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  • What exactly interpret #!/bin/bash line?

    - by vava
    Many scripts in different languages have a #!/bin/bash header with a path to interpreter, so they can be executed without explicit call to interpreter from command line. But what exactly reads this line and run the interpreter, is it shell or kernel?

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  • Logging violations of rules in limits.conf

    - by PaulDaviesC
    I am trying to log the details of the programs that where failed due to the limit cap defined in the limits.conf. My initial plan was to do it using the audit system. The idea was to track the system calls related to limits in the limits.conf that where failed. However the problem with this approach is that , it is not possible to track the violations of cpu time, since that violation do not involve failure of system calls. In the case of CPU time , one thing happens is that the program which violated the cpu time will be delivered a SIGXCPU. So my question is how should I go about logging the programs that violated CPU time? Also is there any limits.conf specific logs available?

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  • How to debug old initd script under systemd?

    - by Gene Vincent
    I have an older initd script to start my application. It worked fine under older versions of SuSE, but fails on Open SuSE 12.3. The strange thing is cd /etc/init.d ; ./script start works fine. /etc/init.d/script start shows a redirection to systemctl, but doesn't start my application (and also doesn't show any output from the initd script). I don't see any log entries showing me what goes wrong. The only entry I see is in /var/log/messages saying the application was started. How do I debug this ?

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  • volume group disappeared after xfs_check run

    - by John P
    EDIT** I have a volume group consisting of 5 RAID1 devices grouped together into a lvm and formatted with xfs. The 5th RAID device lost its RAID config (cat /proc/mdstat does not show anything). The two drives are still present (sdj and sdk), but they have no partitions. The LVM appeared to be happily using sdj up until recently. (doing a pvscan showed the first 4 RAID1 devices + /dev/sdj) I removed the LVM from the fstab, rebooted, then ran xfs_check on the LV. It ran for about half an hour, then stopped with an error. I tried rebooting again, and this time when it came up, the logical volume was no longer there. It is now looking for /dev/md5, which is gone (though it had been using /dev/sdj earlier). /dev/sdj was having read errors, but after replacing the SATA cable, those went away, so the drive appears to be fine for now. Can I modify the /etc/lvm/backup/dedvol, change the device to /dev/sdj and do a vgcfgrestore? I could try doing a pvcreate --uuid KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ /dev/sdj to make it recognize it, but I'm afraid that would erase the data on the drive UPDATE: just changing the pv to point to /dev/sdj did not work vgcfgrestore --file /etc/lvm/backup/dedvol dedvol Couldn't find device with uuid 'KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ'. Cannot restore Volume Group dedvol with 1 PVs marked as missing. Restore failed. pvscan /dev/sdj: read failed after 0 of 4096 at 0: Input/output error Couldn't find device with uuid 'KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ'. Couldn't find device with uuid 'KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ'. Couldn't find device with uuid 'KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ'. Couldn't find device with uuid 'KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ'. PV /dev/sdd2 VG VolGroup00 lvm2 [74.41 GB / 0 free] PV /dev/md2 VG dedvol lvm2 [931.51 GB / 0 free] PV /dev/md3 VG dedvol lvm2 [931.51 GB / 0 free] PV /dev/md0 VG dedvol lvm2 [931.51 GB / 0 free] PV /dev/md4 VG dedvol lvm2 [931.51 GB / 0 free] PV unknown device VG dedvol lvm2 [1.82 TB / 63.05 GB free] Total: 6 [5.53 TB] / in use: 6 [5.53 TB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ] vgscan Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while... /dev/sdj: read failed after 0 of 4096 at 0: Input/output error /dev/sdj: read failed after 0 of 4096 at 2000398843904: Input/output error Found volume group "VolGroup00" using metadata type lvm2 Found volume group "dedvol" using metadata type lvm2 vgdisplay dedvol --- Volume group --- VG Name dedvol System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 5 Metadata Sequence No 10 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 5 Act PV 5 VG Size 5.46 TB PE Size 4.00 MB Total PE 1430796 Alloc PE / Size 1414656 / 5.40 TB Free PE / Size 16140 / 63.05 GB VG UUID o1U6Ll-5WH8-Pv7Z-Rtc4-1qYp-oiWA-cPD246 dedvol { id = "o1U6Ll-5WH8-Pv7Z-Rtc4-1qYp-oiWA-cPD246" seqno = 10 status = ["RESIZEABLE", "READ", "WRITE"] flags = [] extent_size = 8192 # 4 Megabytes max_lv = 0 max_pv = 0 physical_volumes { pv0 { id = "Msiee7-Zovu-VSJ3-Y2hR-uBVd-6PaT-Ho9v95" device = "/dev/md2" # Hint only status = ["ALLOCATABLE"] flags = [] dev_size = 1953519872 # 931.511 Gigabytes pe_start = 384 pe_count = 238466 # 931.508 Gigabytes } pv1 { id = "ZittCN-0x6L-cOsW-v1v4-atVN-fEWF-e3lqUe" device = "/dev/md3" # Hint only status = ["ALLOCATABLE"] flags = [] dev_size = 1953519872 # 931.511 Gigabytes pe_start = 384 pe_count = 238466 # 931.508 Gigabytes } pv2 { id = "NRNo0w-kgGr-dUxA-mWnl-bU5v-Wld0-XeKVLD" device = "/dev/md0" # Hint only status = ["ALLOCATABLE"] flags = [] dev_size = 1953519872 # 931.511 Gigabytes pe_start = 384 pe_count = 238466 # 931.508 Gigabytes } pv3 { id = "2EfLFr-JcRe-MusW-mfAs-WCct-u4iV-W0pmG3" device = "/dev/md4" # Hint only status = ["ALLOCATABLE"] flags = [] dev_size = 1953519872 # 931.511 Gigabytes pe_start = 384 pe_count = 238466 # 931.508 Gigabytes } pv4 { id = "KZron2-pPTr-ZYeQ-PKXX-4Woq-6aNc-AG4rRJ" device = "/dev/md5" # Hint only status = ["ALLOCATABLE"] flags = [] dev_size = 3907028992 # 1.81935 Terabytes pe_start = 384 pe_count = 476932 # 1.81935 Terabytes } }

