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• Which of these design patterns is superior?

  - by durron597

  I find I tend to design class structures where several subclasses have nearly identical functionality, but one piece of it is different. So I write nearly all the code in the abstract class, and then create several subclasses to do the one different thing. Does this pattern have a name? Is this the best way for this sort of scenario? Option 1: public interface TaxCalc { String calcTaxes(); } public abstract class AbstractTaxCalc implements TaxCalc { // most constructors and fields are here public double calcTaxes(UserFinancials data) { // code double diffNumber = getNumber(data); // more code } abstract protected double getNumber(UserFinancials data); protected double initialTaxes(double grossIncome) { // code return initialNumber; } } public class SimpleTaxCalc extends AbstractCalc { protected double getNumber(UserFinancials data) { double temp = intialCalc(data.getGrossIncome()); // do other stuff return temp; } } public class FancyTaxCalc extends AbstractTaxCalc { protected double getNumber(UserFinancials data) { int temp = initialCalc(data.getGrossIncome()); // Do fancier math return temp; } } Option 2: This version is more like the Strategy pattern, and should be able to do essentially the same sorts of tasks. public class TaxCalcImpl implements TaxCalc { private final TaxMath worker; public DummyImpl(TaxMath worker) { this.worker = worker; } public double calcTaxes(UserFinancials data) { // code double analyzedDouble = initialNumber; int diffNumber = worker.getNumber(data, initialNumber); // more code } protected int initialTaxes(double grossIncome) { // code return initialNumber; } } public interface TaxMath { double getNumber(UserFinancials data, double initial); } Then I could do: TaxCalc dum = new TaxCalcImpl(new TaxMath() { @Override public double getNumber(UserFinancials data, double initial) { double temp = data.getGrossIncome(); // do math return temp; }); And I could make specific implementations of TaxMath for things I use a lot, or I could make a stateless singleton for certain kinds of workers I use a lot. So the question I'm asking is: Which of these patterns is superior, when, and why? Or, alternately, is there an even better third option?

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• What data to send when tracking clicks with Google Analytics events (and how)?

  - by user359650

  When tracking clicks on links, there are 3 items I'm interested in: link location in the page by grabbing the id of the closest parent: to see influence of location on click-through link text: to see influence of text on click-through link href attribute value: to see where people go when leaving my website The problem when using Google Analytics to track those clicks is that events only have 3 available text fields, one of which being the category, which if you use to store one of the above items will create a mess in your Event reporting because you will have as many categories as item values. Therefore if you assign a predefined value to the category (e.g. clicks), then you're left with only 2 event fields (action, label) to store 3 items (location, text, href). That in itself isn't the end of the world because you can concatenate 2 items into 1 event field, then use the reporting or the API to filter things out. Accordingly what I plan on doing is this: category: clicks action: {location_on_page} ¦ {text} label: {href} where {__} are variable values related to the clicked links With this I can easily create some reports directly via the GUI: downloads: include only events where label ends with .pdf click outs to particular domains: include only events where label contains domain And for more complex tasks I need to export the data (or use the API): influence of location on clicks: for each location in the design, count number of events that have that location in the action, then corroborate with pageviews of the corresponding pages. Whilst this looks good I'm wondering if there is a better approach, hence the following questions: Q1: Can you foresee any particular issues with this particular setup (e.g. things I won't be able to report on)? Q2: Can you think of other data that would be interesting to include in the event?

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• Solving Big Problems with Oracle R Enterprise, Part I

