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• how to move the camera behind a model with the same angle? in XNA

  - by Mehdi Bugnard

  I meet are having difficulty in moving my camera behind an object in a 3D world. I would create two view mode. 1: for fps (first person). 2nd: external view behind the character (second person). I searched the net some example but it does not work in my project. Here is my code used to change view if F2 is pressed //Camera double X1 = this.camera.PositionX; double X2 = this.player.Position.X; double Z1 = this.camera.PositionZ; double Z2 = this.player.Position.Z; //Verify that the user must not let the press F2 if (!this.camera.IsF2TurnedInBoucle) { // If the view mode is the second person if (this.camera.ViewCamera_type == CameraSimples.ChangeView.SecondPerson) { this.camera.ViewCamera_type = CameraSimples.ChangeView.firstPerson; //Calcul position - ?? Here my problem double direction = Math.Atan2(X2 - X1, Z2 - Z1) * 180.0 / 3.14159265; //Calcul angle - ?? Here my problem this.camera.position = .. this.camera.rotation = .. this.camera.MouseRadian_LeftrightRot = (float)direction; } //IF mode view is first person else { //....

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• Shadow mapping: what is the light looking at?

  - by PgrAm

  I'm all set to set up shadow mapping in my 3d engine but there is one thing I am struggling to understand. The scene needs to be rendered from the light's point of view so I simply first move my camera to the light's position but then I need to find out which direction the light is looking. Since its a point light its not shining in any particular direction. How do I figure out what the orientation for the light point of view is?

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• how to define a field of view for the entire map for shadow?

  - by Mehdi Bugnard

  I recently added "Shadow Mapping" in my XNA games to include shadows. I followed the nice and famous tutorial from "Riemers" : http://www.riemers.net/eng/Tutorials/XNA/Csharp/Series3/Shadow_map.php . This code work nice and I can see my source of light and shadow. But the problem is that my light source does not match the field of view that I created. I want the light covers the entire map of my game. I don't know why , but the light only affect 2-3 cubes of my map. ScreenShot: (the emission of light illuminates only 2-3 blocks and not the full map) Here is my code i create the fieldOfView for LightviewProjection Matrix: Vector3 lightDir = new Vector3(10, 52, 10); lightPos = new Vector3(10, 52, 10); Matrix lightsView = Matrix.CreateLookAt(lightPos, new Vector3(105, 50, 105), new Vector3(0, 1, 0)); Matrix lightsProjection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.PiOver2, 1f, 20f, 1000f); lightsViewProjectionMatrix = lightsView * lightsProjection; As you can see , my nearPlane and FarPlane are set to 20f and 100f . So i don't know why the light stop after 2 cubes. it's should be bigger Here is set the value to my custom effect HLSL in the shader file /* SHADOW VALUE */ effectWorld.Parameters["LightDirection"].SetValue(lightDir); effectWorld.Parameters["xLightsWorldViewProjection"].SetValue(Matrix.Identity * .lightsViewProjectionMatrix); effectWorld.Parameters["xWorldViewProjection"].SetValue(Matrix.Identity * arcadia.camera.View * arcadia.camera.Projection); effectWorld.Parameters["xLightPower"].SetValue(1f); effectWorld.Parameters["xAmbient"].SetValue(0.3f); Here is my custom HLSL shader effect file "*.fx" // This sample uses a simple Lambert lighting model. float3 LightDirection = normalize(float3(-1, -1, -1)); float3 DiffuseLight = 1.25; float3 AmbientLight = 0.25; uniform const float3 DiffuseColor = 1; uniform const float Alpha = 1; uniform const float3 EmissiveColor = 0; uniform const float3 SpecularColor = 1; uniform const float SpecularPower = 16; uniform const float3 EyePosition; // FOG attribut uniform const float FogEnabled ; uniform const float FogStart ; uniform const float FogEnd ; uniform const float3 FogColor ; float3 cameraPos : CAMERAPOS; texture Texture; sampler Sampler = sampler_state { Texture = (Texture); magfilter = LINEAR; minfilter = LINEAR; mipfilter = LINEAR; AddressU = mirror; AddressV = mirror; }; texture xShadowMap; sampler ShadowMapSampler = sampler_state { Texture = <xShadowMap>; magfilter = LINEAR; minfilter = LINEAR; mipfilter = LINEAR; AddressU = clamp; AddressV = clamp; }; /* *************** */ /* SHADOW MAP CODE */ /* *************** */ struct SMapVertexToPixel { float4 Position : POSITION; float4 Position2D : TEXCOORD0; }; struct SMapPixelToFrame { float4 Color : COLOR0; }; struct SSceneVertexToPixel { float4 Position : POSITION; float4 Pos2DAsSeenByLight : TEXCOORD0; float2 TexCoords : TEXCOORD1; float3 Normal : TEXCOORD2; float4 Position3D : TEXCOORD3; }; struct SScenePixelToFrame { float4 Color : COLOR0; }; float DotProduct(float3 lightPos, float3 pos3D, float3 normal) { float3 lightDir = normalize(pos3D - lightPos); return dot(-lightDir, normal); } SSceneVertexToPixel ShadowedSceneVertexShader(float4 inPos : POSITION, float2 inTexCoords : TEXCOORD0, float3 inNormal : NORMAL) { SSceneVertexToPixel Output = (SSceneVertexToPixel)0; Output.Position = mul(inPos, xWorldViewProjection); Output.Pos2DAsSeenByLight = mul(inPos, xLightsWorldViewProjection); Output.Normal = normalize(mul(inNormal, (float3x3)World)); Output.Position3D = mul(inPos, World); Output.TexCoords = inTexCoords; return Output; } SScenePixelToFrame ShadowedScenePixelShader(SSceneVertexToPixel PSIn) { SScenePixelToFrame Output = (SScenePixelToFrame)0; float2 ProjectedTexCoords; ProjectedTexCoords[0] = PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.x / PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.w / 2.0f + 0.5f; ProjectedTexCoords[1] = -PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.y / PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.w / 2.0f + 0.5f; float diffuseLightingFactor = 0; if ((saturate(ProjectedTexCoords).x == ProjectedTexCoords.x) && (saturate(ProjectedTexCoords).y == ProjectedTexCoords.y)) { float depthStoredInShadowMap = tex2D(ShadowMapSampler, ProjectedTexCoords).r; float realDistance = PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.z / PSIn.Pos2DAsSeenByLight.w; if ((realDistance - 1.0f / 100.0f) <= depthStoredInShadowMap) { diffuseLightingFactor = DotProduct(xLightPos, PSIn.Position3D, PSIn.Normal); diffuseLightingFactor = saturate(diffuseLightingFactor); diffuseLightingFactor *= xLightPower; } } float4 baseColor = tex2D(Sampler, PSIn.TexCoords); Output.Color = baseColor*(diffuseLightingFactor + xAmbient); return Output; } SMapVertexToPixel ShadowMapVertexShader(float4 inPos : POSITION) { SMapVertexToPixel Output = (SMapVertexToPixel)0; Output.Position = mul(inPos, xLightsWorldViewProjection); Output.Position2D = Output.Position; return Output; } SMapPixelToFrame ShadowMapPixelShader(SMapVertexToPixel PSIn) { SMapPixelToFrame Output = (SMapPixelToFrame)0; Output.Color = PSIn.Position2D.z / PSIn.Position2D.w; return Output; } /* ******************* */ /* END SHADOW MAP CODE */ /* ******************* */ / For rendering without instancing. technique ShadowMap { pass Pass0 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 ShadowMapVertexShader(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 ShadowMapPixelShader(); } } technique ShadowedScene { /* pass Pass0 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 VSBasicTx(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 PSBasicTx(); } */ pass Pass1 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 ShadowedSceneVertexShader(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 ShadowedScenePixelShader(); } } technique SimpleFog { pass Pass0 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 VSBasicTx(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 PSBasicTx(); } } I edited my fx file , for show you only information and functions about the shadow ;-)