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  • Apache returning text/html on some png files

    - by Oren
    I have an Apache web server that has a sub folder for images. For some reason, a few of the .png files are returned as text/html and not as image/png. There is nothing indicating a permission problem and the files return with code 200 and with full size. I made sure that image/png is set and even tried forcing it with .htaccess Any idea where to look next? Edit: looks like an .htaccess configuration problem on a parent directory.

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  • Test script if host is back online

    - by brubelsabs
    E.g. system: Ubuntu/Debian. As many of you do this probably via ping and a terminal, I always forget this terminal when switching to other task... So a noftification popup would be useful. So can I do better as this?: while; do if ping -c 1 your.host.com; expr $? = 0; then notify-send "your.host.com back online"; sleep 30s; else sleep 30s; fi; done You will need zsh and libnotify to let the snippet work. As script: #!/usr/bin/env zsh while; do if ping -c 1 $1; expr $? = 0; then notify-send "$1 back online"; sleep 30s; else sleep 30s; fi; done

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  • I can connect to Samba server but cannot access shares.

    - by jlego
    I'm having trouble getting samba sharing working to access shares. I have setup a stand-alone box running Fedora 16 to use as a file-sharing and web development server. It needs to be able to share files with a Windows 7 PC and a Mac running OSX Snow Leopard. I've setup Samba using the Samba configuration GUI tool on Fedora. Added users to Fedora and connected them as Samba users (which are the same as the Windows and Mac usernames and passwords). The workgroup name is the same as the Windows workgroup. Authentication is set to User. I've allowed Samba and Samba client through the firewall and set the ethernet to a trusted port in the firewall. Both the Windows and Mac machines can connect to the server and view the shares, however when trying to access the shares, Windows throws error: 0x80070035 " Windows cannot access \\SERVERNAME\ShareName." Windows user is not prompted for a username or password when accessing the server (found under "Network Places"). This also happens when connecting with the IP rather than the server name. The Mac can also connect to the server and see the shares but when choosing a share gives the error: The original item for ShareName cannot be found. When connecting via IP, the Mac user is prompted for username and password, which when authenticated gives a list of shares, however when choosing a share to connect to, the error is displayed and the user cannot access the share. Since both machines are acting similarly when trying to access the shares, I assume it is an issue with how Samba is configured. smb.conf: [global] workgroup = workgroup server string = Server log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m max log size = 50 security = user load printers = yes cups options = raw printcap name = lpstat printing = cups [homes] comment = Home Directories browseable = no writable = yes [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba browseable = yes printable = yes [FileServ] comment = FileShare path = /media/FileServ read only = no browseable = yes valid users = user1, user2 [webdev] comment = Web development path = /var/www/html/webdev read only = no browseable = yes valid users = user1 How do I get samba sharing working? UPDATE: I Figured it out, it was because I was sharing a second hard drive. See checked answer below. Speculation 1: Before this box I had another box with the same version of fedora installed (16) and samba working for these same computers. I started up the old machine and copied the smb.conf file from the old machine to the new one (editing the share definitions for the new shares of course) and I still get the same errors on both client machines. The only difference in environment is the hardware and the router. On the old machine the router received a dynamic public IP and assigned dynamic private IPs to each device on the network while the new machine is connected to a router that has a static public IP (still dynamic internal IPs though.) Could either one of these be affecting Samba? Speculation 2: As the directory I am trying to share is actually an entire internal disk, I have tried these things: 1.) changing the owner of the mounted disk from root to my user (which is the same username as on the Windows machine) 2.) made a share that only included one of the folders on the disk instead of the entire disk with my user again as the owner. Both tests failed giving me the same errors regarding the network address. Speculation 3: Whenever I try to connect to the share on the Windows 7 client I am prompted for my username and password. When I enter the correct credentials I get an access denied message. However I did notice that under the login box "domain: WINDOWS-PC-NAME" is listed. I believe this could very well be the problem. Speculation 4: So I've completely reinstalled Fedora and Samba now. I've created a share on the first harddrive (one fedora is installed on) and I can access that fine from Windows. However when I try to share any data on the second disk, I am receiving the same error. This I believe is the problem. I think I need to change some things in fstab or fdisk or something. Speculation 5: So in fstab I mapped the drive to automount in a folder which works correctly. I also added the samba_share_t SElinux label to the mountpoint directory which now allows me to access the shares on the Windows machine, however I cannot see any of the files in the directory on the windows machine. (They are there, I can see them in the fedora file browser locally)

