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• Designing generic render/graphics component in C++?

  - by s73v3r

  I'm trying to learn more about Component Entity systems. So I decided to write a Tetris clone. I'm using the "style" of component-entity system where the Entity is just a bag of Components, the Components are just data, a Node is a set of Components needed to accomplish something, and a System is a set of methods that operates on a Node. All of my components inherit from a basic IComponent interface. I'm trying to figure out how to design the Render/Graphics/Drawable Components. Originally, I was going to use SFML, and everything was going to be good. However, as this is an experimental system, I got the idea of being able to change out the render library at will. I thought that since the Rendering would be fairly componentized, this should be doable. However, I'm having problems figuring out how I would design a common Interface for the different types of Render Components. Should I be using C++ Template types? It seems that having the RenderComponent somehow return it's own mesh/sprite/whatever to the RenderSystem would be the simplest, but would be difficult to generalize. However, letting the RenderComponent just hold on to data about what it would render would make it hard to re-use this component for different renderable objects (background, falling piece, field of already fallen blocks, etc). I realize this is fairly over-engineered for a regular Tetris clone, but I'm trying to learn about component entity systems and making interchangeable components. It's just that rendering seems to be the hardest to split out for me.

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• techniques for displaying vehicle damage

  - by norca

  I wonder how I can displaying vehicle damage. I am talking about an good way to show damage on screen. Witch kind of model are common in games and what are the benefits of them. What is state of the art? One way i can imagine is to save a set of textures (normal/color/lightmaps, etc) to a state of the car (normal, damage, burnt out) and switch or blending them. But is this really good without changing the model? Another way i was thinking about is preparing animations for different locations on my car, something like damage on the front, on the leftside/rightside or on the back. And start blending the specific animation. But is this working with good textures? Whats about physik engines? Is it usefull to use it for deforming vertexdata? i think losing parts of my car (doors, sirens, weapons) can looks really nice. my game is a kind of rts in a top down view. vehicles are not the really most importend units (its no racing game), but i have quite a lot in. thx for help

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• Connecting 2 Vertices in 3DS Max?

  - by Reanimation

  How do you connect two vertices in 3DS Max 2013? I have two vertices which I wish to connect with a line to create an edge. (actually several) I have tried all I can think and done several Google searches but it only comes up with older versions method which say use the "connect" button... But I can't find the connect button on my version (see below) This is what my menu looks like: These are the vertices I'm trying to connect: Basically, I've edited an STL file and deleted some edges and vertices. Now I want to fill the gaps and triangulate what's left. Thanks.

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• Must all AI states be able to react to any event?

  - by Prog

  FSMs implemented with the State design pattern are a common way to design AI agents. I am familiar with the State design pattern and know how to implement it. How is this used in games to design AI agents? Consider a simplified class Monster, representing an AI agent: class Monster { State state; // other fields omitted public void update(){ // called every game-loop cycle state.execute(this); } public void setState(State state){ this.state = state; } // irrelevant stuff omitted } There are several State subclasses implementing execute() differently. So far, classic State pattern. AI agents are subject to environmental effects and other objects communicating with them. For example, an AI agent might tell another AI agent to attack (i.e. agent.attack()). Or a fireball might tell an AI agent to fall down. This means that the agent must have methods such as attack() and fallDown(), or commonly some message receiving mechanism to understand such messages. With an FSM, the current State of the agent should be the one taking care of such method calls - i.e. the agent delegates to the current state upon every event. Is this correct? If correct, how is this done? Are all states obligated by their superclass to implement methods such as attack(), fallDown() etc., so the agent can always delegate to them on almost every event? Or is it done in some other way?

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• i am going to start learning to develop games, and have a very importent question

  - by levi s.

  so i am going to be starting to start learning to develop games soon, and i have already learned the basics of java. before i really go balls out. am i making a bad choice of language? should i stop now and move to c++ or c#? will that hinder me? is java going to hinder me worse? im kinda having regrets on saying "oh hey minecraft was made in java, it must be best!" im mainly asking, what should i do?

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• converting 2d grid of squares to polygon nav mesh

  - by Roflha

  I haven't actually started programming for this one yet, but I wanted to see how I would go about doing this anyway. Say I have a 2D matrix of squares, all of the same size, some traversable and some not. How would I go about creating a navigation mesh of polygons from this grid. Is there any reading I can look at until I get a chance to get to my computer or should I just give it a go. My idea was to take the non-traversable squares out and extend lines from there edges to make polygons.. that's all I have got so far. Any advice?