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• Camera doesnt move on opengl qt

  - by hugo

  Here is my code, as my subject indicates i have implemented a camera but i couldnt make it move,Thanks in advance. #define PI_OVER_180 0.0174532925f define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE 0x812F include "metinalifeyyaz.h" include include include include include include include metinalifeyyaz::metinalifeyyaz(QWidget *parent) : QGLWidget(parent) { this->setFocusPolicy(Qt:: StrongFocus); time = QTime::currentTime(); timer = new QTimer(this); timer->setSingleShot(true); connect(timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(updateGL())); xpos = yrot = zpos = 0; walkbias = walkbiasangle = lookupdown = 0.0f; keyUp = keyDown = keyLeft = keyRight = keyPageUp = keyPageDown = false; } void metinalifeyyaz::drawBall() { //glTranslatef(6,0,4); glutSolidSphere(0.10005,300,30); } metinalifeyyaz:: ~metinalifeyyaz(){ glDeleteTextures(1,texture); } void metinalifeyyaz::initializeGL(){ glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.5); glClearDepth(1.0f); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); GLfloat mat_specular[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0}; GLfloat mat_shininess []={30.0}; GLfloat light_position[]={1.0,1.0,1.0}; glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular); glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); QImage img1 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/halisaha2.bmp")); QImage img2 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/white.bmp")); glGenTextures(2,texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img1.width(), img1.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img1.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img2.width(), img2.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img2.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST); // Really nice perspective calculations } void metinalifeyyaz::resizeGL(int w, int h){ if(h==0) h=1; glViewport(0,0,w,h); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<GLfloat>(w)/h,0.1f,100.0f); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); } void metinalifeyyaz::paintGL(){ movePlayer(); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glLoadIdentity(); GLfloat xtrans = -xpos; GLfloat ytrans = -walkbias - 0.50f; GLfloat ztrans = -zpos; GLfloat sceneroty = 360.0f - yrot; glLoadIdentity(); glRotatef(lookupdown, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glRotatef(sceneroty, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glTranslatef(xtrans, ytrans+50, ztrans-130); glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(1.0f,0.0f,-18.0f); glRotatef(45,1,0,0); drawScene(); int delay = time.msecsTo(QTime::currentTime()); if (delay == 0) delay = 1; time = QTime::currentTime(); timer->start(qMax(0,10 - delay)); } void metinalifeyyaz::movePlayer() { if (keyUp) { xpos -= sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; zpos -= cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; if (walkbiasangle >= 360.0f) walkbiasangle = 0.0f; else walkbiasangle += 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } else if (keyDown) { xpos += sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f; zpos += cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f ; if (walkbiasangle <= 7.0f) walkbiasangle = 360.0f; else walkbiasangle -= 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } if (keyLeft) yrot += 0.5f; else if (keyRight) yrot -= 0.5f; if (keyPageUp) lookupdown -= 0.5; else if (keyPageDown) lookupdown += 0.5; } void metinalifeyyaz::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_Escape: close(); break; case Qt::Key_F1: setWindowState(windowState() ^ Qt::WindowFullScreen); break; default: QGLWidget::keyPressEvent(event); case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = true; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = true; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = true; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = true; break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::changeEvent(QEvent *event) { switch (event->type()) { case QEvent::WindowStateChange: if (windowState() == Qt::WindowFullScreen) setCursor(Qt::BlankCursor); else unsetCursor(); break; default: break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::keyReleaseEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = false; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = false; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = false; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = false; break; default: QGLWidget::keyReleaseEvent(event); } } void metinalifeyyaz::drawScene(){ glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //back glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,-1.0f); //front glVertex3f(6,0,4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(-1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //left glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //right glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glEnd(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);//top glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,-1.0f,0.0f); //glColor3f(0,0,1); //bottom glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glEnd(); // glPushMatrix(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); //right far goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar front face glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left far goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left near goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left crossbar front face glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glEnd(); // glPopMatrix(); // glPushMatrix(); // glTranslatef(0,0,0); // glutSolidSphere(0.10005,500,30); // glPopMatrix(); }

