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  • What triggered the popularity of lambda functions in modern mainstream programming languages?

    - by Giorgio
    In the last few years anonymous functions (AKA lambda functions) have become a very popular language construct and almost every major / mainstream programming language has introduced them or is planned to introduce them in an upcoming revision of the standard. Yet, anonymous functions are a very old and very well-known concept in Mathematics and Computer Science (invented by the mathematician Alonzo Church around 1936, and used by the Lisp programming language since 1958, see e.g. here). So why didn't today's mainstream programming languages (many of which originated 15 to 20 years ago) support lambda functions from the very beginning and only introduced them later? And what triggered the massive adoption of anonymous functions in the last few years? Is there some specific event, new requirement or programming technique that started this phenomenon? IMPORTANT NOTE The focus of this question is the introduction of anonymous functions in modern, main-stream (and therefore, maybe with a few exceptions, non functional) languages. Also, note that anonymous functions (blocks) are present in Smalltalk, which is not a functional language, and that normal named functions have been present even in procedural languages like C and Pascal for a long time. Please do not overgeneralize your answers by speaking about "the adoption of the functional paradigm and its benefits", because this is not the topic of the question.

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  • What kinds of languages would be most useful for this kind of webapp?

    - by Caedar
    I've had some experience with programming in the past (2-3 years of C++ self-teaching), so I'm no stranger to the programming process, but there are so many languages out there that I'm lost when thinking about this project idea that's been floating around my head: I would like to create a webapp that would be used for helping somebody figure out what kinds of productivity tools would suit them. The first part of the app would basically be a survey with a variety of questions that would help weed out tools that wouldn't be useful for them. (Slider bar between minimalist and maximizer, slider bar between all free apps and no cost limit, checkboxes on what platforms are required, etc.) While the person is filling out the survey, they will see a web of applications, webapps, and other tools forming on the screen with links showing the relationships the programs have with eachother (syncing supported, good combinations of apps, etc.), along with a list of applications below sorted by general use (notetaking, document organization, storage, etc.) I would imagine that each program entered into the database that will be accessed would have a certain set of characteristics, ie. price, user friendliness, platforms supported, general uses, etc. and the survey would be designed to correlate to those elements and remove programs that don't match the criteria set. The difficult part of this entire process would be getting the web of applications to arrange itself and render properly. Now that I've finished mind-dumping, onto my question: What kinds/combinations of programming languages would you imagine being useful for this kind of project, and why? I learn best by setting up a project for myself like this one and tinkering with the languages, so I don't mind if the end product is out of reach from my current skill level. I'd just like some guidance so I don't fumble in the dark for too long.

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  • What programming languages should every computer science student be taught?

    - by Anto
    What languages (or classes (as in paradigms) of programming languages, plus a recommended language of that class) should every computer science student be taught in college according to you? Motivate your answers; why that language? What use will one have from it? What concepts does it teach (better than language X does)? Note/clarification: This question is about computer science with heavy focus on software engineering, not pure computer science. It is still computer science education and not software engineering education which is the focus.

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  • Are there programming languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types?

    - by Will Brown
    Out of curiosity, are there languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types to create new types? Something like: interface A { void a(); void b(); } interface B { void b(); void c(); } interface C = A & B; // has b() interface D = A | B; // has a(), b() and c() interface E = (A & B) ^ B; // has c() I know that in some languages these ideas can be expressed (i.e., Java has List<Comparable & Serializable> for the union of the interfaces) but I've never heard of a language that supports type arithmetic. Thanks!

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  • The Customer Experience Imperative: A Game Changer for Brands