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• Tic-Tac-Toe game AI

  - by David Jones

  I'm looking into creating a simple tic tac toe/noughts and crosses game in Actionscript3 and am trying to understand the ideas behind the AI used in a game like this. I've seen some simplistic examples online but from what I've read a game tree or something like minimax is the best way to go about this. Can anyone help explain or reference any good examples of this? I've seen that there is a library called as3ds - data structures for game developers which has a number of classes that might help tie this together? Any info/examples or help is much appreciated.

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• 3D physics engine for accurate collision handling on desktop/laptop computers (non-console)

  - by Georges Oates Larsen

  What are your suggestions for a physics engine that satisfies the following criteria? Capable of calculating collisions between multiple concave mesh-based colliders Handles many collisions going on at once (for instance one mesh being wedged between two others, which themselves may be wedged between two meshes) Does not allow for collider passthrough, even at high speeds. For instance, if I am applying force to a programmatically hinged object that makes it spin, I do not want it to pass through another rigidbody that it collides with while spinning. I have this problem using PhysX As implied before, reacts well to hinged objects, preferably has its own implementation of a hinge, but I am willing to program my own. The important part is that it has some sort of interface that guarantees accurate collision tracking even when dealing with these things Platform independent -- runs on mac as well as PC, also not tied down to specific graphics cards I think that's the best way to explain what I am looking for. Basically, I need SUPER reliable collisions. Something that can't be accomplished with a simple ray casting approach that sends a ray from the last position of the object to the current position (as this object may be potentially large and colliding with small objects via rotation) Bonus points for also including an OPEN SOURCE engine.

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• My GLSL shader isn't compiling even though it should. What should I investigate?

  - by reapz

  I'm porting an iOS game to Android. One of the shaders I'm using wouldn't compile until I reduced the number of uniform variables. Here are the uniform definitions: uniform highp mat4 ViewProjMatrix; uniform mediump vec3 LightDirWorld; uniform mediump int BoneCount; uniform highp mat4 BoneMatrixArray[8]; uniform highp mat3 BoneMatrixArrayIT[8]; uniform mediump int LightCount; uniform mediump vec3 LightPos[4]; // This used to be 12, but now 4, next lines also uniform lowp vec3 LightColour[4]; uniform mediump vec3 LightInnerOuterFalloff[4]; My issue is that the GLSL shader wouldn't compile until I reduced the count of the above arrays from 12 to 4. My understanding is that if those 3 lines were arrays of 12 then I would be using 56 vertex uniform vectors. I query the system at startup (GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_VECTORS) and it says that 128 are available. Why wouldn't it compile with 56? I'm having issues on the Kindle Fire.

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• Interaction using Kinect in XNA

  - by Sweta Dwivedi

  So i have written a program to play a sound file when ever my RightHand.Joint touches the 3D model . . It goes like this . . even though the code works somehow but not very accurate . . for example it will play the sound when my hand is slightly under my 3D object not exactly on my 3D object . How do i make it more accurate? here is the code . . (HandX & HandY is the values coming from the Skeleton data RightHand.Joint.X etc) and also this calculation doesnt work with Animated Sprites..which i need to do foreach (_3DModel s in Solar) { float x = (float)Math.Floor(((handX * 0.5f) + 0.5f) * (resolution.X)); float y = (float)Math.Floor(((handY * -0.5f) + 0.5f) * (resolution.Y)); float z = (float)Math.Floor((handZ) / 4 * 20000); if (Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(x - s.modelPosition.X, 2) + Math.Pow(y - s.modelPosition.Y, 2)) < 15) { //Exit(); PlaySound("hyperspace_activate"); Console.WriteLine("1" + "handx:" + x + "," + " " + "modelPos.X:" + s.modelPosition.X + "," + " " + "handY:" + y + "modelPos.Y:" + s.modelPosition.Y); } else { Console.WriteLine("2" + "handx:" + x + "," + " " + "modelPos.X:" + s.modelPosition.X + "," + " " + "handY:" + y + "modelPos.Y:" + s.modelPosition.Y); } }

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• Why do we use the Pythagorean theorem in game physics?