  - by dbayard

  Abstract: This blog post will show how we used Oracle R Enterprise to tackle a customer’s big calculation problem across a big data set. Overview: Databases are great for managing large amounts of data in a central place with rigorous enterprise-level controls.  R is great for doing advanced computations.  Sometimes you need to do advanced computations on large amounts of data, subject to rigorous enterprise-level concerns.  This blog post shows how Oracle R Enterprise enables R plus the Oracle Database enabled us to do some pretty sophisticated calculations across 1 million accounts (each with many detailed records) in minutes. The problem: A financial services customer of mine has a need to calculate the historical internal rate of return (IRR) for its customers’ portfolios.  This information is needed for customer statements and the online web application.  In the past, they had solved this with a home-grown application that pulled trade and account data out of their data warehouse and ran the calculations.  But this home-grown application was not able to do this fast enough, plus it was a challenge for them to write and maintain the code that did the IRR calculation. IRR – a problem that R is good at solving: Internal Rate of Return is an interesting calculation in that in most real-world scenarios it is impractical to calculate exactly.  Rather, IRR is a calculation where approximation techniques need to be used.  In this blog post, we will discuss calculating the “money weighted rate of return” but in the actual customer proof of concept we used R to calculate both money weighted rate of returns and time weighted rate of returns.  You can learn more about the money weighted rate of returns here: http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Money-weighted_return First Steps- Calculating IRR in R We will start with calculating the IRR in standalone/desktop R.  In our second post, we will show how to take this desktop R function, deploy it to an Oracle Database, and make it work at real-world scale.  The first step we did was to get some sample data.  For a historical IRR calculation, you have a balances and cash flows.  In our case, the customer provided us with several accounts worth of sample data in Microsoft Excel.      The above figure shows part of the spreadsheet of sample data.  The data provides balances and cash flows for a sample account (BMV=beginning market value. FLOW=cash flow in/out of account. EMV=ending market value). Once we had the sample spreadsheet, the next step we did was to read the Excel data into R.  This is something that R does well.  R offers multiple ways to work with spreadsheet data.  For instance, one could save the spreadsheet as a .csv file.  In our case, the customer provided a spreadsheet file containing multiple sheets where each sheet provided data for a different sample account.  To handle this easily, we took advantage of the RODBC package which allowed us to read the Excel data sheet-by-sheet without having to create individual .csv files.  We wrote ourselves a little helper function called getsheet() around the RODBC package.  Then we loaded all of the sample accounts into a data.frame called SimpleMWRRData. Writing the IRR function At this point, it was time to write the money weighted rate of return (MWRR) function itself.  The definition of MWRR is easily found on the internet or if you are old school you can look in an investment performance text book.  In the customer proof, we based our calculations off the ones defined in the The Handbook of Investment Performance: A User’s Guide by David Spaulding since this is the reference book used by the customer.  (One of the nice things we found during the course of this proof-of-concept is that by using R to write our IRR functions we could easily incorporate the specific variations and business rules of the customer into the calculation.) The key thing with calculating IRR is the need to solve a complex equation with a numerical approximation technique.  For IRR, you need to find the value of the rate of return (r) that sets the Net Present Value of all the flows in and out of the account to zero.  With R, we solve this by defining our NPV function: where bmv is the beginning market value, cf is a vector of cash flows, t is a vector of time (relative to the beginning), emv is the ending market value, and tend is the ending time. Since solving for r is a one-dimensional optimization problem, we decided to take advantage of R’s optimize method (http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/optimize.html). The optimize method can be used to find a minimum or maximum; to find the value of r where our npv function is closest to zero, we wrapped our npv function inside the abs function and asked optimize to find the minimum.  Here is an example of using optimize: where low and high are scalars that indicate the range to search for an answer.   To test this out, we need to set values for bmv, cf, t, emv, tend, low, and high.  We will set low and high to some reasonable defaults. For example, this account had a negative 2.2% money weighted rate of return. Enhancing and Packaging the IRR function With numerical approximation methods like optimize, sometimes you will not be able to find an answer with your initial set of inputs.  To account for this, our approach was to first try to find an answer for r within a narrow range, then if we did not find an answer, try calling optimize() again with a broader range.  See the R help page on optimize()  for more details about the search range and its algorithm. At this point, we can now write a simplified version of our MWRR function.  (Our real-world version is  more sophisticated in that it calculates rate of returns for 5 different time periods [since inception, last quarter, year-to-date, last year, year before last year] in a single invocation.  In our actual customer proof, we also defined time-weighted rate of return calculations.  The beauty of R is that it was very easy to add these enhancements and additional calculations to our IRR package.)To simplify code deployment, we then created a new package of our IRR functions and sample data.  For this blog post, we only need to include our SimpleMWRR function and our SimpleMWRRData sample data.  We created the shell of the package by calling: To turn this package skeleton into something usable, at a minimum you need to edit the SimpleMWRR.Rd and SimpleMWRRData.Rd files in the \man subdirectory.  In those files, you need to at least provide a value for the “title” section. Once that is done, you can change directory to the IRR directory and type at the command-line: The myIRR package for this blog post (which has both SimpleMWRR source and SimpleMWRRData sample data) is downloadable from here: myIRR package Testing the myIRR package Here is an example of testing our IRR function once it was converted to an installable package: Calculating IRR for All the Accounts So far, we have shown how to calculate IRR for a single account.  The real-world issue is how do you calculate IRR for all of the accounts?This is the kind of situation where we can leverage the “Split-Apply-Combine” approach (see http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/weblog/815.html).  Given that our sample data can fit in memory, one easy approach is to use R’s “by” function.  (Other approaches to Split-Apply-Combine such as plyr can also be used.  See http://4dpiecharts.com/2011/12/16/a-quick-primer-on-split-apply-combine-problems/). Here is an example showing the use of “by” to calculate the money weighted rate of return for each account in our sample data set.  Recap and Next Steps At this point, you’ve seen the power of R being used to calculate IRR.  There were several good things: R could easily work with the spreadsheets of sample data we were given R’s optimize() function provided a nice way to solve for IRR- it was both fast and allowed us to avoid having to code our own iterative approximation algorithm R was a convenient language to express the customer-specific variations, business-rules, and exceptions that often occur in real-world calculations- these could be easily added to our IRR functions The Split-Apply-Combine technique can be used to perform calculations of IRR for multiple accounts at once. However, there are several challenges yet to be conquered at this point in our story: The actual data that needs to be used lives in a database, not in a spreadsheet The actual data is much, much bigger- too big to fit into the normal R memory space and too big to want to move across the network The overall process needs to run fast- much faster than a single processor The actual data needs to be kept secured- another reason to not want to move it from the database and across the network And the process of calculating the IRR needs to be integrated together with other database ETL activities, so that IRR’s can be calculated as part of the data warehouse refresh processes In our next blog post in this series, we will show you how Oracle R Enterprise solved these challenges.

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• Oracle Endeca Information Discovery 3.1 is Now Available

  - by p.anda

  Oracle Endeca Information Discovery (OEID) 3.1 is a major release that incorporates significant new self-service discovery capabilities for business users. These include agile data mashup, extended support for unstructured analytics, and an even tighter integration with Oracle BI This release is available for download from: Oracle Delivery Cloud Oracle Technology Network Some of the what's new highlights ... Self-service data mashup... enables access to a wider variety of personal and trusted enterprise data sources. Blend multiple data sets in a single app. Agile discovery dashboards... allows users to easily create, configure, and securely share discovery dashboards with intelligent defaults, intuitive wizards and drag-and-drop configuration. Deeper unstructured analysis ... enables users to enrich text using term extraction and whitelist tagging while the data is live. Enhanced integration with OBI... provides easier wizards for data selection and enables OBI Server as a self-service data source. Enterprise-class data discovery... offers faster performance, a trusted data connection library, improved auditing and increased data connectivity for Hadoop, web content and Oracle Data Integrator. Find out more ... visit the OEID Overview page to download the What's New and related Data Sheet PDF documents. Have questions or want to share details for Oracle Endeca Information Discovery?  The MOS Communities is a great first stop to visit and you can stop-by at MOS OEID Community.

