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  • DegradedArray event on /dev/md0 without actually having a RAID

    - by J. Stoever
    Since I upgraded from Ubuntu LTS 10 to LTS 12, I have been getting error messages like: N 60 mdadm monitoring Mon Sep 3 06:38 31/1022 DegradedArray event on /dev/md2:Ubuntu-1004-lucid-64-minimal N 61 mdadm monitoring Mon Sep 3 06:38 31/1022 DegradedArray event on /dev/md0:Ubuntu-1004-lucid-64-minimal N 62 mdadm monitoring Mon Sep 3 06:38 31/1022 DegradedArray event on /dev/md1:Ubuntu-1004-lucid-64-minimal We do not have a RAID setup, and only have a single hard drive. Ideas ?

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  • Ubuntu X doesn't start

    - by den-javamaniac
    I'm running desktop Ubuntu 9.10 on my Dell laptop. Previously it was Ubuntu 9.04. After some period of time (lets say 3-4 months) my X fails to start automatically after some restart calls. If that takes place my network manager applet doesn't start either (after I do startx). Can any one point out what I'm missing/what's the problem?

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  • What should I encrypt in Debian during install?

    - by ianfuture
    I have seen various guides and recommendations on web about how best to do this but nothing that clearly explains the best way and why. So I understand there is a need for part of Debian during install to be un-encrypted on its own partition to allow it to boot. Most info I have seen is call this /boot and set the boot flag. Next I believe the best approach is to create another partition out of all the rest of the disk space, encrypt this, then on top of that create a LVM and then within the LVM create my various partitions , name them , select size, and file system type. Can I include /swap in the encrypted LVM part ? Is this approach sound? If so what are the partitions I should use (this is going to be a minimal server install with a view to install as and when what I need for a dev server)? Finally how does the installer know what to put in each partition I define ? I appreciate there are more than one question but any help and suggestions would be appreciated. If further clarification is needed please mention in the comments . Thanks.. Ian

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  • SSH reverse tunnel to monitor and manage remote devices

    - by acid_crucifix
    I have a set a distributed set of devices running Ubuntu 12.04 that I am distributing to clients. I would like to manage them remotely. They may not have fixed IPs and potentially might be behind firewalls. What I am planning to do is have the devices (permanently connected to the net) poll a request URL and based on the response open a reverse tunnel to my server, so that I can access them via that tunnel. Most of what I read about reverse tunnel over SSH is for single use cases and very little about heavy production usage. Is there some reason for this, security issues? or stability? Any help would be much obliged.

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  • Kickstart Partitioning Configuration

    - by Flo
    I'be been trying to run a kickstart script with the following partition configuration: #Clear the masterboot record zerombr bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append=" rhgb crashkernel=auto quiet" # Set up the partitions/logical volumes/logical groups clearpart --all part /boot --fstype=ext4 --asprimary --size=512 --ondisk=sda part swap --size=2048 --fstype=swap --ondisk=sda part pv.01 --fstype=ext4 --grow --size=200 --ondisk=sda part pv.02 --fstype=ext4 --grow --size=200 --ondisk=sdb volgroup VolGroup pv.01 pv.02 --pesize=32768 logvol /opt --fstype=ext4 --name=opt.fs --vgname=VolGroup --size=40000 logvol / --fstype=ext4 --name=root.fs --vgname=VolGroup --size=78000 I have two hard drives and it looks to me like its a really simple configuration. When I run the kickstart I keep getting all these errors that have to do with python files for configuring partitions. The only actual maybe useful piece of information is KeyError /dev/sda/ I tried a number of alterations of this configuration but nothing really worked. Any ideas?

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  • How to understand cpu family/model/stepping fields in /proc/cpuinfo [closed]

    - by Victor Sorokin
    I have following in cpuinfo: processor : 0 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 15 model : 107 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 5600+ stepping : 2 According to Wikipedia page there are two kinds of 5600+ -- one of 90nm technology, another of 65nm. How can I understand which one I have? There seem to be no direct correspondence between contents of cpuinfo and info on Wikipedia page. AMD site seems to use some other naming scheme for processors too. How can I map values of family, model and stepping from cpuinfo to the data available on Wikipedia/AMD?