    - by Jeri Kelley
    By Anthony Lye, SVP, Cloud Applications Strategy, Oracle We know that customer experience has emerged as a primary differentiator for businesses today.  I’ve talked a lot about the new age of the empowered consumer. At Oracle we’ve spent a lot of time developing technologies and practices that our customers can implement to greatly improve their customer experience strategies. Of course I’m biased, but I think that we have created a portfolio of the best solutions on the planet to help organizations deal with the challenges of providing great customer experiences. We’ve done this because we started to witness some trends over the last few years. As the average person began to utilize social and mobile technologies more frequently and products commoditized, customer experience truly remained the only sustainable differentiator for businesses.In fact, we have seen that customer experience is often driving the success or the failure of a product or a brand. And as end customers have become more vocal about their experiences with companies on social and mobile channels, they now have the power to decide which brands will win and which brands will lose. To address this customer experience imperative, I believe that business today must do three things really well:Connect with your customers. You have to connect with customers whenever, wherever and however they want. Organizations must provide a great experience on their existing channels— the call center, the brick and mortar store, the field sales organizations, the websites and social properties. Businesses must also be great at managing and delivering journeys on these channels, while quickly adapting to embrace the new channels that emerge. You have to understand mobile. You have to understand social. You have to understand kiosks. These are all new routes to market, new channels where your customers may or may not show up. You have to interact with them where they are. You have to present information in a way that's meaningful to them. As well as providing what we would call a multichannel experience. We have to recognize that customers may start their experience on one channel, but end it on a different channel. It’s important that an organization’s technology solutions enable, not just a multichannel strategy, but a strategy that can power new channels and create customer journeys that cross these channels.Get to know your customers. Next, companies need to get to know the customer as intimately as the customer will allow. Today most customer interactions are anonymous, but it’s important for brands to know which customers drive value. Customers want to provide feedback. They want to share their opinions, but they want to know that those opinions are being heard and acted upon. For this to occur, we need to know much more about the customer and then reward them for their loyalty and for their advocacy.Enable connections. The last thing is to enable people to connect or transact with your brand. We've got to make it really, really simple for customers to do business with us. We can't make them repeat the steps; we can't make them tell us their identity for the fifth time as they move between organizations. These silos can no longer sustain or deliver a good customer experience. It's extremely important that companies be where customers want them to be—that we create profitable journeys for us and for them.Organizations have to make sure that there is a single source of truth that defines the customer. We have to make sure that the technology applications that we rely on understand not just the dimensions of multichannel, but of cross-channel too. We have to enable social at the very core of the overall architecture. We have to use historical analytics, real-time decisioning as well as predictive analytics to help personalize and drive an experience. And these are all technologies that IT needs, that IT is familiar with, but needs to enable for the line of business that in turn can enable for the end customer.  This means that we've got to make our solutions available to the customers in the cloud.In this new age of the empowered consumer, businesses have to focus on delivery mechanisms that reduce the overall TCO, while driving a rapid rate of innovation and a more rapid rate of deployment. At the Oracle Customer Experience Summit @ OpenWorld, I’ll discuss these issues and more. I hope that you can join us for what promises to be an unforgettable experience.

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  • List of web-based interpreters of various programming languages

    - by Bolo
    Let's say you're away from your computer and all you've got is a web browser. You'd still like to run a piece of code (e.g. to check an answer on SO). What are your options? Let's create a list of on-line interpreters of various programming languages. Here are some examples: Python: http://try-python.mired.org/ Haskell: http://tryhaskell.org/ Scala: http://www.simplyscala.com/ Many languages: http://ideone.com/ Many languages: http://codepad.org/

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  • Is it Advisable to learn multiple programming languages at the same time? [closed]

    - by adietan63
    Possible Duplicate: Learning Multiple Languages Simultaneously Im self-taught programmer and I studying PHP, Ruby and C++ at the same time. Is it advisable to do what Im doing? can you give me advice on what i should do first to enhance my learning curve? I want to become all around programmer that's why I want to study different languages at the same time. I want to feel comfortable in any of software applications even in web or desktop application Im just trying to make my skills more valuable and maximize the technology that we have today.

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  • What programming languages are good for statistics?

    - by Jason Baker
    I'm doing a bit more statistical analysis on some things lately, and I'm curious if there are any programming languages that are particularly good for this purpose. I know about R, but I'd kind of prefer something a bit more general-purpose (or is R pretty general-purpose?). What suggestions do you guys have? Are there any languages out there whose syntax/semantics are particularly oriented towards this? Or are there any languages that have exceptionally good libraries?

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  • Objective-measures of the expressiveness of programming languages [closed]

    - by Casebash
    I am very interested in the expressiveness of different languages. Everyone who has programmed in multiple languages knows that sometimes a language allows you to express concepts which you can't express in other languages. You can have all kinds of subjective discussion about this, but naturally it would be better to have an objective measure. There do actually exist objective measures. One is Turing-Completeness, which means that a language is capable of generating any output that could be generated by following a sequential set of steps. There are also other lesser levels of expressiveness such as Finite State Automata. Now, except for domain specific languages, pretty much all modern languages are Turing complete. It is therefore natural to ask the following question: Can we can define any other formal measures of expressiveness which are greater than Turing completeness? Now of course we can't define this by considering the output that a program can generate, as Turing machines can already produce the same output that any other program can. But there are definitely different levels in what concepts can be expressed - surely no-one would argue that assembly language is as powerful as a modern object oriented language like Python. You could use your assembly to write a Python interpreter, so clearly any accurate objective measure would have to exclude this possibility. This also causes a problem with trying to define the expressiveness using the minimum number of symbols. How exactly to do so is not clear and indeed appears extremely difficult, but we can't assume that just because we don't know how to solve a problem, that nobody know how to. It is also doesn't really make sense to demand a definition of expressiveness before answering the question - after all the whole point of this question is to obtain such a definition. I think that my explanation will be clear enough for anyone with a strong theoretical background in computer science to understand what I am looking for. If you do have such a background and you disagree, please comment why, but if you don't thats probably why you don't understand the question.

