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• Confirm that two filesystems are identical, ignoring special files

  - by endolith

  /media/A and /media/B should be identical, but I want to confirm before deleting one. Duplicate file finders don't work, because they'll find two copies of the same file within B, for instance. I only want to confirm that every file in one is identical to the other. diff -qr /media/A/ /media/B/ seems to work, but the output is cluttered with garbage like diff: /media/A//etc/alternatives/ControlPanel: No such file or directory and File /media/A//dev/tty8 is a character special file while file /media/B//dev/tty8 is a character special file I can suppress the former with 2> /dev/null, but I don't know about the latter. rsync -avn /media/A/ /media/B/ also produces a bunch of clutter, like "skipping non-regular file". How can I compare the two trees and just make sure that all the real files exist in both and are identical?

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• How can I recover an ext4 filesystem corrupted after a fsck?

  - by Regan

  I have an ext4 filesystem on luks over software raid5. The filesystem was operating "just fine" for several years when I was beginning to run out of space. I had a 9T volume on 6x2T drives. I began upgrading to 3T drives by doing the mdadm fail, remove, add, rebuild, repeat process until I had a larger array. I then grew the luks container, and then when I unmounted and tried to resize2fs I was given the message the filesystem was dirty and needed e2fsck. Without thinking I just did e2fsck -y /dev/mapper/candybox and it began spewing all kinds of inode being removed type messages (can't remember exactly) I killed e2fsck and tried to remount the filesystem to backup data I was concerned about. When trying to mount at this point I get: # mount /dev/mapper/candybox /candybox mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/mapper/candybox, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so Looking back at my older logs I noticed the filesystem was giving this error each time the machine booted: kernel: [79137.275531] EXT4-fs (dm-2): warning: mounting fs with errors, running e2fsck is recommended So shame on me for not paying attention :( I then tried to mount using every backup superblock (one after another) and each attempt left this in my log: EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 0 failed (26534!=65440) EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 1 failed (38021!=36729) EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 2 failed (18336!=39845) ... EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 11911 failed (28743!=44098) BUG: soft lockup - CPU#0 stuck for 23s! [mount:2939] Attempts to restart e2fsck results in: # e2fsck /dev/mapper/candybox e2fsck 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) e2fsck: Group descriptors look bad... trying backup blocks... candy: recovering journal e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on candy At this point, I decided it best to order some more drives and make an image using ddrescue Now two weeks later I have an image of the luks partition in a .img file. # ls -lh total 14T -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14T Oct 25 01:57 candybox.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 271 Oct 20 14:32 candybox.logfile After numerous attempts using everything I could find online I could not coerce e2fsck to do anything on the image, so I used mkfs.ext4 -L candy candybox.img -m 0 -S and I was able to mount the dirty filesystem readonly without the journal and recover 960G of data. It gave all kinds of errors of various directories not existing and so forth but I was able to get some stuff. Which gave me some hope! I then ran e2fsck again and it had to recreate the root inode and gave a massive list of correcting group counts, I accepted the root inode creation and said no to everything else, leaving a completely empty filesystem. Re-ran again and said yes to all questions with the same result but now a "clean" but empty filesystem. extundelete gives me 0 recoverable inodes found. And now I'm stuck again, I can't come up with any other methods other than dropping to something like photorec which will give me an absolute mess with how large the filesystem was. I'm willing to re-copy the image from the original array and start over, if I can get any suggestions or ideas on a way to get more of my files back. I wish I could give more detailed logs of the commands that have run, but the output is long scrolled passed except for what gets logged to syslog and my memory is not as detailed due to the timeframe this has occurred over. Any help is greatly appreciated!

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• Problem with keyboard layout when OS X 10.6.3 -> Fedora 13

  - by user20196

  Hi, I have VMware installed on Fedora 13 (host OS) /amd 64bit. When I log to it from console VMware works good. I wanted to start remotely from OS X 10.6.3, so I installed NX client. Everything is fine with the keyboard layout if I do not use VMware. When I try to run the guest OS on VMware my keyboard is cut off completely. The host and the guest OSes are setup for "us" layout and for "generic 105 keys" keyboard.

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• openvpn problem

  - by Jared Voronik

  I have a problem with openvpn. I have already setup openvpn sucessfully on some other servers in the past (basic configuration, nothing special). On this server, I used the same config file, but for setting up nat iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.4.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE doesn't work. It gives error: iptables v1.3.5: can't initialize iptables table `nat': Table does not exist (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. How do I fix this error? Also, if I can't fix this error, can I do bridging instead of routing? I have only 1 interface, and I can connect to remote server only via ssh (and need to avoid reboots if at all possible) so if briding means a whole ethernet card has to be devoted to the openvpn (and no other servers) then briding is out, otherwise I can use briding. Do you know of a simple, step by step guide to configure openvpn briding (just simple openvpn server and clients that can access internet through vpn server, nothing fancy)?

