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  • Different bounding volumes for culling and collision detection

    - by Serthy
    Should an object in a 3D-engine use different bounding volumes for collision-detection (broad-phase) and culling? Basically class renderBounds and class physBounds versus class boundingVolume? Each of this classes then could either contain the same type of volumes (AABB's, kDOP's, sphere's etc.) or a special fitting one for the particular object. (note: without considering of using an external physics engine)

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  • Example of DOD design

    - by Jeffrey
    I can't seem to find a nice explanation of the Data Oriented Design for a generic zombie game (it's just an example, pretty common example). Could you make an example of the Data Oriented Design on creating a generic zombie class? Is the following good? Zombie list class: class ZombieList { GLuint vbo; // generic zombie vertex model std::vector<color>; // object default color std::vector<texture>; // objects textures std::vector<vector3D>; // objects positions public: unsigned int create(); // return object id void move(unsigned int objId, vector3D offset); void rotate(unsigned int objId, float angle); void setColor(unsigned int objId, color c); void setPosition(unsigned int objId, color c); void setTexture(unsigned int, unsigned int); ... void update(Player*); // move towards player, attack if near } Example: Player p; Zombielist zl; unsigned int first = zl.create(); zl.setPosition(first, vector3D(50, 50)); zl.setTexture(first, texture("zombie1.png")); ... while (running) { // main loop ... zl.update(&p); zl.draw(); // draw every zombie } Or would creating a generic World container that contains every action from bite(zombieId, playerId) to moveTo(playerId, vector) to createPlayer() to shoot(playerId, vector) to face(radians)/face(vector); and contains: std::vector<zombie> std::vector<player> ... std::vector<mapchunk> ... std::vector<vbobufferid> player_run_animation; ... be a good example? Whats the proper way to organize a game with DOD?

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  • Has an open console any chance to give more strength to the indie game world ?

    - by jokoon
    I have heard about the GPX, but i don't really think the embedded market is mature enough in terms of performance, but what about the home console market ? I'm not talking about last-generation graphics, because that would be economically impossible, but what about an hardware as fast as a playstation 2/Xbox 1/Gamecube ? For games, the trick would be to ask some editors to recompile their best sellers for the new machine: those games being from the PSX age or even older console generations, I think this would have a very low cost job and they could still make some good profit, but I need to know if this is doable technically, considering the architecture which can be quite exotic. Do you think it would be a viable project to talk about to investors ?

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  • Efficient way to render tile-based map in Java