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• Is there an algorithm for a pool game?

  - by Dmitri

  Hello! I am looking for algorithm to calculate direction and speed of balls in a pool game. I am sure there has to be some type of open source code for this since pool games are some of the oldest computer games I can remember. I mean, when one ball hits another, I need a algorithm to calculate direction of both of them. It will depend of exact angle of where they hit each other and on speed. I want to practice Java coding, so I am looking for java code or package that has this type of code.

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• TileMapRenderer in libGDX not drawing anything

  - by Benjamin Dengler

  So I followed the tutorial on the libGDX wiki to draw Tiled maps but it doesn't seem to render anything. Here's how I setup my OrthographicCamera and load the map: camera = new OrthographicCamera(Gdx.graphics.getWidth(), Gdx.graphics.getHeight()); map = TiledLoader.createMap(Gdx.files.internal("maps/test.tmx")); atlas = new TileAtlas(map, Gdx.files.internal("maps")); tileMapRenderer = new TileMapRenderer(map, atlas, 8, 8); And here is my render function: Gdx.gl.glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1); Gdx.gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); camera.update(); tileMapRenderer.render(camera); Also I did pack the tile map using the TiledMapPacker. I'm completely stumped... am I missing anything obvious here? EDIT: While debugging I noticed that the TileAtlas seems to be empty, which I guess shouldn't be the case, but I have no idea why it's empty.

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• SEHException throw using Microsoft XACT Audio Framework (XACT3)

  - by Sweta Dwivedi

  I have been developing a game using Kinect + XNA and using Microsoft Audio Creation tool (XACT3) for managing my sound files and music, however in the code an SEHException is thrown whenever it tries to get the wave file from the wave Bank . . Sometimes the code works magically and all of a sudden it will start throwing this exception randomly ..I need a help on solving this exception /*Declaring Audio Engine for music*/ AudioEngine engine; SoundBank soundBank; WaveBank waveBank; Cue cue; /*Declaring Audio engine for sound effects*/ AudioEngine engine1; SoundBank soundbank; WaveBank wavebank; Cue effect; engine = new AudioEngine(@"Content\therapy.xgs"); soundBank = new SoundBank(engine, @"Content\Sound Bank.xsb"); **waveBank = new WaveBank(engine, @"Content\Wave Bank.xwb");** cue = null; engine1 = new AudioEngine(@"Content\Music_Manager\Sound_effects.xgs"); soundbank = new SoundBank(engine1, @"Content\Music_Manager\Sound1.xsb"); **wavebank = new WaveBank(engine1, @"Content\Music_Manager\Wave1.xwb");** effect = null; cue = soundBank.GetCue("hypnotizing"); cue.Play();

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• Blur gets displaced compared to original image

  - by user1294203

  I have implemented a SSAO and I'm using a blur step to smooth it out. The problem is that the blurred texture is slightly displaced compared to the original. I'm blurring using a 4x4 kernel since that was my noise kernel in SSAO. The following is the blurring shader: float result = 0.0; for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++){ for(int j = 0; j < 4; j++){ vec2 offset = vec2(TEXEL_SIZE.x * i, TEXEL_SIZE.y * j); result += texture(aoSampler, TexCoord + offset).r; } } out_AO = vec4(vec3(0.0), result * 0.0625); Where TEXEL_SIZE is one over my window resolution. I was thinking that this is was an error based on how OpenGL counts the Texel center, so I tried displacing the texture coordinate I was using by 0.5 * TEXEL_SIZE, but there was still a slight displacement. The texture input to my blur shader, has wrap parameters: glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP); When I tell the blur shader to just output the the value of the pixel, the result is not displaced, so it must have something to do with how neighboring pixels are sampled. Any thoughts?

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• How display path ball will bounce?

  - by boolean

  I'm trying to figure out a way to show the path a ball will travel, so that the player can line up a shot before they fire the ball. I can't think of a way to calculate this path in advance and show it to the player, especially if it involves collision detection. At first I thought I would run the game at a super high speed for one update, plot the path with some dotted lines where the ball bounced, and then in the next frame hide the 'tracer' ball. This seems to have two issues - Calculating collision detection without actually updating the frames and collision detection getting less reliable at high speeds. If they were straight lines I think I could figure this out in a while loop, but trying to take into account the speed of the ball, the curve of the path, the reflecting from other objects..it all seems a bit much. I'm not looking for any code and this isn't a platform specific question, more just help trying to figure out conceptually how this would work. Can this be done? Are there techniques to achieve this?