  - by Starkers

  I've recently learned that we use Pythagorean theorem a lot in our physics calculations and I'm afraid I don't really get the point. Here's an example from a book to make sure an object doesn't travel faster than a MAXIMUM_VELOCITY constant in the horizontal plane: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = <any number>; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = MAXIMUM_VELOCITY * MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; function animate(){ var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; } } Let's try this with some numbers: An object is attempting to move 5 units in x and 5 units in z. It should only be able to move 5 units horizontally in total! MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5 * 5; SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 25; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = (x_velocity * x_velocity) + (z_velocity * z_velocity); var squared_horizontal_velocity = 5 * 5 + 5 * 5; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 25 + 25; var squared_horizontal_velocity = 50; // if( squared_horizontal_velocity <= SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 50 <= 25 ){ scalar = squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 50 / 25; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Now this works well, but we can do the same thing without Pythagoras: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY = 5; function animate(){ var x_velocity = 5; var z_velocity = 5; var horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity; var horizontal_velocity = 5 + 5; var horizontal_velocity = 10; // if( horizontal_velocity >= MAXIMUM_VELOCITY ){ if( 10 >= 5 ){ scalar = horizontal_velocity / MAXIMUM_VELOCITY; scalar = 10 / 5; scalar = 2.0; x_velocity = x_velocity / scalar; x_velocity = 5 / 2.0; x_velocity = 2.5; z_velocity = z_velocity / scalar; z_velocity = 5 / 2.0; z_velocity = 2.5; // new_horizontal_velocity = x_velocity + z_velocity // new_horizontal_velocity = 2.5 + 2.5 // new_horizontal_velocity = 5 } } Benefits of doing it without Pythagoras: Less lines Within those lines, it's easier to read what's going on ...and it takes less time to compute, as there are less multiplications Seems to me like computers and humans get a better deal without Pythagorean theorem! However, I'm sure I'm wrong as I've seen Pythagoras' theorem in a number of reputable places, so I'd like someone to explain me the benefit of using Pythagorean theorem to a maths newbie. Does this have anything to do with unit vectors? To me a unit vector is when we normalize a vector and turn it into a fraction. We do this by dividing the vector by a larger constant. I'm not sure what constant it is. The total size of the graph? Anyway, because it's a fraction, I take it, a unit vector is basically a graph that can fit inside a 3D grid with the x-axis running from -1 to 1, z-axis running from -1 to 1, and the y-axis running from -1 to 1. That's literally everything I know about unit vectors... not much :P And I fail to see their usefulness. Also, we're not really creating a unit vector in the above examples. Should I be determining the scalar like this: // a mathematical work-around of my own invention. There may be a cleverer way to do this! I've also made up my own terms such as 'divisive_scalar' so don't bother googling var divisive_scalar = (squared_horizontal_velocity / SQUARED_MAXIMUM_VELOCITY); var divisive_scalar = ( 50 / 25 ); var divisive_scalar = 2; var multiplicative_scalar = (divisive_scalar / (2*divisive_scalar)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / (2*2)); var multiplicative_scalar = (2 / 4); var multiplicative_scalar = 0.5; x_velocity = x_velocity * multiplicative_scalar x_velocity = 5 * 0.5 x_velocity = 2.5 Again, I can't see why this is better, but it's more "unit-vector-y" because the multiplicative_scalar is a unit_vector? As you can see, I use words such as "unit-vector-y" so I'm really not a maths whiz! Also aware that unit vectors might have nothing to do with Pythagorean theorem so ignore all of this if I'm barking up the wrong tree. I'm a very visual person (3D modeller and concept artist by trade!) and I find diagrams and graphs really, really helpful so as many as humanely possible please!

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• How to shift a vector based on the rotation of another vector?

  - by bpierre

  I’m learning 2D programming, so excuse my approximations, and please, don’t hesitate to correct me. I am just trying to fire a bullet from a player. I’m using HTML canvas (top left origin). Here is a representation of my problem: The black vector represent the position of the player (the grey square). The green vector represent its direction. The red disc represents the target. The red vector represents the direction of a bullet, which will move in the direction of the target (red and dotted line). The blue cross represents the point from where I really want to fire the bullet (and the blue and dotted line represents its movement). This is how I draw the player (this is the player object. Position, direction and dimensions are 2D vectors): ctx.save(); ctx.translate(this.position.x, this.position.y); ctx.rotate(this.direction.getAngle()); ctx.drawImage(this.image, Math.round(-this.dimensions.x/2), Math.round(-this.dimensions.y/2), this.dimensions.x, this.dimensions.y); ctx.restore(); This is how I instanciate a new bullet: var bulletPosition = playerPosition.clone(); // Copy of the player position var bulletDirection = Vector2D.substract(targetPosition, playerPosition).normalize(); // Difference between the player and the target, normalized new Bullet(bulletPosition, bulletDirection); This is how I move the bullet (this is the bullet object): var speed = 5; this.position.add(Vector2D.multiply(this.direction, speed)); And this is how I draw the bullet (this is the bullet object): ctx.save(); ctx.translate(this.position.x, this.position.y); ctx.rotate(this.direction.getAngle()); ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 3, 3); ctx.restore(); How can I change the direction and position vectors of the bullet to ensure it is on the blue dotted line? I think I should represent the shift with a vector, but I can’t see how to use it.

