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  • Refactoring code/consolidating functions (e.g. nested for-loop order)

    - by bmay2
    Just a little background: I'm making a program where a user inputs a skeleton text, two numbers (lower and upper limit), and a list of words. The outputs are a series of modifications on the skeleton text. Sample inputs: text = "Player # likes @." (replace # with inputted integers and @ with words in list) lower = 1 upper = 3 list = "apples, bananas, oranges" The user can choose to iterate over numbers first: Player 1 likes apples. Player 2 likes apples. Player 3 likes apples. Or words first: Player 1 likes apples. Player 1 likes bananas. Player 1 likes oranges. I chose to split these two methods of outputs by creating a different type of dictionary based on either number keys (integers inputted by the user) or word keys (from words in the inputted list) and then later iterating over the values in the dictionary. Here are the two types of dictionary creation: def numkey(dict): # {1: ['Player 1 likes apples', 'Player 1 likes...' ] } text, lower, upper, list = input_sort(dict) d = {} for num in range(lower,upper+1): l = [] for i in list: l.append(text.replace('#', str(num)).replace('@', i)) d[num] = l return d def wordkey(dict): # {'apples': ['Player 1 likes apples', 'Player 2 likes apples'..] } text, lower, upper, list = input_sort(dict) d = {} for i in list: l = [] for num in range(lower,upper+1): l.append(text.replace('#', str(num)).replace('@', i)) d[i] = l return d It's fine that I have two separate functions for creating different types of dictionaries but I see a lot of repetition between the two. Is there any way I could make one dictionary function and pass in different values to it that would change the order of the nested for loops to create the specific {key : value} pairs I'm looking for? I'm not sure how this would be done. Is there anything related to functional programming or other paradigms that might help with this? The question is a little abstract and more stylistic/design-oriented than anything.

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  • Once installed geos library (C++, and C), and then trying to install rgeos package (R), it reports geos-config missing!

    - by user1873888
    Knowing that the package rgeos, from the R language, requieres a prior installation of geos libraries, I installed, both, libgeos and libgeos-c1 (3.2.2), using the synaptic installer in my Ubuntu 12.04 (32 bit) machine. Then I tried to install rgeos directly from the R console, and it issued a message in the sense that geos-config was not found. The output is as follows: > install.packages("rgeos") Installing package(s) into ‘/home/checo/R/i486-pc-linux-gnu-library/2.15’ (as ‘lib’ is unspecified) also installing the dependency ‘sp’ probando la URL 'http://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib/sp_1.0-9.tar.gz' Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 882102 bytes (861 Kb) URL abierta ================================================== downloaded 861 Kb probando la URL 'http://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib/rgeos_0.2-19.tar.gz' Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 221471 bytes (216 Kb) URL abierta ================================================== downloaded 216 Kb * installing *source* package ‘sp’ ... ** package ‘sp’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked ** libs gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c R centroid.c -o Rcentroid.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c gcdist.c -o gcdist.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c init.c -o init.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c pip.c -o pip.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c pip2.c -o pip2.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c sp_xports.c -o sp_xports.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c surfaceArea.c -o surfaceArea.o gcc -std=gnu99 -I/usr/share/R/include -DNDEBUG -fpic -O3 -pipe -g -c zerodist.c -o zerodist.o gcc -std=gnu99 -shared -o sp.so Rcentroid.o gcdist.o init.o pip.o pip2.o sp_xports.o surfaceArea.o zerodist.o -L/usr/lib/R/lib -lR installing to /home/checo/R/i486-pc-linux-gnu-library/2.15/sp/libs ** R ** data ** demo ** inst ** preparing package for lazy loading ** help *** installing help indices ** building package indices ** installing vignettes ‘intro_sp.Rnw’ ‘over.Rnw’ ** testing if installed package can be loaded * DONE (sp) * installing *source* package ‘rgeos’ ... ** package ‘rgeos’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked configure: CC: gcc -std=gnu99 configure: CXX: g++ configure: rgeos: 0.2-17 checking for /usr/bin/svnversion... no configure: svn revision: 394 checking geos-config usability... ./configure: line 1385: geos-config: command not found no configure: error: geos-config not usable ERROR: configuration failed for package ‘rgeos’ * removing ‘/home/checo/R/i486-pc-linux-gnu-library/2.15/rgeos’ Warning in install.packages : installation of package ‘rgeos’ had non-zero exit status Forgive my ignorance, but I don't know where this file, "geos-config", comes from: should it be generated by the gcc compilations above, or should it be previously installed when the libgeos libraries were intalled? I learnt, from another machine, that "geos-config" is an executable and that it should be installed in /usr/bin. Do you have any idea on what's wrong with my procedure? Thanks, -Sergio.