    - by Lucius
    Some time ago I posted here because I was having some memory issues with a game I'm working on. That has been pretty much solved thanks to some suggestions here, so I decided to come back with another problem I'm having. Basically, I feel that too much of the CPU is being used when rendering the map. I have a Core i5-2500 processor and when running the game, the CPU usage is about 35% - and I can't accept that that's just how it has to be. This is how I'm going about rendering the map: I have the X and Y coordinates of the player, so I'm not drawing the whole map, just the visible portion of it; The number of visible tiles on screen varies according to the resolution chosen by the player (the CPU usage is 35% here when playing at a resolution of 1440x900); If the tile is "empty", I just skip drawing it (this didn't visibly lower the CPU usage, but reduced the drawing time in about 20ms); The map is composed of 5 layers - for more details; The tiles are 32x32 pixels; And just to be on the safe side, I'll post the code for drawing the game here, although it's as messy and unreadable as it can be T_T (I'll try to make it a little readable) private void drawGame(Graphics2D g2d){ //Width and Height of the visible portion of the map (not of the screen) int visionWidht = visibleCols * TILE_SIZE; int visionHeight = visibleRows * TILE_SIZE; //Since the map can be smaller than the screen, I center it just to be sure int xAdjust = (getWidth() - visionWidht) / 2; int yAdjust = (getHeight() - visionHeight) / 2; //This "deducedX" thing is to move the map a few pixels horizontally, since the player moves by pixels and not full tiles int playerDrawX = listOfCharacters.get(0).getX(); int deducedX = 0; if (listOfCharacters.get(0).currentCol() - visibleCols / 2 >= 0) { playerDrawX = visibleCols / 2 * TILE_SIZE; map_draw_col = listOfCharacters.get(0).currentCol() - visibleCols / 2; deducedX = listOfCharacters.get(0).getXCol(); } //"deducedY" is the same deal as "deducedX", but vertically int playerDrawY = listOfCharacters.get(0).getY(); int deducedY = 0; if (listOfCharacters.get(0).currentRow() - visibleRows / 2 >= 0) { playerDrawY = visibleRows / 2 * TILE_SIZE; map_draw_row = listOfCharacters.get(0).currentRow() - visibleRows / 2; deducedY = listOfCharacters.get(0).getYRow(); } int max_cols = visibleCols + map_draw_col; if (max_cols >= map.getCols()) { max_cols = map.getCols() - 1; deducedX = 0; map_draw_col = max_cols - visibleCols + 1; playerDrawX = listOfCharacters.get(0).getX() - map_draw_col * TILE_SIZE; } int max_rows = visibleRows + map_draw_row; if (max_rows >= map.getRows()) { max_rows = map.getRows() - 1; deducedY = 0; map_draw_row = max_rows - visibleRows + 1; playerDrawY = listOfCharacters.get(0).getY() - map_draw_row * TILE_SIZE; } //map_draw_row and map_draw_col representes the coordinate of the upper left tile on the screen //iterate through all the tiles on screen and draw them - this is what consumes most of the CPU for (int col = map_draw_col; col <= max_cols; col++) { for (int row = map_draw_row; row <= max_rows; row++) { Tile[] tiles = map.getTiles(col, row); for(int layer = 0; layer < tiles.length; layer++){ Tile currentTile = tiles[layer]; boolean shouldDraw = true; //I only draw the tile if it exists and is not empty (id=-1) if(currentTile != null && currentTile.getId() >= 0){ //The layers above 1 can be draw behing or infront of the player according to where it's standing if(layer > 1 && currentTile.getId() >= 0){ if(playerBehind(col, row, layer, listOfCharacters.get(0))){ behinds.get(0).add(new int[]{col, row}); //the tiles that are infront of the player wont be draw right now shouldDraw = false; } } if(shouldDraw){ g2d.drawImage( tiles[layer].getImage(), (col-map_draw_col)*TILE_SIZE - deducedX + xAdjust, (row-map_draw_row)*TILE_SIZE - deducedY + yAdjust, null); } } } } } } There's some more code in this method but nothing relevant to this question. Basically, the biggest problem is that I iterate over around 5000 tiles (in this specific resolution) 60 times each second. I thought about rendering the visible portion of the map once and storing it into a BufferedImage and when the player moved move the whole image the same amount but to the opposite side and then drawn the tiles that appeared on the screen, but if I do it like that, I wont be able to have animated tiles (at least I think). That being said, any suggestions?

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  • HUD layer not being added on my scene

    - by Shailesh_ios
    I have a CCScene which already holds my gameLayer and I am trying to add HUD layer on that.But the HUD layer is not getting added in my scene, I can say that because I have set up a CCLabel on HUD layer and when I run my project, I cannot see that label. Here's what I am doing : In my gameLayer: +(id) scene { CCScene *scene = [CCScene node]; GameScreen *layer = [GameScreen node]; [scene addChild: layer]; HUDclass * otherLayer = [HUDclass node]; [scene addChild:otherLayer]; layer.HC = otherLayer;// HC is reference to my HUD layer in @Interface of gameLayer return scene; } And then in my HUD layer I have just added a CCLabelTTF in its init method like this : -(id)init { if ((self = [super init])) { CCLabelTTF * label = [CCLabelTTF labelWithString:@"IN WEAPON CLASS" fontName:@"Arial" fontSize:15]; label.position = ccp(240,160); [self addChild:label]; } return self; } But now when I run my project I dont see that label, What am I doing wrong here ..? Any Ideas.. ? Thanks in advance for your time.