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• Distinguishing the Transport Layer from the Session Layer

  In the OSI communications model, the Session layer manages the creation and removal of the association between two communicating network end points. This can also be called a connection. A connection is maintained while the network end points are communicated between each other in a conversation or session of some unknown length of time. Some connections and sessions only need to last long enough to send a message or a piece of data in one direction. In addition, some sessions may last longer, this typically occurs when one or both of the network end points are  able to terminate it the connection. The transport layer ensures that messages/data are delivered without errors, in sequence, and with no data content losses or data content duplications. It relieves the Session Layer from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers. Examples: Session Layer This layer acts like a manager and asks one of its employees (Transport Layer) to move a piece of data/message from one network end-point to another. Transportation Layer This layer takes the request of the Session Layer and moves the data as insturcted, it also double checks the data for any missing or corrupted information after it has been moved. If for some reason the new data does not match the old data then the Transport player will attempt to move the data gain until the data at both locations is in sync.

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• Huawei e303c data-card not working for Ubuntu 11.04?

  - by Umashankar

  Cheers to you. I got a problem in making a Mobile-BroadBand connection in Ubuntu 11.04, using 'Huawei e303c' usb data-card. I'm using Tata Docomo 3G sim-card (India, circle: Maharastra). My observations: 1.) I installed the device's driver 'Mobile-Partner For Linux'(which came up with the device). But it is not detecting my device. 2.) In Network Manager, Adding a Mobile-BroadBand connection is not able to detect the device (with or without the device's driver installed). 3.)I tried softwares like usb_modeswitch, gnomeppp, wvdial, sakis3G and followed their guidelines. These too didn't work. 4.) Without the driver, the system is able to identify the device (Mobile-Partner icon comes-up, that leads to driver setup files). But after installing the driver, nothing comes-up there. 5.) In all the above cases, when 'lsusb' cmd is fired, the prompt shows the connected data card (as 'DEVICE_ID:VENDOR_ID Huawei Technologies Ltd.,'). This is my problem. Give a solution to get my device connected. -Umash

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• File permission issues after setting up an amazon ec2 instance

  - by Pardoner

  I've set up an amazon ec2 instance and I'm have some file permission issues. I've created myself a new user and added myself to the following groups: adm:x:4:me,ubuntu www-data:x:33:me,www-data ssh:x:108:me admin:x:111:me ubuntu:x:1000:www-data,me me:x:1001:me but when I cd /var/www I can't do simple commands without doing sudo first. So I chmod -R www-data:www-data /var/www to ensure that I'm in the owning group but I still have to type sudo for everything. If I sudo su www-data it works fine. Since I'm in the www-data group shouldn't I have the same privilages as www-data? One strange thing I'm noticing is that when I ls -l it list the owner but not the group names. Could this possibly be part of the issue? Is is posible for a directory to not be part of a group? drwxr-xr-x 4 www-data 4.0K Oct 24 16:39 . drwxr-xr-x 14 root 4.0K Oct 10 16:58 .. drwxrwxr-x 9 www-data 4.0K Oct 23 04:03 admin.mywebsite.com drwxrwxr-x 2 www-data 4.0K Oct 4 00:29 mywebsite.com drwxrwxr-x 9 www-data 4.0K Oct 23 04:03 staging.mywebsite.com

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• Should I cache the data or hit the database?

  - by JD01

  I have not worked with any caching mechanisms and was wondering what my options are in the .net world for the following scenario. We basically have a a REST Service where the user passes an ID of a Category (think folder) and this category may have lots of sub categories and each of the sub categories could have 1000 of media containers (think file reference objects) which contain information about a file that may be on a NAS or SAN server (files are videos in this case). The relationship between these categories is stored in a database together with some permission rules and meta data about the sub categories. So from a UI perspective we have a lazy loaded tree control which is driven by the user by clicking on each sub folder (think of Windows explorer). Once they come to a URL of the video file, they then can watch the video. The number of users could grow into the 1000s and the sub categories and videos could be in the 10000s as the system grows. The question is should we carry on the way it is currently working where each request hits the database or should we think about caching the data? We are on using IIS 6/7 and Asp.net.

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• OpenOffice Calc: How can I count the number of different items with data pilot?

  - by manu

  Hi all, I have a rather long spreadsheet with historical information of issues solved by some user on a colaborative environment. The spreadsheet have the following (relevant) columns date, week no., project, author id, etc... The week no. is calculated from the date, is basically the year concatenated with the week number within that year; for instance, both 2009-02-18 and 2009-02-20 yield the week number 200908 - the 8th week of year 2009; and 2009-02-23 yields 200909 - the 9th week of year 2009. I need to count how many different users (given by author id) contributed to some project, on a weekly basis. I have setup a data pilot with the week as Row Field, the project as the Column Field, and count-author as the Data Field. However, this counts the author id as different instances. This is not what I need. I need to count how many different users contributed to each project on a weekly basis. I expect to get something like: projects week Project1 Project2 Project3 200901 10 2 200902 2 7 Each inner cell containing how many different users contributed. With the count-author configuration, what I get is how many contributions (total) got the project on that week. Is there a way to tell OpenOffice Calc to do what I want?

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• What is the right way to Windows 7/Ubuntu 10.10 Dual-Triple Boot Partitioning for Laptop OEM?