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• How to do geometric projection shadows?

  - by John Murdoch

  I have decided that since my game world is mostly flat I don't need better shadows than geometric projections - at least for now. The only problem is I don't even know how to do those properly - that is to produce a 4x4 matrix which would render shadows for my objects (that is, I guess, project them on a horizontal XZ plane). I would like a light source at infinity (e.g., the sun at some point in the sky) and thus parallel projection. My current code does something that looks almost right for small flying objects, but actually is a very rude approximation, as it doesn't project the objects onto the ground, but simply moves them there (I think). Also it always wrongly assumes the sun is always on the zenith (projecting straight down). Gdx.gl20.glEnable(GL10.GL_BLEND); Gdx.gl20.glBlendFunc(GL10.GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL10.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); //shells shellTexture.bind(); shader.begin(); for (ShellState state : shellStates.values()) { transform.set(camera.combined); transform.mul(state.transform); shader.setUniformMatrix("u_worldView", transform); shader.setUniformi("u_texture", 0); shellMesh.render(shader, GL10.GL_TRIANGLES); } shader.end(); // shadows shader.begin(); for (ShellState state : shellStates.values()) { transform.set(camera.combined); m4.set(state.transform); state.transform.getTranslation(v3); m4.translate(0, -v3.y + 0.5f, 0); // TODO HACK: + 0.5f is a hack to ensure the shadow appears above the ground; this is overall a hack as we are just moving the shell to the surface instead of projecting it on the surface! transform.mul(m4); shader.setUniformMatrix("u_worldView", transform); shader.setUniformi("u_texture", 0); // TODO: make shadow black somehow shellMesh.render(shader, GL10.GL_TRIANGLES); } shader.end(); Gdx.gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_BLEND); So my questions are: a) What is the proper way to produce a Matrix4 to pass to openGL which would render the shadows for my objects? b) I am supposed to use another fragment shader for the shadows which would paint them in semi-transparent grey, correct? c) The limitation of this simplistic approach is that whenever there is some object on the ground (it is not flat) the shadows will not be drawn, correct? d) Do I need to add something very small to the y (up) coordinate to avoid z-fighting with ground textures? Or is the fact they will be semi-transparent enough to resolve that problem?

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• Using orientation to calculate position on Windows Phone 7

  - by Lavinski

  I'm using the motion API and I'm trying to figure out a control scheme for the game I'm currently developing. What I'm trying to achive is for a orienation of the device to correlate directly to a position. Such that tilting the phone forward and to the left represents the top left position and back to the right would be the bottom right position. Photos to make it clearer (the red dot would be the calculated position). Forward and Left Back and Right Now for the tricky bit. I also have to make sure that the values take into account left landscape and right landscape device orientations (portrait is the default so no calculations would be needed for it). Has anyone done anything like this? Notes: I've tried using the yaw, pitch, roll and Quaternion readings. Sample: // Get device facing vector public static Vector3 GetState() { lock (lockable) { var down = Vector3.Forward; var direction = Vector3.Transform(down, state); switch (Orientation) { case Orientation.LandscapeLeft: return Vector3.TransformNormal(direction, Matrix.CreateRotationZ(-rightAngle)); case Orientation.LandscapeRight: return Vector3.TransformNormal(direction, Matrix.CreateRotationZ(rightAngle)); } return direction; } }

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• How do I make my rain effect look more like rain and less like snowfall?

  - by Nikhil Lamba

  I am making a game in that game I want a rain effect. I am little bit far from this right now. I am creating the rain effect like below: particleSystem.addParticleInitializer(new ColorInitializer(1, 1, 1)); particleSystem.addParticleInitializer(new AlphaInitializer(0)); particleSystem.setBlendFunction(GL10.GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL10.GL_ONE); particleSystem.addParticleInitializer(new VelocityInitializer(2, 2, 20, 10)); particleSystem.addParticleInitializer(new RotationInitializer(0.0f, 30.0f)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new ScaleModifier(1.0f, 2.0f, 0, 150)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new ColorModifier(1, 1, 1, 1f, 1, 1, 1, 3)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new ColorModifier(1, 1, 1f, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new AlphaModifier(0, 1, 0, 3)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new AlphaModifier(1, 0, 1, 125)); particleSystem.addParticleModifier(new ExpireModifier(50, 50)); scene.attachChild(particleSystem); But it looks like snowfall! What changes can I do for it to look more like rain? EDIT Here is a screenshot:

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• Positioning a sprite in XNA: Use ClientBounds or BackBuffer?

