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  • How to capture the screen in DirectX 9 to a raw bitmap in memory without using D3DXSaveSurfaceToFile

    - by cloudraven
    I know that in OpenGL I can do something like this glReadBuffer( GL_FRONT ); glReadPixels( 0, 0, _width, _height, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, _buffer ); And its pretty fast, I get the raw bitmap in _buffer. When I try to do this in DirectX. Assuming that I have a D3DDevice object I can do something like this if (SUCCEEDED(D3DDevice->GetBackBuffer(0, 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, &pBackbuffer))) { HResult hr = D3DXSaveSurfaceToFileA(filename, D3DXIFF_BMP, pBackbuffer, NULL, NULL); But D3DXSaveSurfaceToFile is pretty slow, and I don't need to write the capture to disk anyway, so I was wondering if there was a faster way to do this

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  • Game testing on Android - emulator or real devices?

    - by n00bfuscator
    I am working at a localization agency and we have been approached by a client about testing their games on iOS as well as Android. Testing on iOS seems fairly easy as we can just buy a couple of devices and we should be covered. For Android it seems to be completely different. From what i found, the emulator can cover all API levels, screen sizes and such, but i hear it's buggy and nothing could replace testing on real devices. With the vast amount of Android devices out there and the rate at which new devices are released it seems impossible to keep up. How can i test games (localization and functional) on Android covering all compatible devices?

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  • Sampling Heightmap Edges for Normal map

    - by pl12
    I use a Sobel filter to generate normal maps from procedural height maps. The heightmaps are 258x258 pixels. I scale my texture coordinates like so: texCoord = (texCoord * (256/258)) + (1/258) Yet even with this I am left with the following problem: As you can see the edges of the normal map still proves to be problematic. Putting the texture wrap mode to "clamp" also proved no help. EDIT: The Sobel Filter function by sampling the 8 surrounding pixels around a given pixel so that a derivative can be calculated in order to find the "normal" of the given pixel. The texture coordinates are instanced once per quad (for the quadtree that makes up the world) and are created as follows (it is quite possible that the problem results from the way I scale and offset the texCoords as seen above): Java: for(int i = 0; i<vertices.length; i++){ Vector2f coord = new Vector2f((vertices[i].x)/(worldSize), (vertices[i].z)/( worldSize)); texCoords[i] = coord; } the quad used for input here rests on the X0Z plane. 'worldSize' is the diameter of the planet. No negative texCoords are seen as the quad used for input for this method is not centered around the origin. Is there something I am missing here? Thanks.

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  • OpenGL error LNK2019

    - by Ghilliedrone
    I'm trying to compile a basic OpenGL program. I linked opengl32.lib and glu32.lib but I'm getting errors. The errors I get are: error LNK1120: 7 unresolved externals error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _main referenced in function ___tmainCRTStartup error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: float __thiscall GLWindow::getElapsedSeconds(void)" (?getElapsedSeconds@GLWindow@@QAEMXZ) referenced in function _WinMain@16 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: bool __thiscall GLWindow::isRunning(void)" (?isRunning@GLWindow@@QAE_NXZ) referenced in function _WinMain@16 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: void __thiscall GLWindow::attachExample(class Example *)" (?attachExample@GLWindow@@QAEXPAVExample@@@Z) referenced in function _WinMain@16 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: void __thiscall GLWindow::destroy(void)" (?destroy@GLWindow@@QAEXXZ) referenced in function _WinMain@16 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: __thiscall GLWindow::GLWindow(struct HINSTANCE__ *)" (??0GLWindow@@QAE@PAUHINSTANCE__@@@Z) referenced in function _WinMain@16 error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "private: void __thiscall GLWindow::setupPixelFormat(void)" (?setupPixelFormat@GLWindow@@AAEXXZ) referenced in function "public: long __stdcall GLWindow::WndProc(struct HWND__ *,unsigned int,unsigned int,long)" (?WndProc@GLWindow@@QAGJPAUHWND__@@IIJ@Z)

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  • Tetris Movement - Implementation