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• Nifty default controls prevent the rest of my game from rendering

  - by zergylord

  I've been trying to add a basic HUD to my 2D LWJGL game using nifty gui, and while I've been successful in rendering panels and static text on top of the game, using the built-in nifty controls (e.g. an editable text field) causes the rest of my game to not render. The strange part is that I don't even have to render the gui control, merely declaring it appears to cause this problem. I'm truly lost here, so even the vaguest glimmer of hope would be appreciated :-) Some code showing the basic layout of the problem: display setup: // load default styles nifty.loadStyleFile("nifty-default-styles.xml"); // load standard controls nifty.loadControlFile("nifty-default-controls.xml"); screen = new ScreenBuilder("start") {{ layer(new LayerBuilder("baseLayer") {{ childLayoutHorizontal(); //next line causes the problem control(new TextFieldBuilder("input","asdf") {{ width("200px"); }}); }}); }}.build(nifty); nifty.gotoScreen("start"); rendering glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); GLU.gluOrtho2D(0f,WINDOW_DIMENSIONS[0],WINDOW_DIMENSIONS[1],0f); //I can remove the 2 nifty lines, and the game still won't render nifty.render(true); nifty.update(); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); GLU.gluOrtho2D(0f,(float)VIEWPORT_DIMENSIONS[0],0f,(float)VIEWPORT_DIMENSIONS[1]); glTranslatef(translation[0],translation[1],0); for (Bubble bubble:bubbles){ bubble.draw(); } for (Wall wall:walls){ wall.draw(); } for(Missile missile:missiles){ missile.draw(); } for(Mob mob:mobs){ mob.draw(); } agent.draw();

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• How should I model an economy-based game in code?

  - by Matthew G.

  I'd like to create an economy game based on an ancient civilization. I'm not sure how to design it. If I were working on a smaller game, like a copy of "Space Invaders," I'd have no problem structuring it like this: Main Control Class Graphics Class Player Class Enemy class I don't understand how I'd do this for larger projects like my economy game. Do I create a country class that contains a bunch of towns? Do the towns contain a lot building class, most contain classes of people? Do I make a path finding class that the player can access to get around?

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• Coordinate and positioning problem on iOS with cocos2d-x

  - by Vexille

  I'm using cocos2d-x alongside with Marmalade and running some tests and tutorials before starting an actual project with them. So far things are working reasonably well on the windows simulator, Android and even on Blackberry's Playbook, but on iOS devices (iPhone and iPad) the positioning seems to be off. To make things clearer, I put together a scene that just draws an image in the middle of the screen. It worked as expected on everything else, but this is the result I got on an iPhone: To get the coordinates for the center of the screen I'm using the VisibleRect class from the TestCpp sample. It just uses sharedOpenGLView to get the visible size and visible origin, and calculate the center from that. CCSprite* test = CCSprite::create("Ball.png", CCRectMake(0, 0, 80, 80) ); test->setPosition( ccp(VisibleRect::center().x, VisibleRect::center().y) ); this->addChild(test); Also I have a noBorder policy set on AppDelegate: CCEGLView::sharedOpenGLView()->setDesignResolutionSize(designSize.width, designSize.height, kResolutionNoBorder); One funny thing is that I tried to deploy the TestCpp sample project to some iOS devices and it worked reasonably well on the iPhone, but on the iPad the application was only being drawn on a small portion of the screen - just like what happened on the iPhone when I tried using the ShowAll policy.

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• Do I need "cube subclasses" to represent the blocks in a Minecraft-like world?

  - by stighy

  I would like to try to develop a very simple game like Minecraft for my own education. My main problem at the moment is figuring out how to model classes that represent the world, which will be made of blocks of various types (such as dirt, stone and sand). I am thinking of creating the following class structure: Cube (with proprerties like color, strength, flammable, gravity) with subclasses: Dirt Stone Sand et cetera My question is, do I need the Cube subclasses or a single class Cube sufficient?

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• (CanvsEngine) Collission problem ( TypeError: this._polygon[this._frame] is undefined) [on hold]