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  • Design of std::ifstream class

    - by Nawaz
    Those of us who have seen the beauty of STL try to use it as much as possible, and also encourage others to use it wherever we see them using raw pointers and arrays. Scott Meyers have written a whole book on STL, with title Effective STL. Yet what happened to the developers of ifstream that they preferred char* over std::string. I wonder why the first parameter of ifstream::open() is of type const char*, instead of const std::string &. Please have a look at it's signature: void open(const char * filename, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in ); Why this? Why not this: void open(const string & filename, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in ); Is this a serious mistake with the design? Or this design is deliberate? What could be the reason? I don't see any reason why they have preferred char* over std::string. Note we could still pass char* to the latter function that takes std::string. That's not a problem! By the way, I'm aware that ifstream is a typedef, so no comment on my title.:P. It looks short that is why I used it. The actual class template is : template<class _Elem,class _Traits> class basic_ifstream;

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  • Joining different models in Django

    - by Andrew Roberts
    Let's say I have this data model: class Workflow(models.Model): ... class Command(models.Model): workflow = models.ForeignKey(Workflow) ... class Job(models.Model): command = models.ForeignKey(Command) ... Suppose somewhere I want to loop through all the Workflow objects, and for each workflow I want to loop through its Commands, and for each Command I want to loop through each Job. Is there a way to structure this with a single query? That is, I'd like Workflow.objects.all() to join in its dependent models, so I get a collection that has dependent objects already cached, so workflows[0].command_set.get() doesn't produce an additional query. Is this possible?

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  • How do I find the "concrete class" of a django model baseclass

    - by Mr Shark
    I'm trying to find the actual class of a django-model object, when using model-inheritance. Some code to describe the problem: class Base(models.model): def basemethod(self): ... class Child_1(Base): pass class Child_2(Base): pass If I create various objects of the two Child classes and the create a queryset containing them all: Child_1().save() Child_2().save() (o1, o2) = Base.objects.all() I want to determine if the object is of type Child_1 or Child_2 in basemethod, I can get to the child object via o1.child_1 and o2.child_2 but that reconquers knowledge about the childclasses in the baseclass. I have come up with the following code: def concrete_instance(self): instance = None for subclass in self._meta.get_all_related_objects(): acc_name = subclass.get_accessor_name() try: instance = self.__getattribute__(acc_name) return instance except Exception, e: pass But it feels brittle and I'm not sure of what happens when if I inherit in more levels.

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  • Pygame Sprite/Font rendering issues