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  • VirtualBox error with Ubuntu virtual machine

    - by user2985363
    I am trying to work on a coding project and cannot open my Ubuntu virtual machine with Oracle VM VirtualBox. I took a snapshot yesterday at about 11, and it was working fine. Several times I closed and reopened it. Today when I tried to open it, I kept getting the error below. Failed to open a session for the virtual machine Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit. VM cannot start because the saved state file 'C:\Users\Tyler\VirtualBox VMs\Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit\Snapshots\2014-01-30T19-59-05-976647800Z.sav' is invalid (VERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND). Deleted the saved state prior to starting the VM. I tried deleting the file as it said, but none of the snapshots would open still. The file is still in my recycling bin. What can I do? Also, I took the 1/31 snapshot today before I deleted the previous one.

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  • Is it inefficient to have symbolic links to symbolic links?

    - by Ogre Psalm33
    We're setting up a series of Makefiles where we want to have a project-level include directory that will have symbolic links to sub-project-level include files. Many sub-project developers have chosen to have their include files also be symbolic links to yet another directory where the actual software is located. So my question is, is it inefficient to have a symbolic link to a symbolic link to another file (for, say, a C++ header that may be included dozens or more times during a compile)? Example directory tree: /project/include/ x_header1.h -> /project/src/csci_x/include/header1.h x_header2.h -> /project/src/csci_x/include/header2.h /project/src/csci_x/ include/ header1.h -> /project/src/csci_x/local_1/cxx/header1.h header2.h -> /project/src/csci_x/local_2/cxx/header2.h local_1/cxx/ module1.cpp header1.h local_2/cxx/ module2.cpp header2.h

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  • How to turn off ATI adapter on Acer Timeline 4810G with ubuntu 9.10

    - by netimen
    I can't turn off my ATI adapter. I have applied the fix, but still lspci | grep VGA gives 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 07) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc M92 LP [Mobility Radeon HD 4300 Series] (rev ff) and my power consumption is about 15W (Wi-Fi on). I run ubuntu 9.10, kernel 2.6.31-14-generic. BIOS version 2.30

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  • Running out of LowMem with Ubuntu PAE Kernel and 32GB of RAM

    - by magneticMonster
    I'm running a Java data import process on a 32-bit Ubuntu 10 PAE kernel machine. After running the process for a while, the oom-killer zaps my Java process. After some Googling and digging through docs, it looks like the system is running out of LowMem. I started the process for the third time and am watching free -lm show me Low: 464 386 77 with the free value (77MB) slowly decreasing. Why am I running out of lowmem and how do I increase it? Some details: $ cat /proc/sys/vm/lowmem_reserve_ratio 256 256 32 $ free -lm total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 32086 24611 7475 0 0 24012 Low: 464 407 57 High: 31621 24204 7417 -/+ buffers/cache: 598 31487 Swap: 2047 0 2047

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  • Why doesn't NFS recognize a new UID?