  - by Denja

  Hi Linux Community, I find my self struggling with the ever slow and buggy windoze OS once again. It's Time to change with the Ubuntu 10.10 64bit as a really faster Operating System. My Hard Disk laptop as a RECOVERY and HP_TOOLS partition they are both Primary. I Have the System Recovery DVD for Windows 64bit should anything happen. Here's the layout I used with windows before: * (C:) Windows 7 system partition NTFS - 284,89GB (Primary,Boot,Pagefile,Dump) * HP_TOOLS system partition FAT32 - 99MB (Primary) * (D:) RECOVERY partition NTFS - 12,90GB (Primary) * SYSTEM partition NTFS 199MB (Primary) Here's the layout I want to make based on your answers * (C:) Windows 7 system partition NTFS - 60GB (Primary) (sda1) * (D:) Windows DATA partition (user files) NTFS - 120GB(Primary)(sda2);wanna share with Linux * Linux root Ext4 - 100GB (Primary)(sda3) (Ubuntu 10.10 64bit) * Linux swap swap- RAM size, 3GB (sda4) * Linux root Ext3- 15,9GB (Extended)(sda5) (OpenSuse or Puppy) Here is my New Ubuntu 10.10 64bit layout in use now: * SYSTEM partition NTFS 199MB (Primary) (sda1) **Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.(?)** * (C:) Windows 7 system partition NTFS - 90GB (Primary) (sda2) * (D:) Windows 7 RECOVERY partition NTFS - 12,90GB (Primary) (sda3) * Linux system partition EXTENDED - 195GB (Logical) * Linux root Ext4- 10GB (Extended) (sda5) * Linux home Ext3- 185GB (Extended) (sda6) I didn't know if I could wipe all previous partitions when i installed Ubuntu because of the RECOVERY partition so I just made the space for my extended partition by deleting the HP_TOOLS (Fat32). By doing this I managed to make and successfully install Ubuntu 64 but I couldn't actually make the partition for the swap or a third Linux OS. Question 1: What is the right way to Windows 7/Ubuntu 10.10 Dual-Triple Boot Partitioning for Laptop OEM?? Thank you in advance for your advises and suggestions and Happy New Year to All!!

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• How to handle Real Time Data from a database perspective?

  - by balexandre

  I have an idea in mind, but it still confuses me the database area. Imagine that I want to show real time data, and using one of the latest browser technologies (web sockets - even using older browsers) it is very easy to show to all observables (user browser) what everyone is doing. Remy Sharp has an example about the simplicity about this. But I still don't get the database part, how would I feed, let's imagine (using Remy game Tron) that I want to save the path for each connected user in a database and if a client wants to see what is going on with a 5 sec delay, he will see that, not only the 5 sec until that moment but the continuation in time ... how can I query a DB like that? SELECT x, y FROM run WHERE time >= DATEADD(second, -5, rundate); is not the recommended path right? and pulling this x in x time ... this is not real data feed correct? If can someone help me understand the Database point of view, I would greatly appreciate.

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• Where to put business logic in MVC design?

  - by BriskLabs Pakistan

  I have created a simple MVC java application that adds records through data forms to a database. my app collects data, it also validates it and stores it. This is because the data is being sourced online from different users. the data is mostly numeric in nature. now on the numeric data being stored into database (SQL server) , i wish that my app should be able to perform computations... and display it. the user is not interested in how computations are done so they must be encapsulated. the user must only be able to view the simple computed data which for example A column data - B Column data / C column data etc... and just display it to the user... i know how to write stored procedures for same but i want a 3 tier app I want the data, that I put into the database as a record, worked upon by performing calculations on it. However, the original data should remain unaffected, while the new data, post-calculations, must be stored as a new entity record into the database. Where should I write the code for this background calculation? As it is the rules and business logic... in a new java beans files ?

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• Help parsing long (3.5mil lines) text file, line by line and storing data, need a strategy

  - by Jarrod

  This is a question about solving a particular problem I am struggling with, I am parsing a long list of text data, line by line for a business app in PHP (cron script on the CLI). The file follows the format: HD: Some text here {text here too} DC: A description here DC: the description continues here DC: and it ends here. DT: 2012-08-01 HD: Next header here {supplemental text} ... this repeats over and over for a few hundred megs I have to read each line, parse out the HD: line and grab the text on this line. I then compare this text against data stored in a database. When a match is found, I want to then record the following DC: lines that succeed the matched HD:. Pseudo code: while ( the_file_pointer_isnt_end_of_file) { line = getCurrentLineFromFile title = parseTitleFrom(line) matched = searchForMatchInDB(line) if ( matched ) { recordTheDCLines // <- Best way to do this? } } My problem is that because I am reading line by line, what is the best way to trigger the script to start saving DC lines, and then when they are finished save them to the database? I have a vague idea, but have yet to properly implement it. I would love to hear the communities ideas\suggestions! Thank you.

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• How to deal with data on the model specific to the technology being used?

  - by user1620696

  There are some cases where some of the data on a class of the domain model of an application seems to be dependent on the technology being used. One example of this is the following: suppose we are building one application in .NET such that there's the need of an Employee class. Suppose further that we are going to implement relational database, then the Employee has a primary key right? So that the classe would be something like public class Employee { public int EmployeeID { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } ... } Now, that EmployeeID is dependent on the technology right? That's something that has to do with the way we've choose to persist our data. Should we write down a class independent of such things? If we do it this way, how should we work? I think I would need to map all the time between domain model and persistence specific types, but I'm not sure.

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• FILESTREAM in SQL Server 2008 R2

  - by CatherineRussell

  Much data is unstructured, such as text documents, images, and videos. This unstructured data is often stored outside the database, separate from its structured data. This separation can cause data management complexities. Or, if the data is associated with structured storage, the file streaming capabilities and performance can be limited. FILESTREAM integrates the SQL Server Database Engine with an NTFS file system by storing varbinary(max) binary large object (BLOB) data as files on the file system. Transact-SQL statements can insert, update, query, search, and back up FILESTREAM data. Win32 file system interfaces provide streaming access to the data. FILESTREAM uses the NT system cache for caching file data. This helps reduce any effect that FILESTREAM data might have on Database Engine performance. The SQL Server buffer pool is not used; therefore, this memory is available for query processing. FILESTREAM data is not encrypted even when transparent data encryption is enabled. To read more, go to: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb933993.aspx

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• What sort of data should be sent for mouse-based movement in a multiplayer game?