  - by Martin Andersson

  I'm reading a book called "Learning XNA 4.0" written by Aaron Reed. Throughout most of the chapters, whenever he calculates the position of a sprite to use in his call to SpriteBatch.Draw, he uses Window.ClientBounds.Width and Window.ClientBounds.Height. But then all of a sudden, on page 108, he uses PresentationParameters.BackBufferWidth and PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight instead. I think I understand what the Back Buffer and the Client Bounds are and the difference between those two (or perhaps not?). But I'm mighty confused about when I should use one or the other when it comes to positioning sprites. The author uses for the most part Client Bounds both for checking whenever a moving sprite is of the screen and to find a spawn point for new sprites. However, he seems to make two exceptions from this pattern in his book. The first time is when he wants some animated sprites to "move in" and cross the screen from one side to another (page 108 as mentioned). The second and last time is when he positions a texture to work as a button in the lower right corner of a Windows Phone 7 screen (page 379). Anyone got an idea? I shall provide some context if it is of any help. Here's how he usually calls SpriteBatch.Draw (code example from where he positions a sprite in the middle of the screen [page 35]): spriteBatch.Draw(texture, new Vector2( (Window.ClientBounds.Width / 2) - (texture.Width / 2), (Window.ClientBounds.Height / 2) - (texture.Height / 2)), null, Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, 1, SpriteEffects.None, 0); And here is the first case of four possible in a switch statement that will set the position of soon to be spawned moving sprites, this position will later be used in the SpriteBatch.Draw call (page 108): // Randomly choose which side of the screen to place enemy, // then randomly create a position along that side of the screen // and randomly choose a speed for the enemy switch (((Game1)Game).rnd.Next(4)) { case 0: // LEFT to RIGHT position = new Vector2( -frameSize.X, ((Game1)Game).rnd.Next(0, Game.GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight - frameSize.Y)); speed = new Vector2(((Game1)Game).rnd.Next( enemyMinSpeed, enemyMaxSpeed), 0); break;

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• How to use batch rendering with an entity component system?

  - by Kiril

  I have an entity component system and a 2D rendering engine. Because I have a lot of repeating sprites (the entities are non-animated, the background is tile based) I would really like to use batch rendering to reduce calls to the drawing routine. What would be the best way to integrate this with an engtity system? I thought about creating and populating the sprite batche every frame update, but that will probably be very slow. A better way would be to add a reference to an entity's quad to the sprite batch at initialization, but that would mean that the entity factory has to be aware of the Rendering System or that the sprite batch has to be a component of some Cache entity. One case violates encapsulation pretty heavily, while the other forces a non-game object entity in the entity system, which I am not sure I like a lot. As for engine, I am using Love2D (Love2D website) and FEZ ( FEZ website) as entity system(so everything is in Lua). I am more interested in a generic pattern of how to properly implement that rather than a language/library specific solution. Thanks in advance!

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• What's a good way to programmatically manage a cloneable entity?

  - by bobobobo

  Say you have missiles or rockets that a player can fire. What's a good way to programmatically manage the cloning of a base rocket, for example? I can think of 2 ways to do it: Player has a currently selected weapon (which is an int) When player shoots, the selectedWeapon member is looked at, and the correct instance of rocket is created (with some base parameters) Or Player has a currently selected weapon (which is a pointer, to a "base instance" of the rocket object) When player shoots, the base instance rocket is cloned, transformed, and shot into the game world

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• android: How to apply pinch zoom and pan to 2D GLSurfaceView

  - by mak_just4anything

  I want to apply pinch zoom and panning effect on GLSurfaceView. It is Image editor, so It would not be 3D object. I tried to implement using these following links: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/android-developers/EVNRDNInVRU Want to apply pinch and zoom to GLSurfaceView(3d Object) http://www.learnopengles.com/android-lesson-one-getting-started/ These all are links for 3D object rendering. I can not use ImageView as I need to work out with OpenGL so, had to implement it on GLSurfaceView. Suggest me or any reference links are there for such implementation. **I need it for 2D only.

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• How do I do Collisions in my JavaScript Game Code Below?