  - by user2127102

  How can i fix this error TypeError: this._polygon[this._frame] is undefined Heres my code: html: <!DOCTYPE Html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Project</title> <link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="js/canvasengine-1.3.0.all.min.js"></script> <script src="js/extends/Input.js"></script> <script src="main.js"></script> </head> <body> <canvas id="window"></canvas> </body> main.js: var canvas = CE.defines("window"). extend(Input). ready(function() { canvas.Scene.call("Game"); }); canvas.Scene.new({ name: "Game", materials: { images: { player: "img/character.png", Wall: "img/TestWall.png" } }, ready: function(stage) { var _canvas = this.getCanvas(); _canvas.setSize("browser", "strech"); this.Player = Class.new("Entity", [stage]); this.Player.el.drawImage("player"); stage.append(this.Player.el); this.Wall = Class.new("Entity", [stage]); this.Wall.el.drawImage("Wall"); this.Wall.position(300, 0); stage.append(this.Wall.el); }, render: function(stage) { //Controls ====== //Control calculations var self = this; this.Mover_A; this.Mover_D; this.Mover_W; this.Mover_S; canvas.Input.keyDown(Input.A, function(e) { self.Mover_A = true; }); canvas.Input.keyDown(Input.D, function(e) { self.Mover_D = true; }); canvas.Input.keyDown(Input.W, function(e) { self.Mover_W = true; }); canvas.Input.keyDown(Input.S, function(e) { self.Mover_S = true; console.log(self.Mover_S); }); canvas.Input.keyUp(Input.A, function(e) { self.Mover_A = false; }); canvas.Input.keyUp(Input.D, function(e) { self.Mover_D = false; }); canvas.Input.keyUp(Input.W, function(e) { self.Mover_W = false; }); canvas.Input.keyUp(Input.S, function(e) { self.Mover_S = false; }); x = 0; y = 0; if(this.Mover_A)x -= 1.5; //A if(this.Mover_D)x += 1.5;//D if(this.Mover_W)y -= 1.5;//W if(this.Mover_S)y += 1.5; //S this.Player.move(x, y); this.Player.hit("over", [this.Wall], function(state, el) { this.Player.move(x * -1, y * -1); }); //End Controls ===== stage.refresh(); } });

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• Delay command execution over sockets

  - by David

  I've been trying to fix the game loop in a real time (tick delay) MUD. I realized using Thread.Sleep would seem clunky when the user spammed commands through their choice of client (Zmud, etc) e.g. east;south;southwest would wait three move ticks and then output everything from the past couple rooms. The game loop basically calls a Flush and Fill method for each socket during each tick (50ms) private void DoLoop() { Stopwatch stopWatch = new Stopwatch(); stopWatch.Start(); while (running) { // for each socket, flush and fill ConnectionMonitor.Update(); stopWatch.Stop(); WaitIfNeeded(stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds); stopWatch.Reset(); } } The Fill method fires the command events, but as mentioned before, they currently block using Thread.Sleep. I tried adding a "ready" flag to the state object that attempts to execute the command along with a queue of spammed commands, but it ends up executing one command and queuing up the rest i.e. each subsequent command executes something that got queued up that should've been executed before. I must be missing something about the timer. private readonly Queue<SpammedCommand> queuedCommands = new Queue<SpammedCommand>(); private bool ready = true; private void TryExecuteCommand(string input) { var commandContext = CommandContext.Create(input); var player = Server.Current.Database.Get<Player>(Session.Player.Key); var commandInfo = Server.Current.CommandLookup .FindCommand(commandContext.CommandName, player.IsAdmin); if (commandInfo != null) { if (!ready) { // queue command queuedCommands.Enqueue(new SpammedCommand() { Context = commandContext, Info = commandInfo }); return; } if (queuedCommands.Count > 0) { // queue the incoming command queuedCommands.Enqueue(new SpammedCommand() { Context = commandContext, Info = commandInfo, }); // dequeue and execute var command = queuedCommands.Dequeue(); command.Info.Command.Execute(Session, command.Context); setTimeout(command.Info.TickLength); return; } commandInfo.Command.Execute(Session, commandContext); setTimeout(commandInfo.TickLength); } else { Session.WriteLine("Command not recognized"); } } Finally, setTimeout was supposed to set the execution delay (TickLength) for that command, and makeReady just sets the ready flag on the state object to true. private void setTimeout(TickDelay tickDelay) { ready = false; var t = new System.Timers.Timer() { Interval = (long) tickDelay, AutoReset = false, }; t.Elapsed += makeReady; t.Start(); // fire this in tickDelay ms } // MAKE READYYYYY!!!! private void makeReady(object sender, System.Timers.ElapsedEventArgs e) { ready = true; } Am I missing something about the System.Timers.Timer created in setTimeout? How can I execute (and output) spammed commands per TickLength without using Thread.Sleep?

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• Creating a voxel world with 3D arrays using threads

  - by Sean M.