    - by James Brauman
    Hi gamedev, I'm developing a Tetris clone and working on the input at the moment. When I was prototyping, movement was triggered by releasing a directional key. However, in most Tetris games I've played the movement is a bit more complex. When a directional key is pressed, the shape moves one space in that direction. After a short interval, if the key is still held down, the shape starts moving in the direction continuously until the key is released. In the case of the down key being pressed, there is no pause between the initial movement and the subsequent continuous movement. I've come up with a solution, and it works well, but it's totally over-engineered. Hey, at least I can recognize when things are getting silly, right? :) public class TetrisMover { List registeredKeys; Dictionary continuousPressedTime; Dictionary totalPressedTime; Dictionary initialIntervals; Dictionary continousIntervals; Dictionary keyActions; Dictionary initialActionDone; KeyboardState currentKeyboardState; public TetrisMover() { *snip* } public void Update(GameTime gameTime) { currentKeyboardState = Keyboard.GetState(); foreach (Keys currentKey in registeredKeys) { if (currentKeyboardState.IsKeyUp(currentKey)) { continuousPressedTime[currentKey] = TimeSpan.Zero; totalPressedTime[currentKey] = TimeSpan.Zero; initialActionDone[currentKey] = false; } else { if (initialActionDone[currentKey] == false) { keyActions[currentKey](); initialActionDone[currentKey] = true; } totalPressedTime[currentKey] += gameTime.ElapsedGameTime; if (totalPressedTime[currentKey] = initialIntervals[currentKey]) { continuousPressedTime[currentKey] += gameTime.ElapsedGameTime; if (continuousPressedTime[currentKey] = continousIntervals[currentKey]) { keyActions[currentKey](); continuousPressedTime[currentKey] = TimeSpan.Zero; } } } } } public void RegisterKey(Keys key, TimeSpan initialInterval, TimeSpan continuousInterval, Action keyAction) { if (registeredKeys.Contains(key)) throw new InvalidOperationException( string.Format("The key %s is already registered.", key)); registeredKeys.Add(key); continuousPressedTime.Add(key, TimeSpan.Zero); totalPressedTime.Add(key, TimeSpan.Zero); initialIntervals.Add(key, initialInterval); continousIntervals.Add(key, continuousInterval); keyActions.Add(key, keyAction); initialActionDone.Add(key, false); } public void UnregisterKey(Keys key) { *snip* } } I'm updating it every frame, and this is how I'm registering keys for movement: tetrisMover.RegisterKey( Keys.Left, keyHoldStartSpecialInterval, keyHoldMovementInterval, () = { Move(Direction.Left); }); tetrisMover.RegisterKey( Keys.Right, keyHoldStartSpecialInterval, keyHoldMovementInterval, () = { Move(Direction.Right); }); tetrisMover.RegisterKey( Keys.Down, TimeSpan.Zero, keyHoldMovementInterval, () = { PerformGravity(); }); Issues that this doesn't address: If both left and right are held down, the shape moves back and forth really quick. If a directional key is held down and the turn finishes and the shape is replaced by a new one, the new one will move quickly in that direction instead of the little pause it is supposed to have. I could fix the issues, but I think it will make the solution even worse. How would you implement this?

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  • Drawing large 2D sidescroller level terrain

    - by Yar
    I'm a relatively good programmer but now that it comes to add some basic levels to my 2D game I'm kinda stuck. What I want to do: An acceptable, large (8000 * 1000 pixels) "green hills" test level for my game. What is the best way for me to do this? It doesn't have to look great, it just shouldn't look like it was made in MS paint with the line and paint bucket tool. Basically it should just mud with grass on top of it, shaped in some form of hills. But how should I draw it, I can't just take out the pencil tool and start drawing it pixel per pixel, can I?

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  • XNA hlsl tex2D() only reads 3 channels from normal maps and specular maps

    - by cubrman
    Our engine uses deferred rendering and at the main draw phase gathers plenty of data from the objects it draws. In order to save on tex2D calls, we packed our objects' specular maps with all sorts of data, so three out of four channels are already taken. To make it clear: I am talking about the assets that come with the models and are stored in their material's Specular Level channel, not about the RenderTarget. So now I need another information to be stored in the alpha channel, but I cannot make the shader to read it properly! Nomatter what I write into alpha it ends up being 1 (255)! I tried: saving the textures in PNG/TGA formats. turning off pre-computed alpha in model's properties. Out of every texture available to me (we use Diffuse map, Normal Map and Specular Map) I was only able to read alpha successfully from the Diffuse Map! Here is how I add specular and normal maps to my model's material in the content processor: if (geometry.Material.Textures.ContainsKey(normalMapKey)) { ExternalReference<TextureContent> texRef = geometry.Material.Textures[normalMapKey]; geometry.Material.Textures.Remove("NormalMap"); geometry.Material.Textures.Add("NormalMap", texRef); } ... foreach (KeyValuePair<String, ExternalReference<TextureContent>> texture in material.Textures) { if ((texture.Key == "Texture") || (texture.Key == "NormalMap") || (texture.Key == "SpecularMap")) mat.Textures.Add(texture.Key, texture.Value); } In the shader I obviously use: float4 data = tex2D(specularMapSampler, TexCoords); so data.a is always 1 in my case, could you suggest a reason?

