except (ValueError, TypeError): days = None period = None sort_by = request.GET.get('sort_by', None) ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(queryset.model) if sort_by == 'comments': queryset = queryset.extra(select={ 'count' : """ SELECT COUNT(*) AS comment_count FROM django_comments WHERE content_type_id=%s AND object_pk=%s.%s """ % ( ctype.pk, queryset.model._meta.db_table, queryset.model._meta.pk.name ), }, order_by=['-count']).order_by('-count', '-created') return object_list(request, queryset, *args, **kwargs) What I've Tried: I am not well versed in SQL but I did try just to add another WHERE criteria by hand to see if I could make some progress: SELECT COUNT(*) AS comment_count FROM django_comments WHERE content_type_id=%s AND object_pk=%s.%s AND submit_date='2010-05-01 12:00:00' But that didn't do anything except mess around with my sort order. Any ideas on how I can add this extra layer of functionality? Thanks for any help or insight.

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  • Rewriting Live TCP Streams

    - by user213060
    I want to rewrite TCP/IP streams. Ettercap's etterfilter command lets you perform simple live replacements of TCP/IP data based on fixed strings or regexes. Example: http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2833 I would like to rewrite streams based on my own filter program instead of just simple string replacements. Anyone have an idea of how to do this? Is there anything other than Ettercap that can do live replacement like this, maybe as a plugin to a VPN software or something? Thanks!

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  • Crossfading audio with PyQT4 and Phonon

    - by dwelch
    I'm trying to get audio files to crossfade with phonon. I'm using PyQT4. I have tracks queuing properly, but I'm stuck with the fade effect. I think I need to be using the KVolumeFader effect. Here's my current code: def music_play(self): self.delayedInit() self.m_media.setCurrentSource(Phonon.MediaSource(self.playlist[self.playlist_pos])) self.m_media.play() def music_stop(self): self.m_media.stop() def delayedInit(self): if not self.m_media: self.m_media = Phonon.MediaObject(self) audioOutput = Phonon.AudioOutput(Phonon.MusicCategory, self) Phonon.createPath(self.m_media, audioOutput) def enqueueNextSource(self): if len(self.playlist) >= self.playlist_pos+1: self.playlist_pos += 1 self.m_media.enqueue(Phonon.MediaSource(self.playlist[self.playlist_pos])) else: self.m_media.stop() Can anyone give me some advice on implementing the effect?

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  • Textually diffing JSON

    - by Richard Levasseur
    As part of my release processes, I have to compare some JSON configuration data used by my application. As a first attempt, I just pretty-printed the JSON and diff'ed them (using kdiff3 or just diff). As that data has grown, however, kdiff3 confuses different parts in the output, making additions look like giant modifies, odd deletions, etc. It makes it really hard to figure out what is different. I've tried other diff tools, too (meld, kompare, diff, a few others), but they all have the same problem. Despite my best efforts, I can't seem to format the JSON in a way that the diff tools can understand. Example data: [ { "name": "date", "type": "date", "nullable": true, "state": "enabled" }, { "name": "owner", "type": "string", "nullable": false, "state": "enabled", } ...lots more... ] The above probably wouldn't cause the problem (the problem occurs when there begin to be hundreds of lines), but thats the gist of what is being compared. Thats just a sample; the full objects are 4-5 attributes, and some attributes have 4-5 attributes in them. The attribute names are pretty uniform, but their values pretty varied. In general, it seems like all the diff tools confuse the closing "}" with the next objects closing "}". I can't seem to break them of this habit. I've tried adding whitespace, changing indentation, and adding some "BEGIN" and "END" strings before and after the respective objects, but the tool still get confused.

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