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  • this.BoundingBox.Intersects(Wall[0].BoundingBox) not working properly

    - by Pieter
    I seem to be having this problem a lot, I'm still learning XNA / C# and well, trying to make a classic paddle and ball game. The problem I run into (and after debugging have no answer) is that everytime I run my game and press either of the movement keys, the Paddle won't move. Debugging shows that it never gets to the movement part, but I can't understand why not? Here's my code: // This is the If statement for checking Left movement. if (keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left) || keyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.A)) { if (!CheckCollision(walls[0])) { Location.X -= Velocity; } } //This is the CheckCollision(Wall wall) boolean public bool CheckCollision(Wall wall) { if (this.BoundingBox.Intersects(wall.BoundingBox)) { return true; } return false; } As far as I can tell there should be absolutely no problem with this, I initialize the bounding box in the constructor whenever a new instance of Walls and Paddle is created. this.BoundingBox = new Rectangle(0, 0, Sprite.Width, Sprite.Height); Any idea as to why this isn't working? I have previously succeeded with using the whole Location.X < Wall.Location.X + Wall.Texture.Width code... But to me that seems like too much coding if a simple boolean check could be done.

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  • How to generate portal zones?

    - by Meow
    I'm developing a portal-based scene manager. Basically all it does is to check the portals against the camera frustum, and render their associated portal zones accordingly. Is there any way my editor can generate portal zones automatically with the user having to set the portals themselves only? For example, the Max Payne 1/2 engine ("Max-FX") only required to set the portal quads, unlike the C4 engine where you also have to explicitly set the portal zones.

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  • Very slow direct3D texture sampling

    - by __dominic
    Hi, So I'm writing a small game using Direct3D 9 and I'm using multitexturing for the terrain. All I'm doing is sampling 3 textures and a blend map and getting the overall color from the three textures based on the color channels from the blend map. Anyway, I am getting a massive frame rate drop when I sample more than 1 texture, I'm going from 120+ fps to just under 50. This is the HLSL code responsible for the slow down: float3 ground = tex2D(GroundTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 stone = tex2D(StoneTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 grass = tex2D(GrassTex, multiTex).rgb; float3 blend = tex2D(BlendMapTex, blendMap).rgb; Am I doing it wrong ? If anyone has any info or tips about texture sampling or anything, that would be nice. Thanks.

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  • Could someone explain in detail simplex /or perlin noise?

    - by Ryan Szemplinski
    I am really interested in perlin/simplex noise but I am having a difficult time understanding it. I am not very good at math but I am willing to learn because it interests me greatly. If someone is willing to dedicate there time into this I would be immensely appreciative of this. To be more concise, an explanation of functions and some calculation inside the functions would be nice to understand. Thanks in advance!

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  • How can I simulate a rigid body bounced from a wall in 3D world?

    - by HyperGroups
    How can I simulate a rigid sword bounced from a wall and hit the ground (like in physical world)? I want to use this for a simple animation. I can detect the figure and the size of the sword (maybe needed in doing bounce). Rotation can be controlled by quaternions/matrix/euler angles. It should turn the head and do rotations and fly to the ground. How can I simulate this physical process? Maybe what I need is an equation and some parameters? I need these data, and would combine them into my movie file, I use Mathematica to do the thing that generate the movie file(If I have the data, I can also export it into a 3DSMax script for example).

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  • Rendering Texture Quad to Screen or FBO (OpenGL ES)

    - by Usman.3D
    I need to render the texture on the iOS device's screen or a render-to-texture frame buffer object. But it does not show any texture. It's all black. (I am loading texture with image myself for testing purpose) //Load texture data UIImage *image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"textureImage.png"]; GLuint width = FRAME_WIDTH; GLuint height = FRAME_HEIGHT; //Create context void *imageData = malloc(height * width * 4); CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB(); CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(imageData, width, height, 8, 4 * width, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big); CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace); //Prepare image CGContextClearRect(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height)); CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, width, height), image.CGImage); glGenTextures(1, &texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageData); glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); Simple Texture Quad drawing code mentioned here //Bind Texture, Bind render-to-texture FBO and then draw the quad const float quadPositions[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 }; const float quadTexcoords[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 }; // stop using VBO glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); // setup buffer offsets glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_VERTEX, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3*sizeof(float), quadPositions); glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2*sizeof(float), quadTexcoords); // ensure the proper arrays are enabled glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_VERTEX); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD0); //Bind Texture and render-to-texture FBO. glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLid); //Actually wanted to render it to render-to-texture FBO, but now testing directly on default FBO. //glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, textureFBO[pixelBuffernum]); // draw glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 2*3); What am I doing wrong in this code? P.S. I'm not familiar with shaders yet, so it is difficult for me to make use of them right now.