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  • Scripting Languages vs. Compiled Languages for web development

    - by Austin Hyde
    Though I come from a purely PHP background on the web development side of programming, I have also spent much time with C# and C++ on the desktop. I don't really want to spark any flame wars, but: When should you use scripting languages over compiled languages for website development? (and vice versa) Just to clarify, for the sake of this question, I define a "scripting language" to mean an interpreted language like PHP, Python, or Ruby, and a "compiled language" to mean a strongly typed, compiled language like C#, C++, Java, or VB.

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  • Have you ever done a project using a languages that is not the mainstream choice for the specific niche of the project? Why?

    - by EpsilonVector
    I was thinking about my academic experience with Smalltalk (well, Squeak) a while ago and whether I would like to use it for something, and it got me thinking: sure, it's as good and capable as any popular language, and it has some nice ideas, but there are certain languages that are already well entrenched in certain niches of programming (C is for systems programming, Java is for portability, and so on...), and Smalltalk and co. don't seem to have any obvious differentiating features to make them the right choice under certain circumstances, or at least not as far as I can tell, and when you add to it the fact that it's harder to find programmers who know it it adds all sorts of other problems for the organization itself. So if you ever worked on a project where a non-mainstream language (like Smalltalk) was used over a more mainstream one, what was the reason for it? To clarify: I'd like to focus this on imperative languages.

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  • what languages are good selling points on resume? [closed]

    - by Thomas Galvin
    I have a good amount of experience with C# and Java at the moment but after education and whatnot I wish to be able in more than just 2 high-level, comparatively limited languages, and from what I've seen languages like C(++) or PHP are in demand at the moment. I've thought about learning the following: C. Very standard, lightweight and available on everything. However very old and mostly procedural. C++. Standard like C but I've read in some places that it encourages bad programming design and use of dodgy libraries - but similar things have been said about C too so I'll take that with a grain of salt. D. Quite new but looks promising, but will it be relevant or applicable in the future though? PHP. With the internet becoming ever more important I think this might be the one to go with, but the code itself isn't very intuitive. CoffeeScript (or plain JavaScript). With Microsoft's new idea of HTML5+JS for everything under the sun this doesn't look like a bad choice. However things do change and I wish to be primarily a software dev, not web dev. So out of the above list, or any others that you could suggest, what would you say I should begin to focus on? What is your opinion on staying with C#?

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  • Is there any evidence that one of the current alternate JVM languages might catch on?

    - by FarmBoy
    There's been a lot of enthusiasm about JRuby, Jython, Groovy, and now Scala and Clojure as the language to be the successor to Java on the JVM. But currently only Groovy and Scala are in the TIOBE top 100, and none are in the top 50. Is there any reason to think that any of this bunch will ever gain significant adoption? My question is not primarily about TIOBE, but about any evidence that you might see that could indicate that one of these languages could get significant backing that goes beyond the enthusiasts.

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  • What are the canonical problem sets or problem domains for the different types of languages?

    - by SnOrfus
    I'm just wondering what some of the canonical problem sets are for certain types of languages? ie. Fill in the blanks: __ is the perfect language to use for solving __. The question was arrived at reading or hearing people say statements like such and such module in our codebase would be much easier to implement using a functional language. Fee free to include examples that would seem obvious to you.

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  • Something similar to Objective-C categories in other languages?

    - by adig
    I understand Objective-C categories and how they become useful, but I always have a hard time explaining the concept to other programmers that are not familiar with Objective C. Maybe I'm just bad at explaining things, but I was thinking at another way to explain it by comparing to similar features offered by other (more popular) languages. (ex : I can explain the similarities between Objective C protocols and Java Interfaces) Any examples similar to Categories ?

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  • Do any OO languages support a mechanism to guarantee an overriden method will call the base?

    - by Aaron Anodide
    I think this might be a useful language feature and was wondering if any languages already support it. The idea is if you have: class C virtual F statement1 statement2 and class D inherits C override F statement1 statement2 C.F() There would be a keyword applied to C.F() such that removing the last line of code above would cause a compiler error because it's saying "This method can be overridden but the implementation here needs to run no matter what".

