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• How Spanning Tree Protocol detects Loops

  - by AMIT

  For last few days I've been reading about Spanning Tree Protocol ,L2 protocol and understood how it prevents loop in network ,various steps in STP but one thing i wanted to know how STP actually detects the loops in network so that it can prevent it.Somewhere I read STP uses BPDU as probe and detects loops I mean how it happen is when switch send a BPDU with Destination Address as multicast and receive same BPDU again mean there is loop in network . But is it how STP detects loops in network?

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• Is there good FAT driver for FUSE? (Lightweight, not mountlo)

  - by Vi

  FUSE filesystem list show some FuseFat and FatFuse. Both are old, FatFuse is read-only , FuseFat is non-buildable and probably depends on glib. Now I'm using mountlo for the task (mounting USB drives in generic way without root access or suid things (except of fusermount itself)), but it looks too big for such task. Is there good vfat FUSE driver?

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• Where is the root

  - by smwikipedia

  I read the manual page of the "mount" command, at it reads as below: All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree. My question is: Where is this "big tree" located?

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• What are some potential uses of Asterisk (PBX) for a "power user"

  - by user144182

  So I read a lot of good things about Asterisk. I am not however looking to run a call center or small business setup. I am still interested what potential uses it has for me as a "power user" and what features I could harness for my communication needs. I'll throw out that I currently use other technologies like Google Voice, Skype, and a cellphone of course. So, what potential uses, if any, could Asterisk PBX have for a user like me?

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• Move Items per rule after they are one day old

  - by Jeff F.

  I'm not even sure if this is possible with Outlook's current rule set but I thought I'd ask. I'd like emails that meet certain characteristics to automatically be moved from my inbox after they are a day old. I get a lot of notification emails that I end up having to remove the next day manually since I get new ones to replace them each day. So a rule would be like: If the email is from [email protected] and older then 1 day move to already read folder.

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• Choosing parts for a high-spec custom PC - feedback required [closed]

  - by James

  I'm looking to build a high-spec PC costing under ~£800 (bearing in mind I can get the CPU half price). This is my first time doing this so I have plenty of questions! I have been doing lots of research and this is what I have come up with: http://pcpartpicker.com/uk/p/j4lE Usage: I will be using it for Adobe CS6, rendering in 3DS Max, particle simulations in Realflow and for playing games like GTA IV (and V when it comes out), Crysis 1/2, Saints Row The Third, Deus Ex HR, etc. Questions: Can you see any obvious problem areas with the current setup? Will it be sufficient for the above usage? I won't be doing any overclocking initially. Is it worth buying the H60 liquid cooler, or will the fan that comes with the CPU be sufficient? Is water cooling generally quieter? Is the chosen motherboard good for the current components? And is it future-proof? I read that the HDD is often the bottleneck when it comes to gaming. I presume this is true to other high-end applications? If so, is my selection good? I keep changing my mind about the GPU; first the 560, now the 660. Can anyone shed some light on how to choose? I read mixed opinions about matching the GPU to the CPU. Will the 560 or the 660 be sufficient for my required usage? Atm I'm basing my choice on the PassMark benchmarks and how much they cost. The specs on the GeForce website state that the 560 and the 660 both require 450W. Is this a good figure to base the wattage of my PSU on? If so, how do you decide? Do I really need 750W? The latest GTX 690 requires 650W. Is it a good idea to buy a 750W PSU now to future-proof myself?

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• Are filesystem operations a function of the kernel?

  - by hydroparadise

  I suppose the question would be OS specific, so I'll take the following scenarios: Winodows (NTFS) OSX (HFS) Linux (ext2,ext3,ext4) Each operating system has it's default filesystem it operates os (OSX, I beleive, only has the one choice available). I've noticed some utilities out there for OS's to read different file systems (which obvisouly is NOT apart of the kernel), which got me thinking: Are filesystem operations a function of a driver (ie, potentially modular), or is it truly apart of the kernel?

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• Limiting nproc in an upstart job

  - by Kevin Schmid

  What exactly does the stanza limit nproc 20 20 in an Upstart job do? I've read the documentation here (http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Stanzas#limit), and it seems like it would limit nproc for any process related to the job. However, I don't see this effect when I've added this to my job's conf file - in this specific case, I've confirmed that my test job's single process was able to fork more than 20 child processes. Any advice? Thanks.

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• Why Photoshop CS5's photomerge's result immediately disappear?