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• Choose between multiple keyboard layouts for different users in GDM3

  - by Daniel Wagner

  I am trying to set up a computer with multiple users each with different preferred keyboard layouts. The biggest sticking point right now is allowing each to log in comfortably. GDM used to offer a way to choose keyboard layout, but I can't discover how to set this up in GDM3. All the solutions I found when Googling this problem suggest changing the keyboard layout in xorg.conf, but that only sets a different single layout and still does not seem to allow me to change the layout between multiple choices. How can I allow multiple layouts when logging in?

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• Limiting Failed SSH Logins

  - by nitins

  I would like to limit failure retries on my Fedora machine to 5. I think I can accomplish it with PAM. But was unable to to do this. I have referred to this article to do this http://www.puschitz.com/SecuringLinux.shtml Please provide suggestions

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• RPM with RHEL: install 2 version of same package / different arch

  - by Nicolas Tourneur

  I think the title is pretty self explanatory :) Is it possible, under RHEL (v 5) to install 2 instances of the same packages with 32 bit support for one and 64 bits support for the other one? Obviously, the running host has a 64 bit kernel and has the compatibility libraries required. (in this case, we would need a 64 bits JDK and a 32 bits one). If yes, are there any special rpm flag to use (change of installation directory for instance)? Thanks in advance,

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• Debian package with init.d without autostart

  - by viraptor

  Hi, I'm trying to create a package which contains the init.d file, but doesn't try to start the daemon right after the installation. Currently, I'm using scripts created from the dh_make template. Right after installation, dpkg wants to start the service. I'd like to stop it from doing that - the daemon will be always started / stopped manually.

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• openldap make sure password does not contain username

  - by Ryan Horrisberger

  Is there a way using openldap to ensure that a user's password does not contain their name or their username? I know that you can use the ppolicy overlay pwdCheckModule by writing a C function to do password checking, but is this the best approach? It doesn't seem like many folks are doing password quality checking this way--the only example I've found is a github example which only does basic checking.

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• Mounting both /dev/sda and /dev/sda1 - how can this be?

  - by itsadok

  I work on an Amazon EC2 instance that somebody else set up. We have an EBS volume mounted on /dev/sda, even though the root device is already on /dev/sda1, and we're also using `/dev/sda2' user@server:~$ mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext3 (rw) ... (snip) /dev/sda2 on /mnt type ext3 (rw) /dev/sda on /vol type xfs (rw,noatime) ... This doesn't seem to fit with what I know about the way /dev/ works. How is this possible, and more importantly: will this cause trouble in the future? I'm running ubuntu 9.04 jaunty.

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• dhclient append settings from multiple DHCP servers

  - by Brian

  I have a server with two interfaces connected to two separate networks, using DHCP for both. When dhclient is writing /etc/resolv.conf, I would like it to append settings that aren't already there. For instance, if I receive from one DHCP server: nameserver 10.0.0.1 search one.mydomain.com and from another: nameserver 10.1.1.254 search two.mydomain.com Then resolv.conf should look like this: search one.mydomain.com two.mydomain.com nameserver 10.0.0.1 nameserver 10.1.1.254 At the moment, it seems the last dhclient overwrites whatever was there. I know I can preconfigure settings in dhclient.conf using supercede or append, but then I have to hard-code the values. I've scoured the man page for dhclient, but it seems like dhclient prefers to work alone (i.e. not in conjunction with any other dhclients)...or am I missing something?

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• VirtualBox management interface unreliability

  - by Arlen Cuss

  I'm using VirtualBox 3.2.8_OSE with 20 VMs running, and everything's going fine. I find that if I hammer the VBoxManage interface, all sorts of interesting things happen, usually necessitating either a restart of the VM in question, or of all VMs. For instance, if I use VBoxManage guestcontrol execute to run processes, after a few hours of using it maybe once or twice a minute on any given VM, it'll mysteriously start reporting VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED and refusing to do anything—sometimes trying to restart /usr/sbin/VBoxService on the VM itself will get it back in working order, but often it won't, and in the meantime, no data can be collected using VBoxManage. Such data includes the VM's IP, so if I hadn't recorded it earlier, I'm usually in trouble and have no option but to portscan the network for it, or kill the VM's process on the host manually and restart it. This one I haven't narrowed down yet, but it seems that even using VBoxManage guestproperty get (to retrieve a machine's IP) frequently and rapidly is enough to cause all VMs' management interfaces to die. The processes are still running fine, but VBoxManage reports them all as "powered off". In the meantime, another process somewhere in the system seems to have decided that their being powered off means they need to be powered on again, and suddenly I have 2x the number of VBoxHeadless processes running than I used to. Has anyone else seen behaviour like this? Is there any workaround? This is a serious impediment to my work, as I've had to resort to a lot of (hacky) caching of data and rate-limiting how often I call VBoxManage, just in case I accidentally bring 20 VMs to their knees.