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  • How to attach an object to a rotating circle?

    - by armands
    I am trying to make an object get attached on a collision point to a circle that is rotating, but the player needs to get attached with a constant point on the player. For example the player is moving back and forth and when the user touches the screen and the player jumps up but what I need is that when the player collides with the circle it attaches it's legs to it and continues rotating with the circle. So I wanted to know how to make this kind of collision joint in Cocos2d Box2d?

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  • How do I go from a simple html5 tic tac toe game to an online 2 player game?

    - by phi1o
    I've been working on an online 2 player Tic Tac Toe solution for blackberries. both old and new. And so far I have html5 code that has a 3 x 3 layout that switches between x and o for the game mechanics. I believe I'm still missing a check for win function but my question is about the server side of this game. I'm not sure how to go about learning what exactly I want. how do you take what I have now, and make this into a functioning online game? I've been told WAMP is a good solution, as well as IIS. and its all really over my head, so i'm hoping to get a little more clarity as far as what I should focus on to bring this game to life.

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  • Assigning valid moves on board game

    - by Kunal4536
    I am making a board game in unity 4.3 2d similar to checkers. I have added an empty object to all the points where player can move and added a box collider to each empty object.I attached a click to move script to each player token. Now I want to assign valid moves. e.g. as shown in picture... Players can only move on vertex of each square.Player can only move to adjacent vertex.Thus it can only move from red spot to yellow and cannot move to blue spot.There is another condition which is : if there is the token of another player at the yellow spot then the player cannot move to that spot. Instead it will have to go from red to green spot. How can I find the valid moves of the player by scripting. I have another problem with click to move. When I click all the objects move to that position.But I only want to move a single token. So what can i add to script to select a specific object and then click to move the specific object.Here is my script for click to move. var obj:Transform; private var hitPoint : Vector3; private var move: boolean = false; private var startTime:float; var speed = 1; function Update () { if(Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Mouse0)) { var hit : RaycastHit; // no point storing this really var ray = Camera.main.ScreenPointToRay (Input.mousePosition); if (Physics.Raycast (ray, hit, 10000)) { hitPoint = hit.point; move = true; startTime = Time.time; } } if(move) { obj.position = Vector3.Lerp(obj.position, hitPoint, Time.deltaTime * speed); if(obj.position == hitPoint) { move = false; } } }`

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  • What are the parameters of APEX destructible asset / actor, and what are the effect of them?

    - by Semih Kekül
    There are parameters of the NxDestructibleAsset such as: defaultBehaviorGroup.damageToRadius destructibleParameters.fractureImpulseScale p3BodyDescTemplate.density structureSettings.useStressSolver destructibleParameters.runtimeFracture.glass.firstSegmentSize, etc. However, i can not find any document explaining these parameters. Are there any documents/videos or codes (anything) which explains these parameters?

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  • Making a game with responsive resolution

    - by alexandervrs
    I am making a game, however I wish for it to be resolution agnostic. My target resolution i.e. where things look as intended is 1600 x 900. My ideas are: Make the HUD stay fixed to the sides no matter what resolution, use different size for HUD graphics under a certain resolution and another under a certain large one. Use large HD sprites/backgrounds which are a power of 2, so they scale nicely. Use the player's native resolution. Scale the game area (not the HUD) to fit (resulting zooming in some and cropping the game area sides if necessary for widescreen, no stretch), but always fill the screen. Have a min and max resolution limit for small and very large displays where you will just change the resolution(?) or scale up/down to fit. What I am a bit confused though is what math formula I would use to scale the game area correctly based on the resolution no matter the aspect ratio, fully fit in a square screen and with some clip to the sides for widescreen. Pseudocode would help as well. :)

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  • Create a thread in xna Update method to find path?