    - by user76177
    I have two servers running RHEL6. I have root access to both. The main server, which I will refer to as server, is a database server. The application server, which I will refer to as client, mounts a directory from server via NFS. There is a user, appuser, on both client and server. However, appuser's UID on client is 502. appuser's UID on server is 506. Both users need read and write capability on the NFS share. To facilitate this, I made the share owned by appuser on server. Running id appuser on each yields: uid=506(appuser). Of course, client does not recognize that ownership, since appuser has a different id on client. So I did the following: Changed UID of user in /etc/passwd on client to be 506. Changed ownership of appuser's $HOME on client to be appuser again so that I could log in. Now, when I go to look at the NFS share from the client side, I see that it is owned by 502. 502 is the OLD id for appuser on client. I can't change ownership of the NFS share from client, since that is a volume that physically resides on server. I need to make sure that the NFS share shows ownership of appuser from both server and client. What step have I missed since changing the appuser id on client? NOTE: I have not rebooted client (or anything else.)

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  • Intermittent apt-get 'no installation candidate' error on fabric deploy

    - by jberryman
    I'm experiencing a strange issue with a fabric script I'm using to bootstrap a server on EC2. I launch a stock Ubuntu 12.04 AMI, wait for it to start, then proceed with: with settings(host_string="ubuntu@%s" % i.dns_name, connection_attempts=30): sudo('apt-get -qy update') sudo('apt-get -qy install --no-install-recommends mdadm') # don't install postfix #etc... The apt-get update appears to run fine and gives no errors, however (2/3 of the time or so) installing mdadm throws a "no installation candidate" error. When I ssh into the server and run apt-get install mdadm I get the same error. Running apt-get update by hand, then the package installs fine. Any ideas on what might be happening, or ideas for debugging?

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  • Is it safe to run Postfix w/o securing it?

    - by Miko
    Does postfix need to be secured before it's safe to run it on a production server? I rely on Monit to notify me if certain processes are down or in trouble. For this purpose and this purpose only, I need postfix on the server so that Monit can send me email notifications. If it's necessary to secure Postfix before deploying it, what are some steps I can take to make it safer?

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  • Setting per-directory umask using ACLs

    - by Yarin
    We want to mimic the behavior of a system-wide 002 umask on a certain directory foo, in order to ensure the following result: All sub-directories created underneath foo will have 775 permissions All files created underneath foo and subdirectories will have 664 permissions 1 and 2 will happen for files/dirs created by all users, including root, and all daemons. Assuming that ACL is enabled on our partition, this is the command we've come up with: setfacl -R -d -m mask:002 foo This seems to be working- I'm basically just looking for confirmation. Is this the most effective way to apply a per-directory umask with an ACL?

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  • How do you create virtual folders from saved search

    - by Jérôme Radix
    I would like to have on unix-like platforms, the same functionality as to Windows 7 Library folders (aka virtual folders) you see in Windows Explorer. Gnome Nautilus do that kind of virtual folders through saved search. But I want a system-wide solution, not a gnome-wide solution. Is there a tool that creates virtual folders from the concatenation of multiple search queries (the result of multiple find commands ?). The solution should index files for better performances and you should be able to define the default folder for copy operations. I assume the solution of this kind of problem certainly use FUSE, but I can't see a complete solution to this kind of task in FUSE applications.

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  • remastering knoppix: which version and what method should i use

    - by Stan_
    I'd like to remaster knoppix (mainly add and configure some software). I downloaded newest version (KNOPPIX-ADRIANE_V6.2CD-2009-11-18-EN.iso) but later i read that it has some other window manager as default, not kde... and i want to have kde on my remaster. Is kde included on that iso but it's not default or it's not included at all? If it's not there what knoppix version should i get for my remaster? My other question... I've seen some remastering scripts (with menus, etc) on knoppix forums, do any of these works with version i have? Or with version i should have if i need kde?

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  • VFS and FS i-node difference

    - by gaffcz
    What is the difference between VFS i-node and FS (e.g. EXT) i-node? Is it possible that EXT i-node is persistent (contains/points to data blocks), but VFS i-node is created just in i-node cache after read/use of EXT i-node? Or the VFS i-node is just an image of FS i-node (it's the same) and i-nodes in those systems, which are not working with i-nodes (e.g. FAT, NTFS) has to be emulated (HOW?) to allow VFS work with those FS like they would support i-nodes?

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  • IBM Server searching for secondary server

    - by user1241438
    I just bought the following server IBM System x3950 Server, 4 x 3.0GHz Dual Core, 32GB, 6 x 73.4GB 10K SAS RAID, 256MB BBWC, 2x Power, CD-RW/DVD When i boot it up, it says "Searching for secondary server" and hangs their for almost 10 mins. After 10 mins, it says timeout on searching chassis 2. But after this it proceed to boot the OS properly. But my frustration, i need to wait for almost 15 mins to boot everytime. How do i prevent this error message.