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  • Drag camera/view in a 3D world

    - by Dono
    I'm trying to make a Draggable view in a 3D world. Currently, I've made it using mouse position on the screen, but, when I move the distance traveled by my mouse is not equal to the distance traveled in the 3D world. So, I've tried to do that : Compute a ray from mouse position to 3D world. Calculate intersection with the ground. Check intersection difference old position <- new position. Translate camera with the difference. I've got a problem with this method: The ray is computed with the current camera's position I move the camera I compute the new ray with new camera position. The difference between old ray and new ray is now invalid. So, graphically my camera don't stop to move to previous/new position everytime. How can I do a draggable camera with another solution ? Thanks!

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  • Infinite terrain shadows

    - by user35399
    I'm creating an infinite terrain engine, which generates the terrain either with fractals or noise. How can I make dynamic shadows for the sun on this terrain, if I don't know in advance what will be rendered in front of the sun. My terrain: The sun is the only light, it is directional, my terrain is generated on a plane which is positioned before the camera, frustum culled and fits the size of the viewing frustum. It is height mapped with generated noise texture, and using tessellation shaders on it. Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk6yFwYusOs Dynamic shadows with the infinite terrain.

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  • Accessing managers from game entities/components

    - by Boreal
    I'm designing an entity-component engine in C# right now, and all components need to have access to the global event manager, which sends off inter-entity events (every entity also has a local event manager). I'd like to be able to simply call functions like this: GlobalEventManager.Publish("Foo", new EventData()); GlobalEventManager.Subscribe("Bar", OnBarEvent); without having to do this: class HealthComponent { private EventManager globalEventManager; public HealthComponent(EventManager gEM) { globalEventManager = gEM; } } // later on... EventManager globalEventManager = new EventManager(); Entity playerEntity = new Entity(); playerEntity.AddComponent(new HealthComponent(globalEventManager)); How can I accomplish this? EDIT: I solved it by creating a singleton called GlobalEventManager. It derives from the local EventManager class and I use it like this: GlobalEventManager.Instance.Publish("Foo", new EventData());

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  • Will we see a trend of stereoscopic 3D games coming up in the near future?

    - by Vish
    I've noticed that the trend of movies is diving into the world of movies with 3-dimensional camera.For me it provoked a thought as if it was the same feeling people got when they saw a colour movie for the first time, like in the transition from black and white to colour it is a whole new experience. For the first time we are experiencing the Z(depth) factor and I really mean when I said "experiencing". So my question is or maybe if not a question, but Is there a possibility of a genre of 3d camera games upcoming?

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  • How to implement Fog Of War with an shader?

    - by Cambrano
    Okay, I'm creating a RTS game and want to implement an AgeOfEmpires-like Fog Of War(FOW). That means a tile(or pixel) can be: 0% transparent (unexplored) 50% transparent black (explored but not in viewrange) 100% transparent(explored and in viewrange) RTS means I'll have many explorers (NPCs, buildings, ...). Okay, so I have an 2d array of bytes byte[,] explored. The byte value correlates the transparency. The question is, how do I pass this array to my shader? Well I think it is not possible to pass an entire array. So: what technique shall I use to let my shader know if a pixel/tile is visible or not?

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  • OpenGL Get Rotated X and Y of quad

    - by matejkramny
    I am developing a game in 2D using LWJGL library. So far I have a rotating box. I have done basic Rectangle collision, but it doesn't work for rotated rectangles. Does OpenGL have a function that returns the vertices of rotated rectangle? Or is there another way of doing this using trigonometry? I had researched how to do this and everything I found was using some matrix that I don't understand so I am asking if there is another way of doing this. For clarification, I am trying to find out the true (rotated) X,Y of each point of the rectangle. Let's say, the first point of a rectangle (top,left) has x=10 y=10.. Width and height is 100 pixels. When I rotate the rectangle using glRotatef() the x and y stay the same. The rotation is happening inside OpenGL. I need to extract the x,y of the rectangle so I can detect collisions properly.