  I am making a voxel game (a bit like Minecraft) in C++(11), and I've come across an issue with creating a world efficiently. In my program, I have a World class, which holds a 3D array of Region class pointers. When I initialize the world, I give it a width, height, and depth so it knows how large of a world to create. Each Region is split up into a 32x32x32 area of blocks, so as you may guess, it takes a while to initialize the world once the world gets to be above 8x4x8 Regions. In order to alleviate this issue, I thought that using threads to generate different levels of the world concurrently would make it go faster. Having not used threads much before this, and being still relatively new to C++, I'm not entirely sure how to go about implementing one thread per level (level being a xz plane with a height of 1), when there is a variable number of levels. I tried this: for(int i = 0; i < height; i++) { std::thread th(std::bind(&World::load, this, width, height, depth)); th.join(); } Where load() just loads all Regions at height "height". But that executes the threads one at a time (which makes sense, looking back), and that of course takes as long as generating all Regions in one loop. I then tried: std::thread t1(std::bind(&World::load, this, w, h1, h2 - 1, d)); std::thread t2(std::bind(&World::load, this, w, h2, h3 - 1, d)); std::thread t3(std::bind(&World::load, this, w, h3, h4 - 1, d)); std::thread t4(std::bind(&World::load, this, w, h4, h - 1, d)); t1.join(); t2.join(); t3.join(); t4.join(); This works in that the world loads about 3-3.5 times faster, but this forces the height to be a multiple of 4, and it also gives the same exact VAO object to every single Region, which need individual VAOs in order to render properly. The VAO of each Region is set in the constructor, so I'm assuming that somehow the VAO number is not thread safe or something (again, unfamiliar with threads). So basically, my question is two one-part: How to I implement a variable number of threads that all execute at the same time, and force the main thread to wait for them using join() without stopping the other threads? How do I make the VAO objects thread safe, so when a bunch of Regions are being created at the same time across multiple threads, they don't all get the exact same VAO? Turns out it has to do with GL contexts not working across multiple threads. I moved the VAO/VBO creation back to the main thread. Fixed! Here is the code for block.h/.cpp, region.h/.cpp, and CVBObject.h/.cpp which controls VBOs and VAOs, in case you need it. If you need to see anything else just ask. EDIT: Also, I'd prefer not to have answers that are like "you should have used boost". I'm trying to do this without boost to get used to threads before moving onto other libraries.

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• How to attach two XNA models together?

  - by jeangil

  I go back on unsolved question I asked about attaching two models together, could you give me some help on this ? For example, If I want to attach together Model1 (= Main model) & Model2 ? I have to get the transformation matrix of Model1 and after get the Bone index on Model1 where I want to attach Model2 and then apply some transformation to attach Model2 to Model1 I wrote some code below about this, but It does not work at all !! (6th line of my code seems to be wrong !?) Model1TransfoMatrix=New Matrix[Model1.Bones.Count]; Index=Model1.bone[x].Index; foreach (ModelMesh mesh in Model2.Meshes) { foreach(BasicEffect effect in mesh.effects) { matrix model2Transform = Matrix.CreateScale(0.1.0f)*Matrix.CreateFromYawPitchRoll(x,y,z); effect.World= model2Transform *Model1TransfoMatrix[Index]; effect.view = camera.View; effect.Projection= camera.Projection; } mesh.draw(); }

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• How do I make A* check all diagonal and orthogonal directions?