  - by Daniel

  I'm new to the Multiplayer Rodeo here so please bear with me... I am just getting started and I'm trying to figure out how to deal with movement. I've looked at the question Best way to implement mouse-based movement in MMOG which gives me a pretty good idea, but I'm still struggling with what kind of data should be sent to the server. If a player is on position [x:0, y:0] and I click with the mouse on [x:40, y:40] to start movement, what information should I send to the server? Should I calculate the position based on velocity on client side and just send the expected location? Or should I send current location and velocity and direction? When the server is updating the clients on the players' whereabouts, should the position be sent only, and the clients expected to interpolate/predict movement, or can the direction sent from the client (instead of just coordinates) be used. My concern(or confusion) is regarding the ping/lag frequency of data update and use of a predictive algorithm, as I'd like the movement to be smooth even with a high latency, and prevent ability to cheat(though that's not the top priority).

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• Architecture Question

  - by katie77

  I am writing a rules/eligibility Module. I have 2 sets of data, one is the customer data and the other is the customer products data. Customer data to Customer products data is one to many. Now I have to go through a set of Eligibility rules for each of this Customer product data. For each customer products data, I can say the customer is eligible for that product or decline the eligibility and should move on to the next product record. So in all the rules, I need to have access to customer and customer product data(the particular record that the rules are being executed against). Since all the rules can either approve a product or decline a product, I created an interface with those 2 methods and is implementing the this interface for all the rules. I am passing the Customer data and one product data for all the rules (because rules should be executed on each row of customer product data). An Ideal situation would be having the customer and customer product data available for the rule instead of passing them to each rule. What is the best way of doing this in-terms of architecture?

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• WCF errors in VS 2010/.Net 4 using sample publish/subscribe app from IDesign website

  - by Bill

  I am attempting to compile/run a sample WCF application from Juval Lowy's website (author of Programming WCF Services & founder of IDesign). The application is an example of a publish/subscribe 'traffic-light' application that requires using VS 2010/.Net 4. This is my first attempt at using anything other than VS 2008/Net 3.5. Initially I recieved the following binding error: "Configuration binding extension 'system.serviceModel/bindings/ netOnewayRelayBinding' could not be found." This error appeared to be resolved by amending the .Net 4 machine.config file, to incorporate the following references from the .Net 2 machine.config file. <xml> <bindingElementExtensions> <add name="tcpRelayTransport" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.TcpRelayTransportElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="httpRelayTransport" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.HttpRelayTransportElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="httpsRelayTransport" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.HttpsRelayTransportElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="onewayRelayTransport" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.RelayedOnewayTransportElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="webMessageEncoding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.WebMessageEncodingElement, System.ServiceModel.Web, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/> <add name="context" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.ContextBindingElementExtensionElement, System.ServiceModel, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"/> <add name="byteStreamMessageEncoding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.ByteStreamMessageEncodingElement, System.ServiceModel.Channels, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/> <add name="discoveryClient" type="System.ServiceModel.Discovery.Configuration.DiscoveryClientElement, System.ServiceModel.Discovery, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/> </bindingElementExtensions> <bindingExtensions> <add name="webHttpBinding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.WebHttpBindingCollectionElement, System.ServiceModel.Web, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/> <add name="basicHttpContextBinding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.BasicHttpContextBindingCollectionElement, System.ServiceModel, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"/> <add name="basicHttpRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.BasicHttpRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="webHttpRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.WebHttpRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="ws2007HttpRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.WS2007HttpRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="netTcpRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.NetTcpRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="netOnewayRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.NetOnewayRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" /> <add name="netEventRelayBinding" type="Microsoft.ServiceBus.Configuration.NetEventRelayBindingCollectionElement, Microsoft.ServiceBus, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/> <add name="wsHttpContextBinding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.WSHttpContextBindingCollectionElement, System.ServiceModel, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"/> <add name="netTcpContextBinding" type="System.ServiceModel.Configuration.NetTcpContextBindingCollectionElement, System.ServiceModel, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"/> </bindingExtensions> Unfortunately running the application results in the following security error: An error occurred creating the configuration section handler for system.serviceModel/client: That assembly does not allow partially trusted callers. (\TrafficLights\TrafficController\bin\Debug\TrafficController.vshost.exe.Config line 4) The sample source code is available for download at the following link: http://www.idesign.net/idesign/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=-1&tabid=19&download=226 I know that Juval's code is not at fault here and that it must be something I'm doing wrong with my VS 2010 configuration. I have not been able to find a solution online. Could someone please steer me in the right direction as to how best to deal with this issue?

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• Architecture for a business objects / database access layer