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  • Preventing item duplication?

    - by PuppyKevin
    For my game, there's two types of items - stackable, and nonstackable. Nonstackable items get assigned a unique ID that stays with it forever. A character ID is assosicated with the item, as is a state (CHANGED, UNCHANGED, NEW, REMOVED). The character ID and state is used for item saving purposes. Stackable items have one unique ID, as in the entire stack has one unique ID. For example: 5 Potions (stacked ontop of each other) has one unique ID. When dropping a nonstackable item, the state gets set to REMOVED, and the unique ID and state don't change. If picked up by another player, the state gets set to NEW, and the character ID gets changed to the new character's ID. When dropping all items in a stack of stackable items (for example, 5 potions out of 5) - it behaves just like a nonstackable item. When dropping some of a stack of stackable items (for example, 3 potions out of 5)... I really have no clue what to do. The 3 dropped potions have the state of REMOVED, but the same unique ID and character ID. If another player picks it up, it has no choice but to obtain a new unique ID, and its state gets changed to NEW and its character ID to the new one. If the dropping player picks it back up, they'd just be readded to the stack. There's two issues with that though. 1. If the player who dropped the 3 potions picks it back up, there's no way to tell if they legitimately dropped the items, or if they're duped items. 2. If another player picks up the 3 potions (assuming they're duped), there's no way to know if they're duped or not. My question is: How can I create a system that detects duplicated items for both nonstackable and stackable items?

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  • How was 20Q made?

    - by Dan the Man
    Ever since I was a kid, I've wondered how they made the 20Q electronic game. In this game, which is it's on device, you think of an object, thing, or animal (e.g. a potato or a donkey), once you mentally choose your thing, the device goes through a series of questions such as: Is it larger than a loaf of bread? Is it found outdoors? Is it used for recreation? For each of the questions you can answer yes, no, maybe, or unknown. The way I've always thought of it to work was with immense, nested conditionals (if statements). But, I don't think that would be very likely as it would be terribly difficult to understand while coding it. I'm not looking for a discussion as SE doesn't allow it; I'm looking for concrete knowledge or solutions.

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  • Could someone explain why my world reconstructed from depth position is incorrect?

    - by yuumei
    I am attempting to reconstruct the world position in the fragment shader from a depth texture. I pass in the 8 frustum points in world space and interpolate them across fragments and then interpolate from near to far by the depth: highp float depth = (2.0 * CameraPlanes.x) / (CameraPlanes.y + CameraPlanes.x - texture( depthTexture, textureCoord ).x * (CameraPlanes.y - CameraPlanes.x)); // Reconstruct the world position from the linear depth highp vec3 world = mix( nearWorldPos, farWorldPos, depth ); CameraPlanes.x is the near plane CameraPlanes.y is the far. Assuming that my frustum positions are correct, and my depth looks correct, why is my world position wrong? (My depth texture is of format GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F if that matters) Thanks! :D Update: Screenshot of world position http://imgur.com/sSlHd So you can see it looks nearly correct. However as the camera moves, the colours (positions) change, which they shouldnt. I can get this to work, if I do the following: Write this into the depth attachment in the previous pass: gl_FragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z / gl_FragCoord.w / CameraPlanes.y; and then read the depth texture like so: depth = texture( depthTexture, textureCoord ).x However this will kill the hardware z buffer optimizations.

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  • Box 2D Collision Question

    - by Farooq Arshed
    I am very new to Box 2D Physics world. I wanted to know how to collide 2 bodies when one is Dynamic and other is Kinematic. The whole Scenario is explained below: I have 3 balls in total. I want to balls to remain in their places and the third ball to be able to move. When the third ball hits the other two balls then they should move according to the speed and direction from which they were hit. My gravity of the world is 0 because I only want z-axis gravity. I would also like some one to point me towards some good tutorials regarding Box 2D basics which is language independent. I hope I have explained my scenario well. Thanks for the help in advance.