    - by Grimless
    Hey guys. Here's my problem: I have a game class that maintains a HUD overlay that has a bunch of elements, including header and footer background sprites. Everything was working fine until I added a 1024x128 footer sprite. Now two of my text labels will not render, despite the fact that they DO exist in my Group and self.elements array. Is there something I'm missing? When I take out the footerHUDImage line, all of the labels render correctly and everything works fine. When I add the footerHUDImage, two of the labels (the first two) no longer render and the third only sometimes renders. HELP PLEASE! Here is the code: class AoWHUD (object): def __init__(self, screen, delegate, dataSource): self.delegate = delegate self.dataSource = dataSource self.elements = [] headerHudImage = KJRImage("HUDBackground.png") self.elements.append(headerHudImage) headerHudImage.userInteractionEnabled = True footerHUDImage = KJRImage("ControlsBackground.png") self.elements.append(footerHUDImage) footerHUDImage.rect.bottom = screen.get_rect().height footerHUDImage.userInteractionEnabled = True lumberMessage = "Lumber: " + str(self.dataSource.lumber) lumberLabel = KJRLabel(lumberMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) lumberLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 0, 0) self.elements.append(lumberLabel) stoneMessage = "Stone: " + str(self.dataSource.stone) stoneLabel = KJRLabel(stoneMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) stoneLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 1, 0) self.elements.append(stoneLabel) metalMessage = "Metal: " + str(self.dataSource.metal) metalLabel = KJRLabel(metalMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) metalLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 2, 0) self.elements.append(metalLabel) foodMessage = "Food: " + str(len(self.dataSource.units)) + "/" + str(self.dataSource.food) foodLabel = KJRLabel(foodMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) foodLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 3, 0) self.elements.append(foodLabel) self.selectionSprites = {32 : pygame.image.load("Selected32.png").convert_alpha(), 64 : pygame.image.load("Selected64.png")} self._sprites_ = pygame.sprite.Group() for e in self.elements: self._sprites_.add(e) print self.elements def draw(self, screen): if self.dataSource.resourcesChanged: lumberMessage = "Lumber: " + str(self.dataSource.lumber) stoneMessage = "Stone: " + str(self.dataSource.stone) metalMessage = "Metal: " + str(self.dataSource.metal) foodMessage = "Food: " + str(len(self.dataSource.units)) + "/" + str(self.dataSource.food) self.elements[2].setText(lumberMessage) self.elements[2].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 0, 0) self.elements[3].setText(stoneMessage) self.elements[3].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 1, 0) self.elements[4].setText(metalMessage) self.elements[4].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 2, 0) self.elements[5].setText(foodMessage) self.elements[5].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 3, 0) self.dataSource.resourcesChanged = False self._sprites_.draw(screen) if self.delegate.selectedUnit: theSelectionSprite = self.selectionSprites[self.delegate.selectedUnit.rect.width] screen.blit(theSelectionSprite, self.delegate.selectedUnit.rect)

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  • Django and json request

    - by Hulk
    In a template i have the following code <script> var url="/mypjt/my_timer" $.post(url, paramarr, function callbackHandler(dict) { alert('got response back'); if (dict.flag == 2) { alert('1'); $.jGrowl("Data could not be saved"); } else if(dict.ret_status == 1) { alert('2'); $.jGrowl("Data saved successfully"); window.location = "/mypjt/display/" + dict.rid; } }, "json" ); </script> In views i have the following code, def my_timer(request): dict={} try: a= timer.objects.get(pk=1) dict({'flag':1}) return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps(dict), mimetype='application/javascript') except: dict({'flag':1}) return HttpResponse(simplejson.dumps(dict), mimetype='application/javascript') My question is since we are making a json request and in the try block ,after setting the flag ,cant we return a page directly as return render_to_response('mypjt/display.html',context_instance=RequestContext(request,{'dict': dict})) instead of sending the response, because on success again in the html page we redirect the code Also if there is a exception then only can we return the json request. My only concern is that the interaction between client and server should be minimal. Thanks..

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  • Django: Determining if a user has voted or not

    - by TheLizardKing
    I have a long list of links that I spit out using the below code, total votes, submitted by, the usual stuff but I am not 100% on how to determine if the currently logged in user has voted on a link or not. I know how to do this from within my view but do I need to alter my below view code or can I make use of the way templates work to determine it? I have read http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1528583/django-vote-up-down-method but I don't quite understand what's going on ( and don't need any ofjavascriptery). Models (snippet): class Link(models.Model): category = models.ForeignKey(Category, blank=False, default=1) user = models.ForeignKey(User) created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) url = models.URLField(max_length=1024, unique=True, verify_exists=True) name = models.CharField(max_length=512) def __unicode__(self): return u'%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.url) class Vote(models.Model): link = models.ForeignKey(Link) user = models.ForeignKey(User) created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) def __unicode__(self): return u'%s vote for %s' % (self.user, self.link) Views (snippet): links = Link.objects.select_related().annotate(votes=Count('vote')).order_by('-created')

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  • Why wont numpy matrix let me print its rows?