  - by gregmac

  For various reasons, we are writing a new business objects/data storage library. One of the requirements of this layer is to separate the logic of the business rules, and the actual data storage layer. It is possible to have multiple data storage layers that implement access to the same object - for example, a main "database" data storage source that implements most objects, and another "ldap" source that implements a User object. In this scenario, User can optionally come from an LDAP source, perhaps with slightly different functionality (eg, not possible to save/update the User object), but otherwise it is used by the application the same way. Another data storage type might be a web service, or an external database. There are two main ways we are looking at implementing this, and me and a co-worker disagree on a fundamental level which is correct. I'd like some advice on which one is the best to use. I'll try to keep my descriptions of each as neutral as possible, as I'm looking for some objective view points here. Business objects are base classes, and data storage objects inherit business objects. Client code deals with data storage objects. In this case, common business rules are inherited by each data storage object, and it is the data storage objects that are directly used by the client code. This has the implication that client code determines which data storage method to use for a given object, because it has to explicitly declare an instance to that type of object. Client code needs to explicitly know connection information for each data storage type it is using. If a data storage layer implements different functionality for a given object, client code explicitly knows about it at compile time because the object looks different. If the data storage method is changed, client code has to be updated. Business objects encapsulate data storage objects. In this case, business objects are directly used by client application. Client application passes along base connection information to business layer. Decision about which data storage method a given object uses is made by business object code. Connection information would be a chunk of data taken from a config file (client app does not really know/care about details of it), which may be a single connection string for a database, or several pieces connection strings for various data storage types. Additional data storage connection types could also be read from another spot - eg, a configuration table in a database that specifies URLs to various web services. The benefit here is that if a new data storage method is added to an existing object, a configuration setting can be set at runtime to determine which method to use, and it is completely transparent to the client applications. Client apps do not need to be modified if data storage method for a given object changes. Business objects are base classes, data source objects inherit from business objects. Client code deals primarily with base classes. This is similar to the first method, but client code declares variables of the base business object types, and Load()/Create()/etc static methods on the business objects return the appropriate data source-typed objects. The architecture of this solution is similar to the first method, but the main difference is the decision about which data storage object to use for a given business object is made by the business layer, not the client code. I know there are already existing ORM libraries that provide some of this functionality, but please discount those for now (there is the possibility that a data storage layer is implemented with one of these ORM libraries) - also note I'm deliberately not telling you what language is being used here, other than that it is strongly typed. I'm looking for some general advice here on which method is better to use (or feel free to suggest something else), and why.

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• Windows authentication - MVC 2 ASP.Net

  - by bergin

  Hi there Having real problems moving my app over to windows authentication. the sql error messages are to do with problems creating in the aspnetdb.mdf file. I'm wondering whether the connection string is at fault or other elements of the web.config I have windows authentication set in IIS. web.config: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!-- For more information on how to configure your ASP.NET application, please visit http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=152368 --> <configuration> <connectionStrings> <add name="ApplicationServices" connectionString="data source=.\SQLEXPRESS;Integrated Security=SSPI;AttachDBFilename=|DataDirectory|ASPNETDB.MDF;User Instance=true" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> <add name="orderbaseConnectionString" connectionString="Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=|DataDirectory|\orderbase.mdf;Integrated Security=True;User Instance=True" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> </connectionStrings> <system.web> <compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.0"> <assemblies> <add assembly="System.Web.Abstractions, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" /> <add assembly="System.Web.Routing, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" /> <add assembly="System.Web.Mvc, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" /> </assemblies> </compilation> <authentication mode="windows"> </authentication> <membership> <providers> <clear/> <add name="AspNetSqlMembershipProvider" type="System.Web.Security.SqlMembershipProvider" connectionStringName="ApplicationServices" enablePasswordRetrieval="false" enablePasswordReset="true" requiresQuestionAndAnswer="false" requiresUniqueEmail="false" maxInvalidPasswordAttempts="5" minRequiredPasswordLength="6" minRequiredNonalphanumericCharacters="0" passwordAttemptWindow="10" applicationName="/" /> </providers> </membership> <profile> <providers> <clear/> <add name="AspNetSqlProfileProvider" type="System.Web.Profile.SqlProfileProvider" connectionStringName="ApplicationServices" applicationName="/" /> </providers> </profile> <roleManager enabled="true"> <providers> <clear /> <add connectionStringName="ApplicationServices" applicationName="/" name="AspNetSqlRoleProvider" type="System.Web.Security.SqlRoleProvider" /> <add applicationName="/" name="AspNetWindowsTokenRoleProvider" type="System.Web.Security.WindowsTokenRoleProvider" /> </providers> </roleManager> <pages> <namespaces> <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" /> <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" /> <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" /> <add namespace="System.Web.Routing" /> </namespaces> </pages> </system.web> <system.webServer> <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false"/> <modules runAllManagedModulesForAllRequests="true"/> </system.webServer> <runtime> <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"> <dependentAssembly> <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Mvc" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" /> <bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0" newVersion="2.0.0.0" /> </dependentAssembly> </assemblyBinding> </runtime> </configuration>

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• Survey Data Model - How to avoid EAV and excessive denormalization?

  - by AlexDPC

  Hi everyone, My database skills are mediocre at best and I have to design a data model for survey data. I have spent some thoughts on this and right now I feel that I am stuck between some kind of EAV model and a design involving hundreds of tables, each with hundreds of columns (and thousands of records). There must be a better way to do this and I hope that the wise folks on this forum can help me. I have already searched various forums, but I couldn't really find a solution. If it has already been given elsewhere, please excuse me and provide me with a link so I can read it up. Some assumptions about the data I have to deal with: Each survey consists of 1 to n questionnaires Each questionnaire consists of 100-2,000 questions (please ignore that 2,000 questions really sound like a lot to answer...) Questions can be of various types: multiple-choice, free text, a number (like age, income, percentages, ...) Each survey involves 10-200 countries (These are not the respondents. The respondents are actually people in the countries.) Depending on the type of questionnaire, each questionnaire is answered by 100-20,000 respondents per country. A country can adapt the questionnaires for a survey, i.e. add, remove or edit questions The data for one country is gathered in a separate database in that country. There is no possibility for online integration from the start. The data for all countries has to be integrated later. This means for example, if a country has deleted a question, that data must somehow be derived from what they sent in order to achieve a uniform design across all countries I will have to write the integration and cleaning software, which will need to work with every country's data In the end the data needs to be exported to flat files, one rectangular grid per country and questionnaire. I have already discussed this topic with people from various backgrounds and have not come to a good solution yet. I mainly got two kinds of opinions. The domain experts, who are used to working with flat files (spreadsheet-style) for data processing and analysis vote for a denormalized structure with loads of tables and columns as I described above (1 table per country and questionnaire). This sounds terrible to me, because I learned that wide tables are to be avoided, it will be annoying to determine which columns are actually in a table when working with it, the database will become cluttered with hundreds of tables (or I even need to set up multiple databases, each with a similar yet a bit differetn design), etc. O-O-programmers vote for a strongly "normalized" design, which would effectively lead to a central table containing all the answers from all respondents to all questions. This table would either need to contain a column of type sql_variant type or multiple answer columns with different types to store answers of different types (multiple choice, free text, ..). The former would essentially be a EAV model. I tend to follow Joe Celko here, who strongly discourages its use (he calls it OTLT or "One True Lookup Table"). The latter would imply that each row would contain null cells for the not applicable types by design. Another alternative I could think of would be to create one table per answer type, i.e., one for multiple-choice questions, one for free text questions, etc.. That's not so generic, it would lead to a lot of union joins, I think and I would have to add a table if a new answer type is invented. Sorry for boring you with all this text and thank you for your input! Cheers, Alex PS: I asked the same question here: http://www.eggheadcafe.com/community/aspnet/13/10242616/survey-data-model--how-to-avoid-eav-and-excessive-denormalization.aspx