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  • How do i allow users to execute commands via ssh without allocating a psuedo-terminal

    - by Dani El
    I need to allow users to run a limited set of commands. But not to allow them to create interactive sessions. Just like GitHub does. If you try to ssh without a command it greetings you and close the session. I can acquire this by using ForceCommand some-script But getting in some-script i then need to eval user's input. Perhaps any other NoTTY-like option in sshd_config? --- UPDATE --- i'm looking for a pure SSH / Bash solution, not Perl/Python/etc. hacks.

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  • Moving a lot of small files between servers using rsync

    - by Adirael
    Hello guys, I'm moving a lot of files (about 2 millions) between two servers on different locations using rsync over ssh, it seems to work fine but I just realised I'm losing some files on the process. I got server 1, with the original data, and server 2, with the copy. Server 1 runs CentOS 5 and Server 2 runs on Ubuntu 10. I'm doing the transfer on the Server's 2 command line like this: rsync -e ssh -avzn usr@server1:/remote/path /local/path The first file movement I did using tar, but I didn't though of piping it through ssh and it failed cause the disk on server 1 was almost full, so I transfered it anyways (it was about 200GB) and got about 80% of the files. Then I piped another tar with the rest of the files (they're in folders, I got 100 folders with about 30 subfolders each, with files inside) and now I got everything on server 2. I wanted to be sure, so I my two options are getting the md5sum of all the files and check them or running an rsync on server 2 against server 1, that's what I did. It got some missing stuff and now it says there's nothing more to do (DRY RUN). But I got at least two files that are missing inside a subfolder. I ran that same rsync on that folder, but still dry run. Am I doing something wrong? Thanks, and sorry for the wall of text.

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  • Why doesn't NFS recognize a new UID?

    - by user76177
    I have two servers running RHEL6. I have root access to both. The main server, which I will refer to as server, is a database server. The application server, which I will refer to as client, mounts a directory from server via NFS. There is a user, appuser, on both client and server. However, appuser's UID on client is 502. appuser's UID on server is 506. Both users need read and write capability on the NFS share. To facilitate this, I made the share owned by appuser on server. Running id appuser on each yields: uid=506(appuser). Of course, client does not recognize that ownership, since appuser has a different id on client. So I did the following: Changed UID of user in /etc/passwd on client to be 506. Changed ownership of appuser's $HOME on client to be appuser again so that I could log in. Now, when I go to look at the NFS share from the client side, I see that it is owned by 502. 502 is the OLD id for appuser on client. I can't change ownership of the NFS share from client, since that is a volume that physically resides on server. I need to make sure that the NFS share shows ownership of appuser from both server and client. What step have I missed since changing the appuser id on client? NOTE: I have not rebooted client (or anything else.)

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  • Advertise a subnet route with radvd

    - by Thomas Berger
    we have set up a small IPv6 Testing network. The setup looks like this: ::/0 +----------+ | Firewall | Router to the public net +----------+ | 2001:...::/106 | +----------+ +-------| SIT GW | sit Tunnel gatway to the some test users | +----------+ | +----------+ | Test Sys | Testsystem +----------+ The idea is to advertise the default route from the firewall and the route for the SIT subnets from the sit gateway. The configurations for radvd are: # Firewall interface eth0 { AdvSendAdvert on; route ::/0 { }; }; # SIT Gatway interface eth0 { AdvSendAdvert on; route 2001:...::/106 { }; }; We have captured the adv. packages with tcpdump and the packages looks good. We see a default route from the fw, and the subnet route from the SIT gatway. But if we look on the testsystem there are two default routes over both gateways. There is no subnet route. The routing does not work of course. Here the routes we get: 2001:.....::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 default via fe80::baac:6fff:fe8e:XXXX dev eth0 proto kernel metric 1024 expires 0sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 64 default via fe80::e415:aeff:fe12:XXXX dev eth0 proto kernel metric 1024 expires 0sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 64 Any Idea?