    - by uberjumper
    Okay this is probably a really dumb question, however its really starting to hurt. I have a numpy matrix, and basically i print it out row by row. However i want to make each row be formatted and separated properly. >>> arr = numpy.matrix([[x for x in range(5)] for y in range(5)]) >>> arr matrix([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]) Lets say i want to print the first row, and add a '|' between each element: >>> '|'.join(map(str, arr[0,])) '[[0 1 2 3 4]]' Err... >>> '|'.join(map(lambda x: str(x[0]), arr[0])) '[[0 1 2 3 4]]' I am really confused by this behavior why does it do this?

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  • How to replace empty string with zero in comma-separated string?

    - by dsaccount1
    "8,5,,1,4,7,,,,7,,1,9,3,6,,,8,6,3,9,,2,5,4,,,,,3,2,,,7,4,1,1,,4,,6,9,,5,,,,5,,,1,,6,3,,,6,5,,,,7,4,,1,7,6,,,,8,,5,,,7,1,,3,9," I'm doing a programming challenge where i need to parse this sequence into my sudoku script. Need to get the above sequence into 8,5,0,1,4,7,0,0,0,7,0,1,9,3,6,0,0,8......... I tried re but without success, help is appreciated, thanks.

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  • How to build a Django form which requires a delay to be re-submitted ?

    - by pierre-guillaume-degans
    Hey, In order to avoid spamming, I would like to add a waiting time to re-submit a form (i.e. the user should wait a few seconds to submit the form, except the first time that this form is submitted). To do that, I added a timestamp to my form (and a security_hash field containing the timestamp plus the settings.SECRET_KEY which ensures that the timestamp is not fiddled with). This look like: class MyForm(forms.Form): timestamp = forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.HiddenInput) security_hash = forms.CharField(min_length=40, max_length=40, widget=forms.HiddenInput) # + some other fields.. # + methods to build the hash and to clean the timestamp... # (it is based on django.contrib.comments.forms.CommentSecurityForm) def clean_timestamp(self): """Make sure the delay is over (5 seconds).""" ts = self.cleaned_data["timestamp"] if not time.time() - ts > 5: raise forms.ValidationError("Timestamp check failed") return ts # etc... This works fine. However there is still an issue: the timestamp is checked the first time the form is submitted by the user, and I need to avoid this. Any idea to fix it ? Thank you ! :-)

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  • SQLAlchemy - relationship limited on more than just the foreign key

    - by Marian
    I have a wiki db layout with Page and Revisions. Each Revision has a page_id referencing the Page, a page relationship to the referenced page; each Page has a all_revisions relationship to all its revisions. So far so common. But I want to implement different epochs for the pages: If a page was deleted and is recreated, the new revisions have a new epoch. To help find the correct revisions, each page has a current_epoch field. Now I want to provide a revisions relation on the page that only contains its revisions, but only those where the epochs match. This is what I've tried: revisions = relationship('Revision', primaryjoin = and_( 'Page.id == Revision.page_id', 'Page.current_epoch == Revision.epoch', ), foreign_keys=['Page.id', 'Page.current_epoch'] ) Full code (you may run that as it is) However this always raises ArgumentError: Could not determine relationship direction for primaryjoin condition ...`, I've tried all I had come to mind, it didn't work. What am I doing wrong? Is this a bad approach for doing this, how could it be done other than with a relationship?