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• Remove redundant xml namespaces from soapenv:Body

  - by drachenstern

  If you can tell me the magic google term that instantly gives me clarification, that would be helpful. Here's the part that's throwing an issue when I try to manually deserialize from a string: xsi:type="ns1:errorObject" xmlns:ns1="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" xsi:type="ns2:errorObject" xmlns:ns2="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" xsi:type="ns3:errorObject" xmlns:ns3="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" Here's how I'm deserializing by hand to test it: (in an aspx.cs page with a label on the front to display the value in that I can verify by reading source) (second block of XML duplicates the first but without the extra namespaces) using System; using System.IO; using System.Text; using System.Xml; using System.Xml.Serialization; public partial class test : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { string sourceXml = @"<?xml version=""1.0""?> <InitiateActivityResponse xmlns=""http://www.example.org/Version_3.0""> <InitiateActivityResult> <errorObject errorString=""string 1"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.775Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object1"" xsi:type=""ns1:errorObject"" xmlns:ns1=""http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"" /> <errorObject errorString=""string 2"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.791Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object2"" xsi:type=""ns2:errorObject"" xmlns:ns2=""http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"" /> <errorObject errorString=""string 3"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.806Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object3"" xsi:type=""ns3:errorObject"" xmlns:ns3=""http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"" /> </InitiateActivityResult> </InitiateActivityResponse> "; sourceXml = @"<?xml version=""1.0""?> <InitiateActivityResponse xmlns=""http://www.example.org/Version_3.0""> <InitiateActivityResult> <errorObject errorString=""string 1"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.775Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object1"" /> <errorObject errorString=""string 2"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.791Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object2"" /> <errorObject errorString=""string 3"" eventTime=""2010-05-21T21:19:15.806Z"" nounType=""Object"" objectID=""object3"" /> </InitiateActivityResult> </InitiateActivityResponse> "; InitiateActivityResponse fragment = new InitiateActivityResponse(); Type t = typeof( InitiateActivityResponse ); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); TextWriter textWriter = new StringWriter( sb ); TextReader textReader = new StringReader( sourceXml ); XmlTextReader xmlTextReader = new XmlTextReader( textReader ); XmlSerializer xmlSerializer = new XmlSerializer( t ); object obj = xmlSerializer.Deserialize( xmlTextReader ); fragment = (InitiateActivityResponse)obj; xmlSerializer.Serialize( textWriter, fragment ); //I have a field on my public page that I write to from sb.ToString(); } } Consuming a webservice, I have a class like thus: (all examples foreshortened to as little as possible to show the problem, if boilerplate is missing, my apologies) (this is where I think I want to remove the troublespot) [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThroughAttribute()] [System.ComponentModel.DesignerCategoryAttribute( "code" )] [System.Web.Services.WebServiceBindingAttribute( Name = "MyServerSoapSoapBinding", Namespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" )] public partial class MyServer : System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol { public MsgHeader msgHeader { get; set; } public MyServer () { this.Url = "localAddressOmittedOnPurpose"; } [System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHeaderAttribute( "msgHeader" )] [System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapDocumentMethodAttribute( "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0/InitiateActivity", RequestNamespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0", ResponseNamespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0", Use = System.Web.Services.Description.SoapBindingUse.Literal, ParameterStyle = System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapParameterStyle.Wrapped )] [return: System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute( "InitiateActivityResponse" )] public InitiateActivityResponse InitiateActivity(string inputVar) { object[] results = Invoke( "InitiateActivity", new object[] { inputVar } ); return ( (InitiateActivityResponse)( results[0] ) ); } } Class descriptions [System.SerializableAttribute] [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThroughAttribute] [System.ComponentModel.DesignerCategoryAttribute( "code" )] [XmlType( Namespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0", TypeName = "InitiateActivityResponse" )] [XmlRoot( Namespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" )] public class InitiateActivityResponse { [XmlArray( ElementName = "InitiateActivityResult", IsNullable = true )] [XmlArrayItem( ElementName = "errorObject", IsNullable = false )] public errorObject[] errorObject { get; set; } } [System.SerializableAttribute] [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThroughAttribute] [System.ComponentModel.DesignerCategoryAttribute( "code" )] [XmlTypeAttribute( Namespace = "http://www.example.org/Version_3.0" )] public class errorObject { private string _errorString; private System.DateTime _eventTime; private bool _eventTimeSpecified; private string _nounType; private string _objectID; [XmlAttributeAttribute] public string errorString { get { return _errorString; } set { _errorString = value; } } [XmlAttributeAttribute] public System.DateTime eventTime { get { return _eventTime; } set { _eventTime = value; } } [XmlIgnoreAttribute] public bool eventTimeSpecified { get { return _eventTimeSpecified; } set { _eventTimeSpecified = value; } } [XmlAttributeAttribute] public string nounType { get { return _nounType; } set { _nounType = value; } } [XmlAttributeAttribute] public string objectID { get { return _objectID; } set { _objectID = value; } } } SOAP as it's being received (as seen by Fiddler2) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <soapenv:Header> <MsgHeader soapenv:actor="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/actor/next" soapenv:mustUnderstand="0" AppName="AppName" AppVersion="1.0" Company="Company" Pwd="" UserID="" xmlns="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"/> </soapenv:Header> <soapenv:Body> <InitiateActivityResponse xmlns="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"> <InitiateActivityResult> <errorObject errorString="Explanatory string for request 1" eventTime="2010-05-24T21:21:37.477Z" nounType="Object" objectID="12345" xsi:type="ns1:errorObject" xmlns:ns1="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"/> <errorObject errorString="Explanatory string for request 2" eventTime="2010-05-24T21:21:37.493Z" nounType="Object" objectID="45678" xsi:type="ns2:errorObject" xmlns:ns2="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"/> <errorObject errorString="Explanatory string for request 3" eventTime="2010-05-24T21:21:37.508Z" nounType="Object" objectID="98765" xsi:type="ns3:errorObject" xmlns:ns3="http://www.example.org/Version_3.0"/> </InitiateActivityResult> </InitiateActivityResponse> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> Okay, what should I have not omitted? No I won't post the WSDL, it's hosted behind a firewall, for a vertical stack product. No, I can't change the data sender. Is this somehow automagically handled elsewhere and I just don't know what I don't know? I think I want to do some sort of message sink leading into this method, to intercept the soapenv:Body, but obviously this is for errors, so I'm not going to get errors every time. I'm not entirely sure how to handle this, but some pointers would be nice.