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  • dns server bind is not work [closed]

    - by user1742080
    I just installed bind on RHEL 6 and point a domain to that server. but actually when i ping domain it returns error 1214: Here is my named.conf: // // named.conf // // Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS // server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only). // // See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files. // options { listen-on port 53 { any; }; listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; allow-query { any; }; recursion yes; dnssec-enable yes; dnssec-validation yes; dnssec-lookaside auto; /* Path to ISC DLV key */ bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key"; managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic"; }; logging { channel default_debug { file "data/named.run"; severity dynamic; }; }; zone "." IN { type hint; file "named.ca"; }; include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones"; include "/etc/named.root.key"; zone "mydomain.com"{ type master; file "/var/named/data/named.mydomain.com"; allow-update { none; }; }; AND The content of "/var/named/data/named.mydomain.com": 1 $TTL 38400 2 3 mydomain.com. IN SOA ns1.mydomain.com. milad.yahoo.com. ( 4 2012101201 ; serial number YYMMDDNN 5 28800 ; Refresh 6 7200 ; Retry 7 864000 ; Expire 8 38400 ; Min TTL 9 ) 10 11 mydomain.com. IN A 1.2.3.4 12 www IN A 1.2.3.4 13 ns1.mydomain.com. IN A 1.2.3.4 14 ns2.mydomain.com. IN A 1.2.3.4 15 mydomain.com. IN NS ns1.mydomain.com. 16 mydomain.com. IN NS ns2.mydomain.com. AND i'm sure the named service is running: [root@server ~]# service named status version: 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.10.rc1.el6_3.3 CPUs found: 8 worker threads: 8 number of zones: 20 debug level: 0 xfers running: 0 xfers deferred: 0 soa queries in progress: 0 query logging is OFF recursive clients: 0/0/1000 tcp clients: 0/100 server is up and running named (pid 26299) is running...

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  • join videos split screen

    - by Richard
    I am looking for a command line tool to join 2 video files, however I want the videos joined split screen frame by frame instead of one after another. Any ideas? Seems this is not possible with ffmpeg.

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  • How to limit reverse SSH tunelling ports?

    - by funktku
    We have a public server which accepts SSH connections from multiple clients behind firewalls. Each of these clients create a Reverse SSH tunnel by using the ssh -R command from their web servers at port 80 to our public server. The destination port(at the client side) of the Reverse SSH Tunnel is 80 and the source port(at public server side) depends on the user. We are planning on maintaining a map of port addresses for each user. For example, client A would tunnel their web server at port 80 to our port 8000; client B from 80 to 8001; client C from 80 to 8002. Client A: ssh -R 8000:internal.webserver:80 clienta@publicserver Client B: ssh -R 8001:internal.webserver:80 clientb@publicserver Client C: ssh -R 8002:internal.webserver:80 clientc@publicserver Basically, what we are trying to do is bind each user with a port and not allow them to tunnel to any other ports. If we were using the forward tunneling feature of SSH with ssh -L, we could permit which port to be tunneled by using the permitopen=host:port configuration. However, there is no equivalent for reverse SSH tunnel. Is there a way of restricting reverse tunneling ports per user?

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  • Video Player/Library for Ubuntu with ratings and thumbs

    - by greggannicott
    I've just made the switch to Ubuntu on my main PC and I've been looking for a media player that can: Play all the usual video formats Rate (and ideally, tag) each file Display thumbnails for each file Other than that there isn't much I'm after. Banshee comes close, but doesn't display thumbnails. I've Google'd lots but I'm running out of search terms to try. Does anyone have any suggestions? Cheers!

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  • How to verify TRIM/discard on encrypted swap?