  - by Munezane

  I'm making a turn-based tactical game and I'm trying to implement the A* algorithm. I've been following a tutorial and got to this point, but my characters can't move diagonally up and left. Can anyone help me with this? The return x and y are int pointers which the characters are using to move towards the target. void level::aStar(int startx, int starty, int targetx, int targety, int* returnx, int* returny) { aStarGridSquare* currentSquare = new aStarGridSquare(); aStarGridSquare* startSquare = new aStarGridSquare(); aStarGridSquare* targetSquare = new aStarGridSquare(); aStarGridSquare* adjacentSquare = new aStarGridSquare(); aStarOpenList.clear(); for(unsigned int i=0; i<aStarGridSquareList.size(); i++) { aStarGridSquareList[i]->open=false; aStarGridSquareList[i]->closed=false; } startSquare=getaStarGridSquare(startx, starty); targetSquare=getaStarGridSquare(targetx, targety); if(startSquare==targetSquare) { *returnx=startx; *returny=starty; return; } startSquare->CostFromStart=0; startSquare->CostToTraverse=0; startSquare->parent = NULL; currentSquare=startSquare; aStarOpenList.push_back(currentSquare); while(currentSquare!=targetSquare && aStarOpenList.size()>0) { //unsigned int totalCostEstimate=aStarOpenList[0]->TotalCostEstimate; //currentSquare=aStarOpenList[0]; for(unsigned int i=0; i<aStarOpenList.size(); i++) { if(aStarOpenList.size()>1) { for(unsigned int j=1; j<aStarOpenList.size()-1; j++) { if(aStarOpenList[i]->TotalCostEstimate<aStarOpenList[j]->TotalCostEstimate) { currentSquare=aStarOpenList[i]; } else { currentSquare=aStarOpenList[j]; } } } else { currentSquare = aStarOpenList[i]; } } currentSquare->closed=true; currentSquare->open=false; for(unsigned int i=0; i<aStarOpenList.size(); i++) { if(aStarOpenList[i]==currentSquare) { aStarOpenList.erase(aStarOpenList.begin()+i); } } for(unsigned int i = currentSquare->blocky - 32; i <= currentSquare->blocky + 32; i+=32) { for(unsigned int j = currentSquare->blockx - 32; j<= currentSquare->blockx + 32; j+=32) { adjacentSquare=getaStarGridSquare(j/32, i/32); if(adjacentSquare!=NULL) { if(adjacentSquare->blocked==false && adjacentSquare->closed==false) { if(adjacentSquare->open==false) { adjacentSquare->parent=currentSquare; if(currentSquare->parent!=NULL) { currentSquare->CostFromStart = currentSquare->parent->CostFromStart + currentSquare->CostToTraverse + startSquare->CostFromStart; } else { currentSquare->CostFromStart=0; } adjacentSquare->CostFromStart =currentSquare->CostFromStart + adjacentSquare->CostToTraverse;// adjacentSquare->parent->CostFromStart + adjacentSquare->CostToTraverse; //currentSquare->CostToEndEstimate = abs(currentSquare->blockx - targetSquare->blockx) + abs(currentSquare->blocky - targetSquare->blocky); //currentSquare->TotalCostEstimate = currentSquare->CostFromStart + currentSquare->CostToEndEstimate; adjacentSquare->open = true; adjacentSquare->CostToEndEstimate=abs(adjacentSquare->blockx- targetSquare->blockx) + abs(adjacentSquare->blocky-targetSquare->blocky); adjacentSquare->TotalCostEstimate = adjacentSquare->CostFromStart+adjacentSquare->CostToEndEstimate; //adjacentSquare->open=true;*/ aStarOpenList.push_back(adjacentSquare); } else { if(adjacentSquare->parent->CostFromStart > currentSquare->CostFromStart) { adjacentSquare->parent=currentSquare; if(currentSquare->parent!=NULL) { currentSquare->CostFromStart = currentSquare->parent->CostFromStart + currentSquare->CostToTraverse + startSquare->CostFromStart; } else { currentSquare->CostFromStart=0; } adjacentSquare->CostFromStart =currentSquare->CostFromStart + adjacentSquare->CostToTraverse;// adjacentSquare->parent->CostFromStart + adjacentSquare->CostToTraverse; //currentSquare->CostToEndEstimate = abs(currentSquare->blockx - targetSquare->blockx) + abs(currentSquare->blocky - targetSquare->blocky); //currentSquare->TotalCostEstimate = currentSquare->CostFromStart + currentSquare->CostToEndEstimate; adjacentSquare->CostFromStart = adjacentSquare->parent->CostFromStart + adjacentSquare->CostToTraverse; adjacentSquare->CostToEndEstimate=abs(adjacentSquare->blockx - targetSquare->blockx) + abs(adjacentSquare->blocky - targetSquare->blocky); adjacentSquare->TotalCostEstimate = adjacentSquare->CostFromStart+adjacentSquare->CostToEndEstimate; } } } } } } } if(aStarOpenList.size()==0)//if empty { *returnx =startx; *returny =starty; return; } else { for(unsigned int i=0; i< aStarOpenList.size(); i++) { if(currentSquare->parent==NULL) { //int tempX = targetSquare->blockx; //int tempY = targetSquare->blocky; *returnx=targetSquare->blockx; *returny=targetSquare->blocky; break; } else { currentSquare=currentSquare->parent; } } } }

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• Car brands and models licensing

  - by Ju-v

  We are small team which working on car racing game but we don't know about licensing process for branded cars like Nissan, Lamborghini, Chevrolet and etc. Do we need to buy any licence for using real car brand names, models, logos,... or we can use them for free? Second option we think about using not real brand with real models is it possible? If someone have experience with that, fell free to share it. Any information about that is welcome.

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• How do I render an animation where some frames appear twice?

  - by hustlerinc

  I am animating a sprite. The sprite has 7 different frames, but the animation is 10 frames long. This is because 3 of the original frames appear twice in the animation: 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 0 -> 2 Frames 2, 3 and 4 appear twice. This avoids having to store duplicate frames in the spritesheet. How can I render the animation in this sequence with repeated frames?