    - by Dan
    I am trying to create a separate thread for my enemy's A* pathfinder which will give me a list of points to get to the player. I have placed the thread in the update method of my enemy. However this seems to cause jittering in the game every-time the thread is called. I have tried calling just the method and this works fine. Is there any way I can sort this out so that I can have the pathfinder on its own thread? Do I need to remove the thread start from the update and start it in the constructor? Is there any way this can work. Here is the code at the moment: bool running = false; bool threadstarted; System.Threading.Thread thread; public void update() { if (running == false && threadstarted == false) { thread = new System.Threading.Thread(PathThread); //thread.Priority = System.Threading.ThreadPriority.Lowest; thread.IsBackground = true; thread.Start(startandendobj); //PathThread(startandendobj); threadstarted = true; } } public void PathThread(object Startandend) { object[] Startandendarray = (object[])Startandend; Point startpoint = (Point)Startandendarray[0]; Point endpoint = (Point)Startandendarray[1]; bool runnable = true; // Path find from 255, 255 to 0,0 on the map foreach(Tile tile in Map) { if(tile.Color == Color.Red) { if (tile.Position.Contains(endpoint)) { runnable = false; } } } if(runnable == true) { running = true; Pathfinder p = new Pathfinder(Map); pathway = p.FindPath(startpoint, endpoint); running = false; threadstarted = false; } }

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  • GLSL Normals not transforming propertly

    - by instancedName
    I've been stuck on this problem for two days. I've read many articles about transforming normals, but I'm just totaly stuck. I understand choping off W component for "turning off" translation, and doing inverse/traspose transformation for non-uniform scaling problem, but my bug seems to be from a different source. So, I've imported a simple ball into OpenGL. Only transformation that I'm applying is rotation over time. But when my ball rotates, the illuminated part of the ball moves around just as it would if direction light direction was changing. I just can't figure out what is the problem. Can anyone help me with this? Here's the GLSL code: Vertex Shader: #version 440 core uniform mat4 World, View, Projection; layout(location = 0) in vec3 VertexPosition; layout(location = 1) in vec3 VertexColor; layout(location = 2) in vec3 VertexNormal; out vec4 Color; out vec3 Normal; void main() { Color = vec4(VertexColor, 1.0); vec4 n = World * vec4(VertexNormal, 0.0f); Normal = n.xyz; gl_Position = Projection * View * World * vec4(VertexPosition, 1.0); } Fragment Shader: #version 440 core uniform vec3 LightDirection = vec3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0); uniform vec3 LightColor = vec3(1f); in vec4 Color; in vec3 Normal; out vec4 FragColor; void main() { diffuse = max(0.0, dot(normalize(-LightDirection), normalize(Normal))); vec4 scatteredLight = vec4(LightColor * diffuse, 1.0f); FragColor = min(Color * scatteredLight, vec4(1.0)); }

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  • libgdx collision detection / bounding the object

    - by johnny-b
    i am trying to get collision detection so i am drawing a red rectangle to see if it is working, and when i do the code below in the update method. to check if it is going to work. the position is not in the right place. the red rectangle starts from the middle and not at the x and y point?Huh so it draws it wrong. i also have a getter method so nothing wrong there. bullet.set(getX(), getY(), getOriginX(), getOriginY()); this is for the render shapeRenderer.begin(ShapeType.Filled); shapeRenderer.setColor(Color.RED); shapeRenderer.rect(bullet.getX(), bullet.getY(), bullet.getOriginX(), bullet.getOriginY(), 15, 5, bullet.getRotation()); shapeRenderer.end(); i have tried to do it with a circle but the circle draws in the middle and i want it to be at the tip of the bullet. at the front of the bullet. x, y point. boundingCircle.set(getX() + getOriginX(), getY() + getOriginY(), 4.0f); shapeRenderer.begin(ShapeType.Filled); shapeRenderer.setColor(Color.RED); shapeRenderer.circle(bullet.getBoundingCircle().x, bullet.getBoundingCircle().y, bullet.getBoundingCircle().radius); shapeRenderer.end(); thank you need it to be of the x and y as the bullet is in the middle of the sprite when drawn originally via paint.

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  • Adaptive Characters: AI Solution Needs a Problem

    - by Roger F. Gay
    Have sophisticated adaptive programming, will travel - so to speak. I'm part of a group that developed sophisticated learning / adaptive software for robotics. The system "thinks" via its simulator, building and adapting code on its own; and then carries out the best solution. The software can also adapt to new situations, etc. http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ It's easy to imagine using it with automated game characters that will adapt to the players moves and style - the easiest example would be fighting. The more the simulated fighter fights with the human player, the more it learns to counter that players fighting skills. But there should be more. Anyone have any ideas as to how adaptive characters might be interesting in games?