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• Taking a screencast in Backtrack 4

  - by user30196

  I'm working on a tutorial using Backtrack 4 Live USB, and I would like to take a screencast of what I'm doing (not just screenshots) So far I have tried these application with limited success: -recordmydesktop -xvidcap -wink -istanbul -vlc -vnc2flv Each time I try the resulting files are generally choppy (at best 1 frame per second) and most don't even end up with a clear view of the screen each time. If anyone has suggestions for the screencast I would greatly appreciate it.

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• Apache - The name

  - by Josh

  I am working on a migration to a newer virtualized server. The old one has Apache 2.2.4 according to the old servers phpinfo(). The new one with the most up to date has 2.2.3 . How can this be assuming no trickery is involved? The old one is years old. Alot of the guides I reference use apache2 in folders names and many of the conventions. The newest version of things, as I understand it is called httpd. Did apache change the name from what it originally was? (i.e. break the web server component into its own project called httpd, I realize the original daemon was probably still called httpd)

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• How to mount remote sambe from local host with multiple groups ?

  - by Dragos

  I am using mount.cifs to mount a remote samba share (both client and server are Ubuntu server 8.04) like this: mount.cifs //sambaserver/samba /mountpath -o credentials=/path/.credentials,uid=someuser,gid=1000 `$ cat .credentials username=user password=password I mounted a user from local system with username and password with mount.cifs but the problem is that the user is part of multiple groups on the remote system and with mount.cifs I can only specify one gid. Is there a way to specify all the gids that the remote user has ? Is there a way to: 1) Mount the remote samba with multiple groups on the local system ? 2) Browse the mount from 1) with the terminal since I want to pass some files from samba as arguments to local programs. Other solutions would be: nautilus sftp:// which runs through gvfs but the newer gnome does not write to disk the ~/.gvfs anymore so I can't browse it in terminal. An the last solution would be nfs but that means that I have to synchronize the uids and gids on the local system with the ones from the server.

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• Conditionnal relay in postfix

  - by Florent

  I use postfix to send direct email. But, I use a relay to send email for specific senders. So I use "sender_dependent_relayhost_maps" : /etc/postfix/main.cf : relayhost = transport_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/transport smtp_sender_dependent_authentication = yes sender_dependent_relayhost_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sender_relay /etc/postfix/sender_relay : [email protected] smtp.relay.com So when I send an email with sender email "[email protected]", postfix will use the relay. But... I don't want to use the relay host for some recipient. ;) I think I must use "transport_map" to catch the email before it pass through "sender_dependent_relayhost_maps" but I don't know how to do it... Thanks

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• Can you change the metadata version on an existing array?

  - by xenoterracide

  So I've been told that grub requires metadata version 0.90 I'm wondering if I can change my existing arrays to use that instead of the default which is 1.2. That way I don't have to go about a reinstall. If yes, how can I do it?

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• Ubuntu server; Backup of server and MySql database, and Solr database

  - by Camran

  How is backup done on ubuntu servers? I have a server (Ubuntu 9.10) which has apache2 installed, php5, mysql etc... The website is a classifieds website where all classifieds are stored in mysql and Solr. I need to backup this server with all information to be able to fully restore it if something goes wrong. How should I start? Is it an automated task, or will I do backups manually? (prefer manually) Thanks

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• CPU Affinity on ARM processors

  - by dsljanus

  I am using some RaspberryPI boards for a data acquisition system. They are nice boards, with plenty of community support around them, but they are really slow. I am thinking of gradually replacing them with ODROID multicore boards, with the Samsung Exynos processors. I have some experience using taskset to set CPU affinity on my servers because I am always running Node.js applications that are by definition single threaded. Now, is it possible to do this on an ARM board? I do not see why it would not in theory, but I have doubts over how well it is going to work. Does anyone have experience with this kind of hack? Also, I would appreciate any comments about ARM CPUs and how they differ from x86.

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• Debian Testing installs Iceweasel ESR (severely outdated)?