  - by Henry

  I'm trying to figure out how would I add collision detection to my code so that when the "Man" character touches the "RedHouse" the RedHouse disappears? Thanks. By the way, I'm new to how things are done on this site, so thus, if there is anything else needed or so, let me know. <title>HMan</title> <body style="background:#808080;"> <br> <canvas id="canvasBg" width="800px" height="500px"style="display:block;background:#ffffff;margin:100px auto 0px;"></canvas> <canvas id="canvasRedHouse" width="800px" height="500px" style="display:block;margin:-500px auto 0px;"></canvas> <canvas id="canvasEnemy" width="800px" height="500px" style="display:block;margin:-500px auto 0px;"></canvas> <canvas id="canvasEnemy2" width="800px" height="500px" style="display:block;margin:-500px auto 0px;"></canvas> <canvas id="canvasMan" width="800px" height="500px" style="display:block;margin:-500px auto 0px;"></canvas> <script> var isPlaying = false; var requestAnimframe = window.requestAnimationFrame || window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || window.msRequestAnimationFrame || window.oRequestAnimationFrame; var canvasBg = document.getElementById('canvasBg'); var ctxBg = canvasBg.getContext('2d'); var canvasRedHouse = document.getElementById('canvasRedHouse'); var ctxRedHouse = canvasRedHouse.getContext('2d'); var House1; House1 = new RedHouse(); var canvasMan = document.getElementById('canvasMan'); var ctxMan = canvasMan.getContext('2d'); var Man1; Man1 = new Man(); var imgSprite = new Image(); imgSprite.src = 'SpritesI.png'; imgSprite.addEventListener('load',init,false); function init() { drawBg(); startLoop(); document.addEventListener('keydown',checkKeyDown,false); document.addEventListener('keyup',checkKeyUp,false); } function drawBg() { var SpriteSourceX = 0; var SpriteSourceY = 0; var drawManOnScreenX = 0; var drawManOnScreenY = 0; ctxBg.drawImage(imgSprite,SpriteSourceX,SpriteSourceY,800,500,drawManOnScreenX, drawManOnScreenY,800,500); } function clearctxBg() { ctxBg.clearRect(0,0,800,500); } function Man() { this.SpriteSourceX = 10; this.SpriteSourceY = 540; this.width = 40; this.height = 115; this.DrawManOnScreenX = 100; this.DrawManOnScreenY = 260; this.speed = 10; this.actualFrame = 1; this.speed = 2; this.isUpKey = false; this.isRightKey = false; this.isDownKey = false; this.isLeftKey = false; } Man.prototype.draw = function () { clearCtxMan(); this.updateCoors(); this.checkDirection(); ctxMan.drawImage(imgSprite,this.SpriteSourceX,this.SpriteSourceY+this.height* this.actualFrame, this.width,this.height,this.DrawManOnScreenX,this.DrawManOnScreenY, this.width,this.height); } Man.prototype.updateCoors = function(){ this.leftX = this.DrawManOnScreenX; this.rightX = this.DrawManOnScreenX + this.width; this.topY = this.DrawManOnScreenY; this.bottomY = this.DrawManOnScreenY + this.height; } Man.prototype.checkDirection = function () { if (this.isUpKey && this.topY > 240) { this.DrawManOnScreenY -= this.speed; } if (this.isRightKey && this.rightX < 800) { this.DrawManOnScreenX += this.speed; } if (this.isDownKey && this.bottomY < 500) { this.DrawManOnScreenY += this.speed; } if (this.isLeftKey && this.leftX > 0) { this.DrawManOnScreenX -= this.speed; } if (this.isRightKey && this.rightX < 800) { if (this.actualFrame > 0) { this.actualFrame = 0; } else { this.actualFrame++; } } if (this.isLeftKey) { if (this.actualFrame > 2) { this.actualFrame = 2; } function checkKeyDown(var keyID = e.keyCode || e.which; if (keyID === 38) { Man1.isUpKey = true; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 39 ) { Man1.isRightKey = true; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 40 ) { Man1.isDownKey = true; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 37 ) { Man1.isLeftKey = true; e.preventDefault(); } } function checkKeyUp(e) { var keyID = e.keyCode || e.which; if (keyID === 38 || keyID === 87) { Man1.isUpKey = false; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 39 || keyID === 68) { Man1.isRightKey = false; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 40 || keyID === 83) { Man1.isDownKey = false; e.preventDefault(); } if (keyID === 37 || keyID === 65) { Man1.isLeftKey = false; e.preventDefault(); } } function clearCtxMan() { ctxMan.clearRect(0,0,800,500); } function RedHouse() { this.srcX = 135; this.srcY = 525; this.width = 265; this.height = 245; this.drawX = 480; this.drawY = 85; } RedHouse.prototype.draw = function () { clearCtxRedHouse(); ctxRedHouse.drawImage(imgSprite,this.srcX,this.srcY, this.width,this.height,this.drawX,this.drawY,this.width,this.height); }; function clearCtxRedHouse() { ctxRedHouse.clearRect(0,0,800,500); } function loop() { if (isPlaying === true){ Man1.draw(); House1.draw(); requestAnimframe(loop); } } function startLoop(){ isPlaying = true; loop(); } function stopLoop(){ isPlaying = false; } </script> <style> .top{ position: absolute; top: 4px; left: 10px; color:black; } .top2{ position: absolute; top: 60px; left: 10px; color:black; } </style> <div class="top"> <p><font face="arial" color="black" size="4"><b>HGame</b><font/><p/> <p><font face="arial" color="black" size="3"> My Game Here <font/><p/> </div> <div class="top2"> <p><font face="arial" color="black" size="3"> It will start now <font/><p/> </div>

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• Developing an ELO like point system for a multiplayer gaming site

  - by Alejandro Piad

  I'm currently working on a gaming site where users will submit virtual players for different games, like Chess, Nash, Backgammon, Go, etc. The idea is that users don't compete themselves, but through their virtual players. There will be leagues, tournaments, and other competition formats. The question is which would be a good rating system for users in this environment. Take into account that every user may have many different virtual players playing in many different games. As a general guideline I would like to guarantee the following properties: Users who have a lot of mediocre players should not score higher than users with a few very good players. A user with a high rating should not be penalized if he adds a new bad player, until he has had enough time to improve his player. Users who don't play often should not score higher than users who play every day. Thanks in advance.

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• Transforming a primitive tetrahedron into a primitive icosahedron?

  - by Djentleman

  I've created a tetrahedron by creating a BoundingBox and building the faces of the tetrahedron within the bounding box as follows (see image as well): VertexPositionNormalTexture[] vertices = new VertexPositionNormalTexture[12]; BoundingBox box = new BoundingBox(new Vector3(-1f, 1f, 1f), new Vector3(1f, -1f, -1f)); vertices[0].Position = box.GetCorners()[0]; vertices[1].Position = box.GetCorners()[2]; vertices[2].Position = box.GetCorners()[7]; vertices[3].Position = box.GetCorners()[0]; vertices[4].Position = box.GetCorners()[5]; vertices[5].Position = box.GetCorners()[2]; vertices[6].Position = box.GetCorners()[5]; vertices[7].Position = box.GetCorners()[7]; vertices[8].Position = box.GetCorners()[2]; vertices[9].Position = box.GetCorners()[5]; vertices[10].Position = box.GetCorners()[0]; vertices[11].Position = box.GetCorners()[7]; What would I then have to do to transform this tetrahedron into an icosahedron? Similar to this image: I understand the concept but applying it is another thing entirely for me.