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  • How to reset Scrapy parameters? (always running under same parameters)

    - by Jean Ventura
    I've been running my Scrapy project with a couple of accounts (the project scrapes a especific site that requieres login credentials), but no matter the parameters I set, it always runs with the same ones (same credentials). I'm running under virtualenv. Is there a variable or setting I'm missing? Edit: It seems that this problem is Twisted related. Even when I run: scrapy crawl -a user='user' -a password='pass' -o items.json -t json SpiderName I still get an error saying: ERROR: twisted.internet.error.ReactorNotRestartable And all the information I get, is the last 'succesful' run of the spider.

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  • unit test for proxy checking

    - by zubin71
    Proxy configuration of a machine can be easily fetched using def check_proxy(): import urllib2 http_proxy = urllib2.getproxies().get('http') I need to write a test for the above written function. In order to do that I need to:- Set the system-wide proxy to an invalid URL during the test(sounds like a bad idea). Supply an invalid URL to http_proxy. How can I achieve either of the above?

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  • foreignkey problem

    - by realshadow
    Hey, Imagine you have this model: class Category(models.Model): node_id = models.IntegerField(primary_key = True) type_id = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) parent_id = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) sort_order = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) name = models.CharField(max_length = 45) lft = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) rgt = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) depth = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) added_on = models.DateTimeField(auto_now = True) updated_on = models.DateTimeField(auto_now = True) status = models.IntegerField(max_length = 20) node = models.ForeignKey(Category_info, verbose_name = 'Category_info', to_field = 'node_id' The important part is the foreignkey. When I try: Category.objects.filter(type_id = 15, parent_id = offset, status = 1) I get an error that get returned more than category, which is fine, because it is supposed to return more than one. But I want to filter the results trough another field, which would be type id (from the second Model) Here it is: class Category_info(models.Model): objtree_label_id = models.AutoField(primary_key = True) node_id = models.IntegerField(unique = True) language_id = models.IntegerField() label = models.CharField(max_length = 255) type_id = models.IntegerField() The type_id can be any number from 1 - 5. I am desparately trying to get only one result where the type_id would be number 1. Here is what I want in sql: SELECT c.*, ci.* FROM category c JOIN category_info ci ON (c.node_id = ci.node_id) WHERE c.type_id = 15 AND c.parent_id = 50 AND ci.type_id = 1 Any help is GREATLY appreciated. Regards

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  • Scrapy - Follow RSS links

    - by Tupak Goliam
    Hello, I was wondering if anyone ever tried to extract/follow RSS links using SgmlLinkExtractor/CrawlSpider. I can't get it to work... I am using the following rule: rules = ( Rule(SgmlLinkExtractor(tags=('link',), attrs=False), follow=True, callback='parse_article'), ) (having in mind that rss links are located in the link tag). I am not sure how to tell SgmlLinkExtractor to extract the text() of the link and not to search the attributes ... Any help is welcome, Thanks in advance

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  • Which software for intranet CMS - Django or Joomla?

    - by zalun
    In my company we are thinking of moving from wiki style intranet to a more bespoke CMS solution. Natural choice would be Joomla, but we have a specific architecture. There is a few hundred people who will use the system. System should be self explainable (easier than wiki). We use a lot of tools web, applications and integrated within 3rd party software. The superior element which is a glue for all of them is API. In example for the intranet tools we do use Django, but it's used without ORM, kind of limited to templates and url - every application has an adequate methods within our API. We do not use the Django admin interface, because it is hardly dependent on ORM. Because of that Joomla may be hard to integrate. Every employee should be able to edit most of the pages, authentication and privileges have to be managed by our API. How hard is it to plug Joomla to use a different authentication process? (extension only - no hacks) If one knows Django better than Joomla, should Django be used?