  - by Lucas Phillips

  I just reinstalled Debian Testing, and for some reason, instead of Iceweasel 25, I have 17. The installed and candidate versions are both 17.0.9esr-1~deb7u1. apt-get update && apt-get upgrade does nothing, and it seems that version 17 is the latest for this install. I was on Debian Testing before, and Iceweasel was at the latest version. Even Debian Stable had an Iceweasel version 20. Why would it be trying to install ESR now?

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• Killing all processes of current user

  - by Vi

  user@host$ killall -9 -u user Will it definitely kill all processes owned by user (including forkbombs)? No new processes is spawned to user from other users. No user's processes are in D-sleep and unkillable. No processes are trying to detect and ptrace or terminate this started killall. E.g. if killall will finish untampered and successfully is it 100% that no processes are left with this uid?

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• Cobbler 2.2.2 problems

  - by Peter

  I have setup a dedicated LAN for Cobbler tests. My setup is: Cobbler server: openSUSE 12.3, cobbler 2.2.2 (from openSUSE repos) Imported distros: Centos 6.5, Red Hat 6.5, Red Hat 7.0, openSUSE 13.1 Target Machine: VMs in a Windows 7 Virtualbox Systems provisioning works OK, but I have some problems. The first one is that cobbler does not honor the "pxe_just_once: 1" setting. When the setup of the target OS is finished, after the reboot the target systems continues to PXE boot! The second problem is that the target server is not correctly configured! See my setup: cobbler system report --name=test Name : test TFTP Boot Files : {} Comment : Fetchable Files : {} Gateway : 192.168.0.1 Hostname : testcob1.example.com Image : IPv6 Autoconfiguration : False IPv6 Default Device : Kernel Options : {} Kernel Options (Post Install) : {} Kickstart : <<inherit>> Kickstart Metadata : {} LDAP Enabled : False LDAP Management Type : authconfig Management Classes : [] Management Parameters : <<inherit>> Monit Enabled : False Name Servers : ['192.168.0.1', '8.8.8.8'] Name Servers Search Path : [] Netboot Enabled : False Owners : ['admin'] Power Management Address : Power ID : Power Password : Power Management Type : ipmitool Power Username : Profile : RHEL-6.5-x86_64 Proxy : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>> Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>> Repos Enabled : False Server Override : <<inherit>> Status : testing Template Files : {} Virt Auto Boot : <<inherit>> Virt CPUs : <<inherit>> Virt Disk Driver Type : <<inherit>> Virt File Size(GB) : <<inherit>> Virt Path : <<inherit>> Virt RAM (MB) : <<inherit>> Virt Type : <<inherit>> Interface ===== : eth0 Bonding Opts : Bridge Opts : DHCP Tag : DNS Name : Master Interface : Interface Type : IP Address : 192.168.0.200 IPv6 Address : IPv6 Default Gateway : IPv6 MTU : IPv6 Secondaries : [] IPv6 Static Routes : [] MAC Address : Management Interface : True MTU : Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Static : True Static Routes : [] Virt Bridge : So, although I have setup the hostname and the network interface of the target system, after the setup, the hostname is set to localhost.localdomain and eth0 is configured as a DHCP not static! How can I find the problem and fix it? Note that I have synced and restarted cobbler a couple of times, but the problems persists.

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• convert full-disk RAID5 array to partition-based array?

  - by Delan Azabani

  I have a RAID 5 array, md0, with three full-disk (non-partitioned) members, sdb, sdc, and sdd. My computer will hang during the AHCI BIOS if AHCI is enabled instead of IDE, if these drives are plugged in. I believe it may be because I'm using the whole disk, and the AHCI BIOS expects an MBR to be on the drive (I don't know why it would care). Is there a way to convert the array to use members sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1, partitioned MBR with 0xFD RAID partitions?

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• Xorg: How can I map AltGr to the CapsLock Key (to toggle 3rd level symbols)

  - by basweber

  Hi, as many others I don't need Capslock. I want to reassign it to have the function of AltGr. I use Kubuntu 9.10 but I think there must be a solution which is distribution independent. I already tried to use setxkbmap or xmodmap. Using xmodmap at least I managed that the CapsLock key to behaves like the Delete key by following this description. But I could not achieve assigning the AltGr behavior to CapsLock.

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• How can I prevent firefox from using bitmap fonts at certain zoom levels?

  - by Ryan Thompson

  In firefox 3.6 on Ubuntu 9.10, certain sites seem to use bitmap fonts for any fixed-width fonts, but only at specific zoom levels. This site and other stackexchange sites are among the affected sites, and of course the default zoom level is affected. At unaffected zoom levels, I get the expected smooth curvy fonts. How can I make firefox use the nice curvy smooth fonts at all zoom levels?

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