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  • Frame Independent Movement

    - by ShrimpCrackers
    I've read two other threads here on movement: Time based movement Vs Frame rate based movement?, and Fixed time step vs Variable time step but I think I'm lacking a basic understanding of frame independent movement because I don't understand what either of those threads are talking about. I'm following along with lazyfoo's SDL tutorials and came upon the frame independent lesson. http://lazyfoo.net/SDL_tutorials/lesson32/index.php I'm not sure what the movement part of the code is trying to say but I think it's this (please correct me if I'm wrong): In order to have frame independent movement, we need to find out how far an object (ex. sprite) moves within a certain time frame, for example 1 second. If the dot moves at 200 pixels per second, then I need to calculate how much it moves within that second by multiplying 200 pps by 1/1000 of a second. Is that right? The lesson says: "velocity in pixels per second * time since last frame in seconds. So if the program runs at 200 frames per second: 200 pps * 1/200 seconds = 1 pixel" But...I thought we were multiplying 200 pps by 1/1000th of a second. What is this business with frames per second? I'd appreciate if someone could give me a little bit more detailed explanation as to how frame independent movement works. Thank you.

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  • OpenGL 3 and the Radeon HD 4850x2

    - by rotard
    A while ago, I picked up a copy of the OpenGL SuperBible fifth edition and slowly and painfully started teaching myself OpenGL the 3.3 way, after having been used to the 1.0 way from school way back when. Making things more challenging, I am primarily a .NET developer, so I was working in Mono with the OpenTK OpenGL wrapper. On my laptop, I put together a program that let the user walk around a simple landscape using a couple shaders that implemented per-vertex coloring and lighting and texture mapping. Everything was working brilliantly until I ran the same program on my desktop. Disaster! Nothing would render! I have chopped my program down to the point where the camera sits near the origin, pointing at the origin, and renders a square (technically, a triangle fan). The quad renders perfectly on my laptop, coloring, lighting, texturing and all, but the desktop renders a small distorted non-square quadrilateral that is colored incorrectly, not affected by the lights, and not textured. I suspect the graphics card is at fault, because I get the same result whether I am booted into Ubuntu 10.10 or Win XP. I did find that if I pare the vertex shader down to ONLY outputting the positional data and the fragment shader to ONLY outputting a solid color (white) the quad renders correctly. But as SOON as I start passing in color data (whether or not I use it in the fragment shader) the output from the vertex shader is distorted again. The shaders follow. I left the pre-existing code in, but commented out so you can get an idea what I was trying to do. I'm a noob at glsl so the code could probably be a lot better. My laptop is an old lenovo T61p with a Centrino (Core 2) Duo and an nVidia Quadro graphics card running Ubuntu 10.10 My desktop has an i7 with a Radeon HD 4850 x2 (single card, dual GPU) from Saphire dual booting into Ubuntu 10.10 and Windows XP. The problem occurs in both XP and Ubuntu. Can anyone see something wrong that I am missing? What is "special" about my HD 4850x2? string vertexShaderSource = @" #version 330 precision highp float; uniform mat4 projection_matrix; uniform mat4 modelview_matrix; //uniform mat4 normal_matrix; //uniform mat4 cmv_matrix; //Camera modelview. Light sources are transformed by this matrix. //uniform vec3 ambient_color; //uniform vec3 diffuse_color; //uniform vec3 diffuse_direction; in vec4 in_position; in vec4 in_color; //in vec3 in_normal; //in vec3 in_tex_coords; out vec4 varyingColor; //out vec3 varyingTexCoords; void main(void) { //Get surface normal in eye coordinates //vec4 vEyeNormal = normal_matrix * vec4(in_normal, 0); //Get vertex position in eye coordinates //vec4 vPosition4 = modelview_matrix * vec4(in_position, 0); //vec3 vPosition3 = vPosition4.xyz / vPosition4.w; //Get vector to light source in eye coordinates //vec3 lightVecNormalized = normalize(diffuse_direction); //vec3 vLightDir = normalize((cmv_matrix * vec4(lightVecNormalized, 0)).xyz); //Dot product gives us diffuse intensity //float diff = max(0.0, dot(vEyeNormal.xyz, vLightDir.xyz)); //Multiply intensity by diffuse color, force alpha to 1.0 //varyingColor.xyz = in_color * diff * diffuse_color.xyz; varyingColor = in_color; //varyingTexCoords = in_tex_coords; gl_Position = projection_matrix * modelview_matrix * in_position; }"; string fragmentShaderSource = @" #version 330 //#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader4 : enable precision highp float; //uniform sampler2DArray colorMap; //in vec4 varyingColor; //in vec3 varyingTexCoords; out vec4 out_frag_color; void main(void) { out_frag_color = vec4(1,1,1,1); //out_frag_color = varyingColor; //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture(colorMap, varyingTexCoords.st); //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture(colorMap, vec3(varyingTexCoords.st, 0)); //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture2DArray(colorMap, varyingTexCoords); }"; Note that in this code the color data is accepted but not actually used. The geometry is outputted the same (wrong) whether the fragment shader uses varyingColor or not. Only if I comment out the line varyingColor = in_color; does the geometry output correctly. Originally the shaders took in vec3 inputs, I only modified them to take vec4s while troubleshooting.