    - by svarni
    I am using an encrypted swap partition via ecryptfs-setup-swap on my Ubuntu 13.04 computer using a SSD. I have manually set up trim for my ext4 root partition (simply by adding the "discard" option in /etc/fstab). I also manually ran fstrim on the root partition prior to booting and using dstat I saw that for a few seconds several GB/s of data have been written to the disk. That was presumably the effect of the trim command. These high writerates are reproducable by deleting huge files and have not occured before setting up trim, so I take them as evidence for working trim/discard. Manually enabling trim on my root partition has stopped the wearout of my precious new disk from 365 used reserved blocks (out of 6176 total) within three months down to 0 additional used reserved blocks within three additional months (data from SMART attributes). Because I want to minimize the wearout of my SSD I now would like to know whether my swap partition (which is encrypted using ecryptfs-setup-swap) also makes use of the trim/discard option. I tried sudo swapon -d -v /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 but did not receive particular information ("-v") about whether trim/discard ("-d") was applied. If unsupported, i would expect a message. Then I tried sudo dd if=/dev/sda6 count=1 BS=1M | xxd | less directly after booting and when no swapspace was used but I saw not only zeroes. I assume, when looking at freshly trimmed regions, the disk would send zeroes instead of reading random sectors (and according to some forums, (unencrypted) swap space is trimmed once upon boot). Long story short: Are there any ideas on how to test if trim is effectively used for my encrypted swap? And if not, any ideas on how to - at least manually, for once - trim the whole swap space? I wouldn't want to tinker with the partition itself, because I dont know if it needs to be reinitialized as (encrypted) swap - I dont want to be left with an unbootable system :)

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  • HOw to deny a particular mac address client not to obtain ip/name from dhcp & dns server..

    - by Deepak Narwal
    Hello Friends... I configures DHCP server on my rhel 5.4 machine.Clients are getting ip from this DHCP server.NO problem upto this.. NOw i want that a particular mac address client do not pick ip from this dhcp server.. Same question is with my DNS server. I want that a particular mac address client do not pick name from this dns server.. PLz discuss in little bit details i am very new in this field.I am learning these things.I hope YOu will give detailed explaiantion.. Thanks IN ADvance friends..

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  • Triple-Boot + 4 partition Limit

    - by dsimcha
    I just bought a new hard drive so that I could convert my XP-only machine into an XP-Ubuntu-Windows 7 triple boot machine. Since the drive is absurdly huge (1 TB) I wouldn't mind throwing ReactOS into the mix, too. I just found out that master boot records are limited to 4 entries, meaning 4 primary partitions. I had Windows XP set up on my old drive as a boot partition, a program files partition and a media partition. Since I really didn't want to install XP from scratch, I cloned this setup on my new drive. This leaves me one MBR partition entry for installing Windows 7, Ubuntu and ReactOS. I'd like to avoid having to install XP from scratch like the plague, partly because it's supposed to be a safety net in case things go wrong with my other OS's and because I've invested a lot of time getting it set up exactly the way I like it. Here are the options I've considered and why I don't like them: Install Windows 7 on my media partition. This would work, but I prefer to keep my media partition completely separate from any OS, so that I can reformat an OS partition without affecting my media partition at all. Use wubi or something to install Ubuntu in the same partition as something else. Again, this is brittle. Move all my media to a logical drive on an extended partition. Create another logical drive on this extended partition for Ubuntu. The problem here is that extended partitions are rather brittle--if you nuke one, it renders the rest useless. Just put the old drive back in my computer and run XP off it. Use the new one for the other OS's. The problem here is that the old drive is slower and uses extra power, generates extra heat, etc. Can anyone suggest any other possibilities that I may have overlooked?