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• Help understand GLSL directional light on iOS (left handed coord system)

  - by Robse

  I now have changed from GLKBaseEffect to a own shader implementation. I have a shader management, which compiles and applies a shader to the right time and does some shader setup like lights. Please have a look at my vertex shader code. Now, light direction should be provided in eye space, but I think there is something I don't get right. After I setup my view with camera I save a lightMatrix to transform the light from global space to eye space. My modelview and projection setup: - (void)setupViewWithWidth:(int)width height:(int)height camera:(N3DCamera *)aCamera { aCamera.aspect = (float)width / (float)height; float aspect = aCamera.aspect; float far = aCamera.far; float near = aCamera.near; float vFOV = aCamera.fieldOfView; float top = near * tanf(M_PI * vFOV / 360.0f); float bottom = -top; float right = aspect * top; float left = -right; // projection GLKMatrixStackLoadMatrix4(projectionStack, GLKMatrix4MakeFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, near, far)); // identity modelview GLKMatrixStackLoadMatrix4(modelviewStack, GLKMatrix4Identity); // switch to left handed coord system (forward = z+) GLKMatrixStackMultiplyMatrix4(modelviewStack, GLKMatrix4MakeScale(1, 1, -1)); // transform camera GLKMatrixStackMultiplyMatrix4(modelviewStack, GLKMatrix4MakeWithMatrix3(GLKMatrix3Transpose(aCamera.orientation))); GLKMatrixStackTranslate(modelviewStack, -aCamera.position.x, -aCamera.position.y, -aCamera.position.z); } - (GLKMatrix4)modelviewMatrix { return GLKMatrixStackGetMatrix4(modelviewStack); } - (GLKMatrix4)projectionMatrix { return GLKMatrixStackGetMatrix4(projectionStack); } - (GLKMatrix4)modelviewProjectionMatrix { return GLKMatrix4Multiply([self projectionMatrix], [self modelviewMatrix]); } - (GLKMatrix3)normalMatrix { return GLKMatrix3InvertAndTranspose(GLKMatrix4GetMatrix3([self modelviewProjectionMatrix]), NULL); } After that, I save the lightMatrix like this: [self.renderer setupViewWithWidth:view.drawableWidth height:view.drawableHeight camera:self.camera]; self.lightMatrix = [self.renderer modelviewProjectionMatrix]; And just before I render a 3d entity of the scene graph, I setup the light config for its shader with the lightMatrix like this: - (N3DLight)transformedLight:(N3DLight)light transformation:(GLKMatrix4)matrix { N3DLight transformedLight = N3DLightMakeDisabled(); if (N3DLightIsDirectional(light)) { GLKVector3 direction = GLKVector3MakeWithArray(GLKMatrix4MultiplyVector4(matrix, light.position).v); direction = GLKVector3Negate(direction); // HACK -> TODO: get lightMatrix right! transformedLight = N3DLightMakeDirectional(direction, light.diffuse, light.specular); } else { ... } return transformedLight; } You see the line, where I negate the direction!? I can't explain why I need to do that, but if I do, the lights are correct as far as I can tell. Please help me, to get rid of the hack. I'am scared that this has something to do, with my switch to left handed coord system. My vertex shader looks like this: attribute highp vec4 inPosition; attribute lowp vec4 inNormal; ... uniform highp mat4 MVP; uniform highp mat4 MV; uniform lowp mat3 N; uniform lowp vec4 constantColor; uniform lowp vec4 ambient; uniform lowp vec4 light0Position; uniform lowp vec4 light0Diffuse; uniform lowp vec4 light0Specular; varying lowp vec4 vColor; varying lowp vec3 vTexCoord0; vec4 calcDirectional(vec3 dir, vec4 diffuse, vec4 specular, vec3 normal) { float NdotL = max(dot(normal, dir), 0.0); return NdotL * diffuse; } ... vec4 calcLight(vec4 pos, vec4 diffuse, vec4 specular, vec3 normal) { if (pos.w == 0.0) { // Directional Light return calcDirectional(normalize(pos.xyz), diffuse, specular, normal); } else { ... } } void main(void) { // position highp vec4 position = MVP * inPosition; gl_Position = position; // normal lowp vec3 normal = inNormal.xyz / inNormal.w; normal = N * normal; normal = normalize(normal); // colors vColor = constantColor * ambient; // add lights vColor += calcLight(light0Position, light0Diffuse, light0Specular, normal); ... }

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• How do I deal with the problems of a fast side-scroller?

  - by Ska

  I'm making a side scrolling airplane game and when I begin going very fast I begin to experience some problems as a player: Elements are not distinguishable, like power-ups from bullets, etc I start to feel dizzy and uncomfortable There isn't enough time to see what's coming How can I sort this out? Do I use less details in all the grahpics? Tiny Wings has the same horizontal movement speed as in my game but it doesn't suffer from these problems. Are there any other really fast side-scrollers I could take as a reference?

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