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  • Move the location of the XYZ pivot point on a mesh in UDK

    - by WebDevHobo
    When working with any mesh, you get an XYZ point somewhere on it. If you just want to move the mesh in any direction, it doesn't matter where this point is located. However, I want to rotate a door. This requires the point of rotation to be very specific. I can't find anywhere how to change the location of the point. Can anyone help? EDIT: solved, to change the pivot point, right click on the mesh, go to "Pivot" and move it. Then right click again and this time select "Save PrePivot to Pivot"

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  • Resolution Independent 2D Rendering in XNA

    - by AttackingHobo
    I am trying to figure out the best way to render a 2d game at any resolution. I am currently rendering the game at 1920x1200. I am trying scale the game to any user selected resolution without changing the way I am rendering, or game logic. What is the best way to scale a game to any arbitrary resolution? Edit: I am trying to achieve this: http://www.david-amador.com/2010/03/xna-2d-independent-resolution-rendering/ but I think the code he has is for a different version of XNA because I cannot find that method overload he uses.

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  • How can I achieve a 3D-like effect with spritebatch's rotation and scale parameters

    - by Alic44
    I'm working on a 2d game with a top-down perspective similar to Secret of Mana and the 2D Final Fantasy games, with one big difference being that it's an action rpg using a 3-dimensional physics engine. I'm trying to draw an aimer graphic (basically an arrow) at my characters' feet when they're aiming a ranged weapon. At first I just converted the character's aim vector to radians and passed that into spritebatch, but there was a problem. The position of every object in my world is scaled for perspective when it's drawn to the screen. So if the physics engine coordinates are (1, 0, 1), the screen coords are actually (1, .707) -- the Y and Z axis are scaled by a perspective factor of .707 and then added together to get the screen coordinates. This meant that the direction the aimer graphic pointed (thanks to its rotation value passed into spritebatch) didn't match up with the direction the projectile actually traveled over time. Things looked fine when the characters fired left, right, up, or down, but if you fired on a diagonal the perspective of the physics engine didn't match with the simplistic way I was converting the character's aim direction to a screen rotation. Ok, fast forward to now: I've got the aimer's rotation matched up with the path the projectile will actually take, which I'm doing by decomposing a transform matrix which I build from two rotation matrices (one to represent the aimer's rotation, and one to represent the camera's 45 degree rotation on the x axis). My question is, is there a way to get not just rotation from a series of matrix transformations, but to also get a Vector2 scale which would give the aimer the appearance of being a 3d object, being warped by perspective? Orthographic perspective is what I'm going for, I think. So, the aimer arrow would get longer when facing sideways, and shorter when facing north and south because of the perspective. At the same time, it would get wider when facing north and south, and less wide when facing right or left. I'd like to avoid actually drawing the aimer texture in 3d because I'm still using spritebatch's layerdepth parameter at this point in my project, and I don't want to have to figure out how to draw a 3d object within the depth sorting system I already have. I can provide code and more details if this is too vague as a question... This is my first post on stack exchange. Thanks a lot for reading! Note: (I think) I realize it can't be a technically correct 3D perspective, because the spritebatch's vector2 scaling argument doesn't allow for an object to be skewed the way it actually should be. What I'm really interested in is, is there a good way to fake the effect, or should I just drop it and not scale at all? Edit to clarify without the help of a picture (apparently I can't post them yet): I want the aimer arrow to look like it has been painted on the ground at the character's feet, so it should appear to be drawn on the ground plane (in my case the XZ plane) which should be tilted at a 45 degree angle (around the X axis) from the viewing perspective. Alex

