Efficient inline templates and C++
- by Darryl Gove
I've talked before about calling inline templates from C++, I've also talked about calling inline templates efficiently. This time I want to talk about efficiently calling inline templates from C++.
The obvious starting point is that I need to declare the inline templates as being extern "C":
extern "C"
{
int mytemplate(int);
}
This enables us to call it, but the call may not be very efficient because the compiler will treat it as a function call, and may produce suboptimal code based on that premise. So we need to add the no_side_effect pragma:
extern "C"
{
int mytemplate(int);
#pragma no_side_effect(mytemplate)
}
However, this may still not produce optimal code. We've discussed how the no_side_effect pragma cannot be combined with exceptions, well we know that the code cannot produce exceptions, but the compiler doesn't know that. If we tell the compiler that information it may be able to produce even better code. We can do this by adding the "throw()" keyword to the template declaration:
extern "C"
{
int mytemplate(int) throw();
#pragma no_side_effect(mytemplate)
}
The following is an example of how these changes might improve performance. We can take our previous example code and migrate it to C++, adding the use of a try...catch construct:
#include <iostream
extern "C"
{
int lzd(int);
#pragma no_side_effect(lzd)
}
int a;
int c=0;
class myclass
{
int routine();
};
int myclass::routine()
{
try
{
for(a=0; a<1000; a++)
{
c=lzd(c);
}
}
catch(...)
{
std::cout << "Something happened" << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
Compiling this produces a slightly suboptimal code sequence in the hot loop:
$ CC -O -xtarget=T4 -S t.cpp t.il
...
/* 0x0014 23 */ lzd %o0,%o0
/* 0x0018 21 */ add %l6,1,%l6
/* 0x001c */ cmp %l6,1000
/* 0x0020 */ bl,pt %icc,.L77000033
/* 0x0024 23 */ st %o0,[%l7]
There's a store in the delay slot of the branch, so we're repeatedly storing data back to memory. If we change the function declaration to include "throw()", we get better code:
$ CC -O -xtarget=T4 -S t.cpp t.il
...
/* 0x0014 21 */ add %i1,1,%i1
/* 0x0018 23 */ lzd %o0,%o0
/* 0x001c 21 */ cmp %i1,999
/* 0x0020 */ ble,pt %icc,.L77000019
/* 0x0024 */ nop
The store has gone, but the code is still suboptimal - there's a nop in the delay slot rather than useful work. However, it's good enough for this example. The point I'm making is that the compiler produces the better code with both the "throw()" and the no side effect pragma.