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  • Understanding connection tracking in iptables

    - by Matt
    I'm after some clarification of the state/connection tracking in iptables. What is the difference between these rules? iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT Is connection tracking turned on when a packet is first matched containing -m state --state BLA , or is connection tracking always on? Can/Should connection state be used for fast matching like below? e.g. suppose this is some sort of router/firewall (no nat). # Default DROP policy iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P OUTPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP # Drop invalid iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state INVALID -j DROP # Accept established,related connections iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow ssh through, track connection iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --syn --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

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  • How to display password policy information for a user (Ubuntu)?

    - by C.W.Holeman II
    Ubuntu Documentation Ubuntu 9.04 Ubuntu Server Guide Security User Management states that there is a default minimum password length for Ubuntu: By default, Ubuntu requires a minimum password length of 4 characters Is there a command for displaying the current password policies for a user (such as the chage command displays the password expiration information for a specific user)? > sudo chage -l SomeUserName Last password change : May 13, 2010 Password expires : never Password inactive : never Account expires : never Minimum number of days between password change : 0 Maximum number of days between password change : 99999 Number of days of warning before password expires : 7 This is rather than examining various places that control the policy and interpreting them since this process could contain errors. A command that reports the composed policy would be used to check the policy setting steps.

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  • How do I change the .bash_history file location?

    - by Brian Graham
    I'm running CentOS 6.x and want to move the .bash_history to a different location. The home directories of my users are (because I run a VPS) in /var/www/vhost/<domain>.<tld> which is FTP accessible (and it should be). Because of this, I have changed the AuthorizedKeysFile for SSH connections out of the normal ~/.ssh/authorized_keys since FTP connections would easily be able to locate them. At the same time I want to move the .bash_history file to /home/%u/.bash_history where %u is the current user.

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  • Nginx Ubuntu Postfix Config - Can't connect to incoming IMAP server 'server not responding' but can send mail via outgoing using same details?

    - by daveaspinall
    I'm pretty to new server admin and especially nginx but seem to be getting ok fine apart from accessing my mail via my iPhone? I've changed my domain to 'domain.com' The thing is I can send mail via my outgoing IMAP server but can't connect to the incoming one? I just get the message "the mail server at mail.domain.com is not responding" /etc/postfix/main.cf alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases append_dot_mydomain = no biff = no broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes config_directory = /etc/postfix home_mailbox = Maildir/ inet_interfaces = all inet_protocols = all mailbox_command = mailbox_size_limit = 0 mydestination = domain.com, mail.domain.com, localhost.com, , localhost, localhost.localdomain mydomain = domain.com myhostname = mail.domain.com mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 myorigin = /etc/mailname recipient_delimiter = + relayhost = smtp_tls_note_starttls_offer = yes smtp_tls_security_level = may smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu) smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated,permit_mynetworks,reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_local_domain = smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/cacert.pem smtpd_tls_auth_only = no smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/smtpd.crt smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/smtpd.key smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1 smtpd_tls_received_header = yes smtpd_tls_security_level = may smtpd_tls_session_cache_timeout = 3600s tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom telnet localhost 25 ehlo locahost 250-mail.domain.com 250-PIPELINING 250-SIZE 10240000 250-VRFY 250-ETRN 250-STARTTLS 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN 250-AUTH=LOGIN PLAIN 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES 250-8BITMIME 250 DSN Using the following details to connect: username password hostname: mail.domain.com port: 25 iptables --list Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination I also sent mail to the server as a test and got this missage if it helps? Technical details of temporary failure: [mail.domain.com. (10): Connection refused] I also looked in /var/log/mail.log and it has multiple entries of: postfix/smtpd[12239]: connect from 5acefc9a.bb.sky.com[90.206.252.xxx] Mar 23 06:47:09 new-domain postfix/smtpd[12239]: lost connection after CONNECT from 5acefc9a.bb.sky.com[90.206.252.154] Notice new-domain which is incorrect but the server hostname and hostname in the configs are correct? I recently moves servers and the host has set the primary domain on the service as new-domain.com so this may be the issue? Like I said, it works to connect to outgoing server, but incoming gets the not responding error? Any idea would be much appreciated!

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