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  • Why aren't web frameworks simple, elegant and fun like programming languages? [on hold]

    - by Ryan
    When I think of pretty much any programming language - like C, C++, PHP, SQL, JavaScript, Python, ActionScript, Haskell, Lua, Lisp, Java, etc - I'm like awesome I would love to develop a computer application using any of those languages. But when I think of web frameworks(I do mostly PHP) - like Cake, CI, Symfony, Laravel, Zend, Drupal, Joomla, Wordpress, Rails, Django, etc - I'm like god no. Why aren't there web frameworks that provide me with simple, fun and powerful constructs like a programming language?

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  • What is the most efficient way to study multiple languages, frameworks, and APIs as a developer?

    - by Akromyk
    I know there are those out there who have read a slurry of books on a specific technology and only code in that one particular language, but this question is aimed at those who need bounce around between using multiple technologies and yet still manage to be productive. What is the most efficient way to study multiple languages, frameworks, and APIs as a developer without becoming a cheap swiss army knife? And how much time should one dedicate to a particular subject before moving to another?

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  • What languages are the kids of today actually programming in? Does anyone have real data?

    - by Gaz Davidson
    Back in the 80s colleges were teaching Pascal because it is easy to learn, while myself and many others like me were learning BASIC because it was not only easy to learn but accessible and also fashionable (for an extremely liberal definition of fashion) It has just occurred to me that empirical data on the actual programming languages kids are choosing to use should be a good indicator of which language would be the ideal first choice for educators. Please note that this question is not "what do you think is a good programming language for kids?"

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  • What are the tools, programming languages and development processes of AAA games?

    - by Pan.student
    Only thing I am able to find about "big" games like ac, hl, bf, cod is engine used to run the game. But I am interested in what software development methodology, programming and scripting languages were used. As well as tools for creating models, music, animations and other media. Further, were the team team organisations and so on for a certain game (or game series). Is this information even available to the public?

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  • Why do programming languages allow shadowing/hiding of variables and functions?

    - by Simon
    Many of the most popular programming languges (such as C++, Java, Python etc.) have the concept of hiding / shadowing of variables or functions. When I've encountered hiding or shadowing they have been the cause of hard to find bugs and I've never seen a case where I found it necessary to use these features of the languages. To me it would seem better to disallow hiding and shadowing. Does anybody know of a good use of these concepts?

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  • What could be some objective criteria to compare languages? [closed]

    - by rvcoutinho
    I am performing a study on different programming languages (and its related technologies) for a mature corporate architecture. In order to conduct these studies, I need formulate some criteria prior to this evaluation. Some general (and well known) criteria are: readability, writability, reliability, cost and others (such as well-definedness, generality and portability). That said, I present the following questions: What criteria should I not forget? How to make these criteria objective?

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  • Using different languages in one project

    - by Tarbal
    I recently heard about the use of several different languages in a (big) project, I also read about famous services such as Twitter using Rails as frontend, mixed with some other languages, and Scala I think it was as backend. Is this common practice? Who does that? I'm sure there are disadvantages to this. I think that you will have problems with the different interpreters/compilers and seamlessly connecting the different languages. Is this true? Why is this actually done? For performance?

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  • Typical tasks/problems to demonstrate differences between programming languages

    - by Space_C0wb0y
    Somewhere some guy said (I honestly do not know where I got this from), that one should learn one programming language per year. I can see where that might be a good idea, because you learn new patterns and ways to look at the same problems by solving them in different languages. Typically, when learning a new language, I look at how certain problems are supposed to be solved in that language. My question now is, what, in you experience, are good, simple, and clearly defined tasks that demostrate the differences between programming languages. The Idea here is to have a set of tasks, that, when I solve all of them in the language I am learning, gives me a good overview of how things are supposed to be done in that language. I do not know if that is even possible, but it sure would be a useful thing to have. A typical example one often sees especially in tutorials for functional languages is the implementation of quicksort.

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  • Interpreted languages: The higher-level the faster?

    - by immersion
    I have designed around 5 experimental languages and interpreters for them so far, for education, as a hobby and for fun. One thing I noticed: The assembly-like language featuring only subroutines and conditional jumps as structures was much slower than the high-level language featuring if, while and so on. I developed them both simultaneously and both were interpreted languages. I wrote the interpreters in C++ and I tried to optimize the code-execution part to be as fast as possible. My hypothesis: In almost all cases, performance of interpreted languages rises with their level (high/low). Am I basically right with this? (If not, why?)

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