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• Jumping with Mecanim synchronization

  - by Abhishek Deb

  I am using Unity3D 4.1 for one of my projects. I have a robot character which is always running. I am using mecanim animation system. What I really want:When I press Space bar, the character should jump up in the air, triggering an animation clip and then by the time it reaches the ground, the animation clip should also end. What actually is happening:When I press Space bar, the character jumps in the air. Animation clip plays as it should, but ends way before it reaches the ground. So, it looks like he is running in the mid air. What have I done: I have this humanoid robot setup with a jump animation bounded with the space bar key. Also, instead of using root motion, I am directly moving the robot from code. //Jumping if(Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)){ rigidbody.AddForce(Vector3.up*jumpVelocty); anim.SetBool("Jump",true); } else anim.SetBool("Jump",false); Character's Details: Rigidbody = Mass:30, Freeze rotaion:x,y,z Capsule Collider = Material: metal, center(0,4.5,0), radius:1, height:11 Script = jumpVelocity:20000 Jump Animation Clip: ~ 2 seconds. I am really out of ideas how to synchronize everything. Should I make the character jump in some other way so that it quickly comes down and touches the ground to match the animation clip? If yes, please provide a direction.

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• Bullet Physic: Transform body after adding

  - by Mathias Hölzl

  I would like to transform a rigidbody after adding it to the btDiscreteDynamicsWorld. When I use the CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT flag I am able to transform it but it's static (no collision response/gravity). When I don't use the CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT flag the transform doesn't gets applied. So how to I transform non-static objects in bullet? DemoCode: btBoxShape* colShape = new btBoxShape(btVector3(SCALING*1,SCALING*1,SCALING*1)); /// Create Dynamic Objects btTransform startTransform; startTransform.setIdentity(); btScalar mass(1.f); //rigidbody is dynamic if and only if mass is non zero, otherwise static bool isDynamic = (mass != 0.f); btVector3 localInertia(0,0,0); if (isDynamic) colShape->calculateLocalInertia(mass,localInertia); btDefaultMotionState* myMotionState = new btDefaultMotionState(); btRigidBody::btRigidBodyConstructionInfo rbInfo(mass,myMotionState,colShape,localInertia); btRigidBody* body = new btRigidBody(rbInfo); body->setCollisionFlags(body->getCollisionFlags()|btCollisionObject::CF_KINEMATIC_OBJECT); body->setActivationState(DISABLE_DEACTIVATION); m_dynamicsWorld->addRigidBody(body); startTransform.setOrigin(SCALING*btVector3( btScalar(0), btScalar(20), btScalar(0) )); body->getMotionState()->setWorldTransform(startTransform);

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• Component-wise GLSL vector branching

  - by Gustavo Maciel

  I'm aware that it usually is a BAD idea to operate separately on GLSL vec's components separately. For example: //use instrinsic functions, they do the calculation on 4 components at a time. float dot = v1.x*v2.x + v1.y * v2.y + v1.z * v2.z; //NEVER float dot = dot(v1, v2); //YES //Multiply one by one is not good too, since the ALU can do the 4 components at a time too. vec3 mul = vec3(v1.x * v2.x, v1.y * v2.y, v1.z * v2.z); //NEVER vec3 mul = v1 * v2; I've been struggling thinking, are there equivalent operations for branching? For example: vec4 Overlay(vec4 v1, vec4 v2, vec4 opacity) { bvec4 less = lessThan(v1, vec4(0.5)); vec4 blend; for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { if(less[i]) blend[i] = 2.0 * v1[i]*v2[i]; else blend[i] = 1.0 - 2.0 * (1.0 - v1[i])*(1.0 - v2[i]); } return v1 + (blend-v1)*opacity; } This is a Overlay operator that works component wise. I'm not sure if this is the best way to do it, since I'm afraid these for and if can be a bottleneck later. Tl;dr, Can I branch component wise? If yes, how can I optimize that Overlay function with it?

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• Exporting XNA class library as a DLL file

  - by Will Bagley

  I have downloaded an open source project that I intend to use with my current game. The download came with all the class files from the original project as well as a pre-compiled DLL file representing the project. I was able to easily link this DLL with my current project and get it working just fine, no problems there. The problem I now have is that I want to make a couple of changes to the original libraries (extend its functionality a bit to better suit my needs) and re-export the class library as a DLL again, but I have no clue how to do this. Is there some simple way in VS where I can just take the class library and export/compile it as a DLL file again or is there more to it than that? This seems like something that should be pretty simple but my efforts to find an answer have so far come up with nothing. Thanks in advance.

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• Pong Collision Help in C# w/ XNA

  - by Ramses Brown

  Edit: My goal is to have it function like this: Ball hits 1st Quarter = rebounds higher (aka Y++) Ball hits 2nd Quarter = rebounds higher (using random value) Ball hits 3rd Quarter = rebounds lower (using random value) Ball hits 4th Quarter = rebounds lower (aka Y--) I'm currently using Rectangle Collision for my collision detection, and it's worked. Now I wish to expand it. Instead of it simply detecting whether or not the paddle/ball intersect, I want to make it so that it can determine what section of the paddle gets hit. I wanted it in 4 parts, with each having a different reaction to impact. My first thought is to base it on the Ball's Y position compared to the Paddle's Y position. But since I want it in 4 parts, I don't know how to do that. So it's essentially be if (ball.Y > Paddle.Y) { PaddleSection1 == true; } Except modified so that instead of being top half/bottom half, it's 1st Quarter, etc.