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  • How is network mounted software executed?

    - by CptSupermrkt
    I would like to understand how network mounted software works. For example, at my place of work, we have a software server. Each client machine (hundreds of them) automatically mounts directories from the software server on boot. For example, a program like Matlab is installed just once on the software server, but each client machine can start up an instance of Matlab. What is going on under the hood? Let's say I run /opt/bin/matlab and /opt/ is mounted from the software server, what happens when I press Enter to execute matlab on a client machine? The process is on the client machine, and I've already narrowed down that there isn't any implicit or hidden file transfer (i.e. copying matlab to my machine temporarily for that session) by running matlab on a computer with nearly zero disk space (i.e. not enough room to transfer). Since Matlab was installed on the server, how is my client computer executing it? What mechanism is controlling this? What is happening behind the scenes?

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  • How do you backup your own files? [on hold]

    - by Antonis Christofides
    I'm a system administrator and I use rsnapshot to backup some servers, duplicity for some others. Both work fine, each one with advantages and disadvantages. Despite that, I am at a loss on how to backup my own private files. I'd use duplicity to automatically backup my files to a remote server; but the problem is that once in a while I must do a full backup. My emails and important files are 9G, and I expect this to increase. Uploading through aDSL at 1Mbit would be 20 hours. Too much. rsnapshot doesn't require periodic full backups (only the first time), but it must be running on the remote server and have a means to connect to my computer; if the server is compromised (or simply if the NSA decides to use it), my own machine is also compromised. Not good. The only solution I've come up with is use encfs, use unison to synchronize the files to a remote server, and use duplicity or rsnapshot on the remote server to backup these files. In that case, the question is whether I can sync the files on many computers; is it possible for encfs to be used with the same key on many computers? I also think that if I append one character to the unencrypted file, its encrypted encfs counterpart might change a lot, so that incrementals with duplicity would be less efficient—but not a big deal. Maybe also, when I need to restore a file, finding the correct file to restore could be a pain, because of filename encryption. I wonder whether there is any other possibility that I've overlooked. Maybe I'm asking too much for my personal use, and I should settle with an external disk?

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  • How can one keep secure regular backups of his desktop on a remote server through aDSL? [on hold]

    - by Antonis Christofides
    I'm a system administrator and I use rsnapshot to backup some servers, duplicity for some others. Both work fine, each one with advantages and disadvantages. Despite that, I am at a loss on how to backup my own private files. I'd use duplicity to automatically backup my files to a remote server; but the problem is that once in a while I must do a full backup. My emails and important files are 9G, and I expect this to increase. Uploading through aDSL at 1Mbit would be 20 hours. Too much. rsnapshot doesn't require periodic full backups (only the first time), but it must be running on the remote server and have a means to connect to my computer; if the server is compromised (or simply if the NSA decides to use it), my own machine is also compromised. Not good. The only solution I've come up with is use encfs, use unison to synchronize the files to a remote server, and use duplicity or rsnapshot on the remote server to backup these files. In that case, the question is whether I can sync the files on many computers; is it possible for encfs to be used with the same key on many computers? I also think that if I append one character to the unencrypted file, its encrypted encfs counterpart might change a lot, so that incrementals with duplicity would be less efficient—but not a big deal. Maybe also, when I need to restore a file, finding the correct file to restore could be a pain, because of filename encryption. I wonder whether there is any other possibility that I've overlooked. Maybe I'm asking too much for my personal use, and I should settle with an external disk?

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  • Sendmail is not ignoring MX lookups

    - by daniel
    Hello, I recently learned of the joys of square brackets with SMART_HOST to have sendmail ignore MX lookups. I need this functionality, however, I can't seem to make it persistant. Sending mail with -Am works, however, -bm does not. In the -Am case, the correct mail server is used. In the -bm case, an MX lookup is still being performed. Is there a way to disable MX lookups (or some working alternative)? Thanks

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  • Rebuilding RAID1 in Ubuntu

    - by John Utech
    I had my second HD in my RAID1 come up with bad sectors. So I got another drive and pulled out the bad sector drive and put the new drive in. With the original working RAID1 drive in the computer it failed to boot. I manually copied everything from the old drive over via a Gparted Live CD. Still no booting. Kind of scratching my head here as I can see that both of the drives have data on them but are unable to get either of them to boot. I used a Ubuntu live CD and couldn't even manually mount either of the drives, which I thought was really the odd part. Not sure where to go from here.

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