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  • I Don't Understand Anything About Randomly Generated Worlds [closed]

    - by Alex Larsen
    What tools do I need to make a Minecraft-like generated world? I heard about Perlin noise and Simplex, but I don't understand anything about them. So far all I found on the internet was a Simplex version for C#, and all it has is functions, and this is what I get: Console.WriteLine(Noise.Generate(SomeNumber, SomeNumber, SumNumber)); Outputs random floats. I'm really lost. I don't understand the whole random generated worlds concept. Can someone help me? And if I use the noise thing I don't understand how to use it.

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  • What are some good resources for creating a game engine in XNA?

    - by Glasser
    I'm currently a student game programmer working on an indie project. We have a team of eleven people (five programmers, four artists, and two audio designers) aboard, all working hard to help design this game. We've been meeting for months now and so far we have a pretty buffed out Game Design Document as well as much audio/visual concept art. Our programmers are itching to progress on our own end. Each person in our programming team is well versed in C++, but is very familiar with C#. We have enough experience and skill that we're confident that we will be successful with our game, and we're looking to build our own game engine in XNA as it seems like it would be worth our time and effort in the end. The game itself will be a 2D beat 'em up style game to be released over xbox live and the PC. It's play style will be similar to that of Castle Crashers or Scott Pilgrim vs The World. We want to design the game engine to allow us to better implement our assets into the game as well as to simplify the creation of design elements/mechanics. Currently between our programmers, we have books such as "XNA 4.0" and "Game Coding Complete, Third Edition," but we'd still like more information on both XNA and (especially) building a game engine from scratch. What are any other good books, websites, or resources we could use to further map out and program our game engine?

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  • Random Position between ranges.

    - by blakey87
    Does anyone have a good algorithm for generating a random y position for spawning a block, which takes into account a minimum and maximum height, allowing player to to jump on the block. Blocks will continually be spawned, so the player must always be able to jump onto the next block, bearing in mind the minimum position which would be the ground, and the maximum which would the players jump height bearing in mind the ceiling

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  • What common interface would be appropriate for these game object classes?

    - by Jefffrey
    Question A component based system's goal is to solve the problems that derives from inheritance: for example the fact that some parts of the code (that are called components) are reused by very different classes that, hypothetically, would lie in a very different branch of the inheritance tree. That's a very nice concept, but I've found out that CBS is often hard to accomplish without using ugly hacks. Implementations of this system are often far from clean. But I don't want to discuss this any further. My question is: how can I solve the same problems a CBS try to solve with a very clean interface? (possibly with examples, there are a lot of abstract talks about the "perfect" design already). Context Here's an example I was going for before realizing I was just reinventing inheritance again: class Human { public: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other human specific components }; class Zombie { Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other zombie specific components }; After writing that I realized I needed an interface, otherwise I would have needed N containers for N different types of objects (or to use boost::variant to gather them all together). So I've thought of polymorphism (move what systems do in a CBS design into class specific functions): class Entity { public: virtual void on_event(Event) {} // not pure virtual on purpose virtual void on_update(World) {} virtual void on_draw(Window) {} }; class Human : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; class Zombie : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; Which was nice, except for the fact that now the outside world would not even be able to know where a Human is positioned (it does not have access to its position member). That would be useful to track the player position for collision detection or if on_update the Zombie would want to track down its nearest human to move towards him. So I added const Position& get_position() const; to both the Zombie and Human classes. And then I realized that both functionality were shared, so it should have gone to the common base class: Entity. Do you notice anything? Yes, with that methodology I would have a god Entity class full of common functionality (which is the thing I was trying to avoid in the first place). Meaning of "hacks" in the implementation I'm referring to I'm talking about the implementations that defines Entities as simple IDs to which components are dynamically attached. Their implementation can vary from C-stylish: int last_id; Position* positions[MAX_ENTITIES]; Movement* movements[MAX_ENTITIES]; Where positions[i], movements[i], component[i], ... make up the entity. Or to more C++-style: int last_id; std::map<int, Position> positions; std::map<int, Movement> movements; From which systems can detect if an entity/id can have attached components.

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