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• What scalability problems have you solved using a NoSQL data store?

  - by knorv

  NoSQL refers to non-relational data stores that break with the history of relational databases and ACID guarantees. Popular open source NoSQL data stores include: Cassandra (tabular, written in Java, used by Facebook, Twitter, Digg, Rackspace, Mahalo and Reddit) CouchDB (document, written in Erlang, used by Engine Yard and BBC) Dynomite (key-value, written in C++, used by Powerset) HBase (key-value, written in Java, used by Bing) Hypertable (tabular, written in C++, used by Baidu) Kai (key-value, written in Erlang) MemcacheDB (key-value, written in C, used by Reddit) MongoDB (document, written in C++, used by Sourceforge, Github, Electronic Arts and NY Times) Neo4j (graph, written in Java, used by Swedish Universities) Project Voldemort (key-value, written in Java, used by LinkedIn) Redis (key-value, written in C, used by Engine Yard, Github and Craigslist) Riak (key-value, written in Erlang, used by Comcast and Mochi Media) Ringo (key-value, written in Erlang, used by Nokia) Scalaris (key-value, written in Erlang, used by OnScale) ThruDB (document, written in C++, used by JunkDepot.com) Tokyo Cabinet/Tokyo Tyrant (key-value, written in C, used by Mixi.jp (Japanese social networking site)) I'd like to know about specific problems you - the SO reader - have solved using data stores and what NoSQL data store you used. Questions: What scalability problems have you used NoSQL data stores to solve? What NoSQL data store did you use? What database did you use before switching to a NoSQL data store? I'm looking for first-hand experiences, so please do not answer unless you have that.

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• jQuery's getScript and the local file system-- limitations/alternatives?

  - by user210099

  Right now I'm working on a help-system which is based on a local file system. It is intended to be shipped with a product which is not used on internet-enabled machines, so it must be a stand alone webpage, without any dependencies on a web server. This introduces a few challenges. Namely, the directory structure that the files exist in require navigating "up and over" to access some .js files which are required to display the help system. This use to be implemented using the jQuery getScript function, but I have ran into some problems using this on the local file system. At first glance, it seemed that if my webpage was being served out of the C:/dev/webpage/html/ directory, and the files I needed were in C:/dev/webpage/js/(topic)/file.js, I could just build an absolute path (file:///...) and pass that into the getScript function. However, after testing this, it does not seem that the getScript function will let me go up a level from the html directory (where the html file is located which has the main code for the webpage). Unfortunately, I can not change the directory structure, nor can I change the .js file structure/format. Is there an alternative for loading/executing javascript files that are in a file structure where I need to go "up and over"? Thanks,

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• Should an Event that has no arguments define its own custom EventArgs or simply use System.EventArgs

  - by Mike Rosenblum

  I have an event that is currently defined with no event arguments. That is, the EventArgs it sends is EventArgs.Empty. In this case, it is simplest to declare my Event handler as: EventHandler<System.EventArgs> MyCustomEvent; I do not plan on adding any event arguments to this event, but it is possible that any code could need to change in the future. Therefore, I am leaning towards having all my events always create an empty event args type that inheretis from System.EventArgs, even if there are no event args currently needed. Something like this: public class MyCustomEventArgs : EventArgs { } And then my event definition becomes the following: EventHandler<MyCustomEventArgs> MyCustomEvent; So my question is this: is it better to define my own MyCustomEventArgs, even if it does not add anything beyond inheriting from System.EventArgs, so that event arguments could be added in the future more easily? Or is it better to explicitly define my event as returning System.EventArgs, so that it is clearer to the user that there are no extra event args? I am leaning towards creating custom event arguments for all my events, even if the event arguments are empty. But I was wondering if others thought that making it clearer to the user that the event arguments are empty would be better? Much thanks in advance, Mike

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