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  • Linking Libraries in Xcode

    - by Dan
    Hey all, I'm using a powerbook (osx 10.5) and recently downloaded and installed FFTW 3.2 (link text). I've been able to compile and run some simple programs based on the online tutorial using the terminal: g++ main.cpp -lfftw3 -lm however, I can't get the same program to compile in Xcode. I get a linking error, "symbol(s) not found". There is a file called libfftw3.a in /usr/local/lib. How can this be linked? Furthermore, apparently the libraries have to be linked in a particular order, i.e. see: link text thanks for any help

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  • Numpy modify array in place?

    - by User
    I have the following code which is attempting to normalize the values of an m x n array (It will be used as input to a neural network, where m is the number of training examples and n is the number of features). However, when I inspect the array in the interpreter after the script runs, I see that the values are not normalized; that is, they still have the original values. I guess this is because the assignment to the array variable inside the function is only seen within the function. How can I do this normalization in place? Or do I have to return a new array from the normalize function? import numpy def normalize(array, imin = -1, imax = 1): """I = Imin + (Imax-Imin)*(D-Dmin)/(Dmax-Dmin)""" dmin = array.min() dmax = array.max() array = imin + (imax - imin)*(array - dmin)/(dmax - dmin) print array[0] def main(): array = numpy.loadtxt('test.csv', delimiter=',', skiprows=1) for column in array.T: normalize(column) return array if __name__ == "__main__": a = main()

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  • Creating a structure from bytes with ctypes and IronPython

    - by Adal
    I have the following CPython code which I now try to run in IronPython: import ctypes class BarHeader(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [ ("id", ctypes.c_char * 4), ("version", ctypes.c_uint32)] bar_file = open("data.bar", "rb") header_raw = bar_file.read(ctypes.sizeof(BarHeader)) header = BarHeader.from_buffer_copy(header_raw) The last line raises this exception: TypeError: expected array, got str I tried BarHeader.from_buffer_copy(bytes(header_raw)) instead of the above, but then the exception message changes to TypeError: expected array, got bytes. Any idea what I'm doing wrong?

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  • asyncore callbacks launching threads... ok to do?

    - by sbartell
    I'm unfamiliar with asyncore, and have very limited knowledge of asynchronous programming except for a few intro to twisted tutorials. I am most familiar with threads and use them in all my apps. One particular app uses a couchdb database as its interface. This involves longpolling the db looking for changes and updates. The module I use for couchdb is couchdbkit. It uses an asyncore loop to watch for these changes and send them to a callback. So, I figure from this callback is where I launch my worker threads. It seems a bit crude to mix asynchronous and threaded programming. I really like couchdbkit, but would rather not introduce issues into my program. So, my question is, is it safe to fire threads from an async callback? Here's some code... {{{ def dispatch(change): global jobs, db_url # jobs is my queue db = Database(db_url) work_order = db.get(change['id']) # change is an id to the document that changed. # i need to get the actual document (workorder) worker = Worker(work_order, db) # fire the thread jobs.append[worker] worker.start() return main() . . . consumer.wait(cb=dispatch, since=update_seq, timeout=10000) #wait constains the asyncloop. }}}

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  • How to get bit rotation function to accept any bit size?

    - by calccrypto
    i have these 2 functions i got from some other code def ROR(x, n): mask = (2L**n) - 1 mask_bits = x & mask return (x >> n) | (mask_bits << (32 - n)) def ROL(x, n): return ROR(x, 32 - n) and i wanted to use them in a program, where 16 bit rotations are required. however, there are also other functions that require 32 bit rotations, so i wanted to leave the 32 in the equation, so i got: def ROR(x, n, bits = 32): mask = (2L**n) - 1 mask_bits = x & mask return (x >> n) | (mask_bits << (bits - n)) def ROL(x, n, bits = 32): return ROR(x, bits - n) however, the answers came out wrong when i tested this set out. yet, the values came out correctly when the code is def ROR(x, n): mask = (2L**n) - 1 mask_bits = x & mask return (x >> n) | (mask_bits << (16 - n)) def ROL(x, n,bits): return ROR(x, 16 - n) what is going on and how do i fix this?

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