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  • Objects won't render when Texture Compression + Mipmapping is Enabled

    - by felipedrl
    I'm optimizing my game and I've just implemented compressed (DXTn) texture loading in OpenGL. I've worked my way removing bugs but I can't figure out this one: objects w/ DXTn + mipmapped textures are not being rendered. It's not like they are appearing with a flat color, they just don't appear at all. DXTn textured objs render and mipmapped non-compressed textures render just fine. The texture in question is 256x256 I generate the mips all the way down 4x4, i.e 1 block. I've checked on gDebugger and it display all the levels (7) just fine. I'm using GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST for min filter and GL_LINEAR for mag one. The texture is being compressed and mipmaps being created offline with Paint.NET tool using super sampling method. (I also tried bilinear just in case) Source follow: [SNIPPET 1: Loading DDS into sys memory + Initializing Object] // Read header DDSHeader header; file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&header), sizeof(DDSHeader)); uint pos = static_cast<uint>(file.tellg()); file.seekg(0, std::ios_base::end); uint dataSizeInBytes = static_cast<uint>(file.tellg()) - pos; file.seekg(pos, std::ios_base::beg); // Read file data mData = new unsigned char[dataSizeInBytes]; file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(mData), dataSizeInBytes); file.close(); mMipmapCount = header.mipmapcount; mHeight = header.height; mWidth = header.width; mCompressionType = header.pf.fourCC; // Only support files divisible by 4 (for compression blocks algorithms) massert(mWidth % 4 == 0 && mHeight % 4 == 0); massert(mCompressionType == NO_COMPRESSION || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT1 || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT3 || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT5); // Allow textures up to 65536x65536 massert(header.mipmapcount <= MAX_MIPMAP_LEVELS); mTextureFilter = TextureFilter::LINEAR; if (mMipmapCount > 0) { mMipmapFilter = MipmapFilter::NEAREST; } else { mMipmapFilter = MipmapFilter::NO_MIPMAP; } mBitsPerPixel = header.pf.bitcount; if (mCompressionType == NO_COMPRESSION) { if (header.pf.flags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS) { // The only format supported w/ alpha is A8R8G8B8 massert(header.pf.amask == 0xFF000000 && header.pf.rmask == 0xFF0000 && header.pf.gmask == 0xFF00 && header.pf.bmask == 0xFF); mInternalFormat = GL_RGBA8; mFormat = GL_BGRA; mDataType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; } else { massert(header.pf.rmask == 0xFF0000 && header.pf.gmask == 0xFF00 && header.pf.bmask == 0xFF); mInternalFormat = GL_RGB8; mFormat = GL_BGR; mDataType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; } } else { uint blockSizeInBytes = 16; switch (mCompressionType) { case COMPRESSION_DXT1: blockSizeInBytes = 8; if (header.pf.flags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS) { mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT; } else { mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT; } break; case COMPRESSION_DXT3: mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT; break; case COMPRESSION_DXT5: mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT; break; default: // Not Supported (DXT2, DXT4 or any compression format) massert(false); } } [SNIPPET 2: Uploading into video memory] massert(mData != NULL); glGenTextures(1, &mHandle); massert(mHandle!=0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mHandle); commitFiltering(); uint offset = 0; Renderer* renderer = Renderer::getInstance(); switch (mInternalFormat) { case GL_RGB: case GL_RGBA: case GL_RGB8: case GL_RGBA8: for (uint i = 0; i < mMipmapCount + 1; ++i) { uint width = std::max(1U, mWidth >> i); uint height = std::max(1U, mHeight >> i); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, i, mInternalFormat, width, height, mHasBorder, mFormat, mDataType, &mData[offset]); offset += width * height * (mBitsPerPixel / 8); } break; case GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT: { uint blockSize = 16; if (mInternalFormat == GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT || mInternalFormat == GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT) { blockSize = 8; } uint width = mWidth; uint height = mHeight; for (uint i = 0; i < mMipmapCount + 1; ++i) { uint nBlocks = ((width + 3) / 4) * ((height + 3) / 4); // Only POT textures allowed for mipmapping massert(width % 4 == 0 && height % 4 == 0); glCompressedTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, i, mInternalFormat, width, height, mHasBorder, nBlocks * blockSize, &mData[offset]); offset += nBlocks * blockSize; if (width <= 4 && height <= 4) { break; } width = std::max(4U, width / 2); height = std::max(4U, height / 2); } break; } default: // Not Supported massert(false); } Also I don't understand the "+3" in the block size computation but looking for a solution for my problema I've encountered people defining it as that. I guess it won't make a differente for POT textures but I put just in case. Thanks.