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• Combine 3D objects in XNA 4

  - by Christoph

  Currently I am writing on my thesis for university, the theme I am working on is 3D Visualization of hierarchical structures using cone trees. I want to do is to draw a cone and arrange a number of spheres at the bottom of the cone. The spheres should be arranged according to the radius and the number of spheres correctly. As you can imagine I need a lot of these cone/sphere combinations. First Attempt I was able to find some tutorials that helped with drawing cones and spheres. Cone public Cone(GraphicsDevice device, float height, int tessellation, string name, List<Sphere> children) { //prepare children and calculate the children spacing and radius of the cone if (children == null || children.Count == 0) { throw new ArgumentNullException("children"); } this.Height = height; this.Name = name; this.Children = children; //create the cone if (tessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("tessellation"); } //Create a ring of triangels around the outside of the cones bottom for (int i = 0; i < tessellation; i++) { Vector3 normal = this.GetCircleVector(i, tessellation); // add the vertices for the top of the cone base.AddVertex(Vector3.Up * height, normal); //add the bottom circle base.AddVertex(normal * this.radius + Vector3.Down * height, normal); //Add indices base.AddIndex(i * 2); base.AddIndex(i * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 2) % (tessellation * 2)); base.AddIndex(i * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 3) % (tessellation * 2)); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 2) % (tessellation * 2)); } //create flate triangle to seal the bottom this.CreateCap(tessellation, height, this.Radius, Vector3.Down); base.InitializePrimitive(device); } Sphere public void Initialize(GraphicsDevice device, Vector3 qi) { int verticalSegments = this.Tesselation; int horizontalSegments = this.Tesselation * 2; //single vertex on the bottom base.AddVertex((qi * this.Radius) + this.lowering, Vector3.Down); for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments; i++) { float latitude = ((i + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude); float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); //Create a singe ring of latitudes for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { float longitude = j * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz; float dz = (float)Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz; Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); base.AddVertex(normal * this.Radius, normal); } } // Finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere. AddVertex((qi * this.Radius) + this.lowering, Vector3.Up); // Create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(0); AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(1 + i); } // Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } // Create a fan connecting the top vertex to the top latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 1); base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } base.InitializePrimitive(device); } The tricky part now is to arrange the spheres at the bottom of the cone. I tried is to draw just the cone and then draw the spheres. I need a lot of these cones, so it would be pretty hard to calculate all the positions correctly. Second Attempt So the second try was to generate a object that builds all vertices of the cone and all of the spheres at once. So I was hoping to render a cone with all its spheres arranged correctly. After a short debug I found out that the cone is created and the first sphere, when it turn of the second sphere I am running into an OutOfBoundsException of ushort.MaxValue. Cone and Spheres public ConeWithSpheres(GraphicsDevice device, float height, float coneDiameter, float sphereDiameter, int coneTessellation, int sphereTessellation, int numberOfSpheres) { if (coneTessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("{0} is to small for the tessellation of the cone. The number must be greater or equal to 3", coneTessellation)); } if (sphereTessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("{0} is to small for the tessellation of the sphere. The number must be greater or equal to 3", sphereTessellation)); } //set properties this.Height = height; this.ConeDiameter = coneDiameter; this.SphereDiameter = sphereDiameter; this.NumberOfChildren = numberOfSpheres; //end set properties //generate the cone this.GenerateCone(device, coneTessellation); //generate the spheres //vector that defines the Y position of the sphere on the cones bottom Vector3 lowering = new Vector3(0, 0.888f, 0); this.GenerateSpheres(device, sphereTessellation, numberOfSpheres, lowering); } // ------ GENERATE CONE ------ private void GenerateCone(GraphicsDevice device, int coneTessellation) { int doubleTessellation = coneTessellation * 2; //Create a ring of triangels around the outside of the cones bottom for (int index = 0; index < coneTessellation; index++) { Vector3 normal = this.GetCircleVector(index, coneTessellation); //add the vertices for the top of the cone base.AddVertex(Vector3.Up * this.Height, normal); //add the bottom of the cone base.AddVertex(normal * this.ConeRadius + Vector3.Down * this.Height, normal); //add indices base.AddIndex(index * 2); base.AddIndex(index * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 2) % doubleTessellation); base.AddIndex(index * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 3) % doubleTessellation); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 2) % doubleTessellation); } //create flate triangle to seal the bottom this.CreateCap(coneTessellation, this.Height, this.ConeRadius, Vector3.Down); base.InitializePrimitive(device); } // ------ GENERATE SPHERES ------ private void GenerateSpheres(GraphicsDevice device, int sphereTessellation, int numberOfSpheres, Vector3 lowering) { int verticalSegments = sphereTessellation; int horizontalSegments = sphereTessellation * 2; for (int childCount = 1; childCount < numberOfSpheres; childCount++) { //single vertex at the bottom of the sphere base.AddVertex((this.GetCircleVector(childCount, this.NumberOfChildren) * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, Vector3.Down); for (int verticalSegmentsCount = 0; verticalSegmentsCount < verticalSegments; verticalSegmentsCount++) { float latitude = ((verticalSegmentsCount + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude); float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); //create a single ring of latitudes for (int horizontalSegmentsCount = 0; horizontalSegmentsCount < horizontalSegments; horizontalSegmentsCount++) { float longitude = horizontalSegmentsCount * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz; float dz = (float)Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz; Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); base.AddVertex((normal * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, normal); } } //finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere base.AddVertex((this.GetCircleVector(childCount, this.NumberOfChildren) * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, Vector3.Up); //create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(0); base.AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(1 + i); } //Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } //create a fan connecting the top vertiex to the top latitude for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 1); base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } base.InitializePrimitive(device); } } Any ideas how I could fix this?

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