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  • Behaviour Trees with irregular updates

    - by Robominister
    I'm interested in behaviour trees that aren't iterated every game tick, but every so often. (Edit: the tree could specify how many frames within the main game loop to wait before running its tick function again). Every theoretical implementation I have seen of behaviour trees talks of the tree search being carried out every game update - which seems necessary, because a leaf node (eg a behaviour, like 'return to base') needs to be constantly checked to see if is still running, failed or completed. Can anyone suggest how I might start implementing a tree that isnt run every tick, or point me in the direction of good material specific to this case (I am struggling to find anything)? My thoughts so far: action leaf nodes (when they start) must only push some kind of action object onto a list for an entity, rather than directly calling any code that makes the entity do something. The list of actions for the entity would be run every frame (update any that need to run, pop any that have completed from the list). the return state from a given action must be fed back into the tree, so that when we run the tree iteration again (and reach the same action leaf node - so the tree has so far determined that we ought to still be trying this action) - that the action has completed, or is still running etc. If my actual action code is running from an action list on an entity, then I possibly need to cancel previously running actions in the list - i am thinking that I can just delete the entire stack of queued up actions. I've seen the idea of ActionLists which block lower priority actions when a higher priority one is added, but this seems like very close logic to behaviour trees, and I dont want to be duplicating behaviour. This leaves me with some questions 1) How would I feed the action return state back into the tree? Its obvious I need to store some information relating to 'currently executing actions' on the entity, and check that in the tree tick, but I can't imagine how. 2) Does having a seperate behaviour tree (for deciding behaviour) and action list (for carrying out actual queued up actions) sound like a reasonable approach? 3) Is the approach of updating a behaviour tree irregularly actually used by anyone? It seems like a nice idea for budgeting ai search time when you have a lot of ai entities to process. (Edit) - I am also thinking about storing a single instance of a given behaviour tree in memory, and providing it by reference to any entity that uses it. So any information about what action was last selected for execution on an entity must be stored in a data context relative to the entity (which the tree can check). (I am probably answering my own questions as i go!) I hope I have expressed my questions adequately! Thanks in advance for any help :)

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  • Calc direction vector based on destination vector and distance from enemy in AS3

    - by Phil
    I'm working on a zombie game in AS3 where I want a character to be able to move away from a zombie depending upon how close the zombie is. The character also has a destination that it's trying to get too on the screen. Ok so I have 2 vectors, one pointing to my destination, and one pointing to the zombie which I then invert to get my "away" vector. I then turn the distance between my character and the zombie into a value between 0 and 1. And then I'm stuck on how to get a resultant vector for my character. How would I use my 0-1 value to calculate how much of the away vector is used and how much of the original destination vector is still left if that makes sense? to end up with 1 direction vector to move my character? So if the zombie is right where my character is, then my direction vector = away vector, and if I'm far away from the zombie than my direction vector = destination vector, but how do I calculate the in-between? Ideally need the answer in AS3.

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  • How to improve Minecraft-esque voxel world performance?

    - by SomeXnaChump
    After playing Minecraft I marveled a bit at its large worlds but at the same time I found them extremely slow to navigate, even with a quad core and meaty graphics card. Now I assume Minecraft is fairly slow because: A) It's written in Java, and as most of the spatial partitioning and memory management activities happen in there, it would naturally be slower than a native C++ version. B) It doesn't partition its world very well. I could be wrong on both assumptions; however it got me thinking about the best way to manage large voxel worlds. As it is a true 3D world, where a block can exist in any part of the world, it is basically a big 3D array [x][y][z], where each block in the world has a type (i.e BlockType.Empty = 0, BlockType.Dirt = 1 etc.) Now, I am assuming to make this sort of world perform well you would need to: A) Use a tree of some variety (oct/kd/bsp) to split all the cubes out; it seems like an oct/kd would be the better option as you can just partition on a per cube level not a per triangle level. B) Use some algorithm to work out which blocks can currently be seen, as blocks closer to the user could obfuscate the blocks behind, making it pointless to render them. C) Keep the block object themselves lightweight, so it is quick to add and remove them from the trees. I guess there is no right answer to this, but I would be interested to see peoples' opinions on the subject. How would you improve performance in a large voxel-based world?

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