  - by koiyu

  I have a bunch of JPG-files which I want to stitch together with Photoshop's Photomerge function. I choose File → Automate → Photomerge... and browse for the files. Photoshop opens the files and starts analyzing. I see the process bar filling and different phases are mentioned on the process bar. Nothing weird there. When the merging is done (and if I don't blink my eyes), I can see layers-palette is populated with the chosen files and, by quickly judging from the layer thumbnails, they're properly aligned. Sometimes the image window itself can be seen, but not always. Problem is that the layers and the image disappear in a flash. There is no error message. Everything is like prior starting the photomerge. No file has been changed. I could continue to use Photoshop normally. This is what I've tried so far: Loaded folder which has 38 JPG images, 4272 x 2848 and ˜ 5 megabytes per file Loaded the same files, but chose Use Files instead of Use Folder in the photomerge's window Loaded 19 JPG images, 4272 x 2848 and ˜ 5 megabytes per file Loaded 10 JPG images, ⇑ see above Loaded 5 JPG images, see above Loaded 3 JPG images, see above Scaled the images to 2256 x 1504 and ˜< 1 megabytes per file Loaded in a set of 38, 19, 10, 5, 3 Following steps are tested with these smaller files and with a set of 5 images Read Adobe's forums and reduced the amount of RAM Photoshop uses gradually from ˜ 80 % to 50 % (though I didn't understand the logic behind this) Would've reduced cache tile size to 128K, but it was set so already Disabled OpenGL Scaled the images to 800 x 533 and ˜ 100 kilobytes per file, loaded a set of 5 Read more unanswered threads around the internet In between each test I closed and reopened Photoshop. This is the first time I've even tried using photomerge. Am I doing something wrong? How can I locate what is the problem? How do I fix this? Photoshop is 64 bit Extended CS5 version. I'm on a mid-2010 quad-core (i5) iMac with up-to-date Mac OS X 10.6.6. Edit: Weird. First loading the images into one file via File → Scripts → Load Files into Stack… and then using Edit → Auto-Align Layers…, which, effectively, is the same as photomerge (even the dialog looks kind of the same), works! Even with the original JPGs without any issues. This doesn't fix photomerge, though.

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• How can I run a (16-bit) .COM executable that has been renamed to .COS?

  - by max16bit

  I'm trying to run a couple of 16-bit legacy DOS programs from a standard windows XP dos prompt. The problem is that the file extensions have been renamed from .COM to .COS and they are stored on read-only media and I can't copy them (special environment). Any tips on how to invoke such files despite the weird extension? If they had been 32-bit EXEs, it wouldn't have been an issue running them even without their proper extensions, but with these COM files, I'm unable to find a way to run them.

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• How to map to Windows Server shares in Linux (Ubuntu) easily?

  - by TheCleaner

  I know how to get connected to a Windows share easy enough, and I've read how to change the fstab file to get it to mount at boot. The real question here is...can I create a few shortcuts on a common user desktop so that regardless of who logs into Ubuntu machine they can open that shortcut and it will open the Windows share? I would also need to allow AD credentials during login, so a link to that will help as well, but I'm sure I can search google for that part.

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• Is there such a thing as a persistent ram drive?

  - by Linus

  I have a laptop with a LAMP setup. The HDD is slow, which causes my unit tests to run slowly. I was wondering whether I could mount the web root the mysql database on some kind of ramdisk. From what I have read of ramdisks, they are non-persistent. Is there anyway to create a ramdisk that writes changes to an area of the hdd when shutting down and re-mounts the ramdisk on bootup?

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• How can I start new window in the same screen session automatically?

  - by Mato

  I read How can I start multiple screen sessions automatically?, but I don't understand the first accepted reply: screen -dmS "$SESSION_NAME" "$COMMAND" "$ARGUMENTS" In my case I need to automatically create one screen session for one script, and afterwards I need to create a new window in the same session for another script. Manually, I would: run screen enter command CTRL+A CTRL+C enter command CTRL+A CTRL+D How can I do this automatically in a script? A simple example would help me a lot. Thank you for replies.

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• LaTeX Editors

  - by thinkhard

  Whats the best LaTeX editor you've used, and what would you recommend someone read to understand and become proficient with authoring papers/books in LaTeX? Additionally, I have failed in migrating to this site from StackOverflow and ServerFault so I cannot create a new tag for this. Anyone with sufficient reputation may tag this question for me with LaTeX and edit this paragraph out.

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• Can I copy a cross compiler tool chain between systems (I did before)?

  - by Jamie

  I tested fairly extensively with Ubuntu 10.04 Beta 2 Server in a VM, and was able to simply copy (read tar x) a cross compiled tool chain from an Ubuntu 8.10 VM. I created the tar myself, which is essentially a lot of stuff in \usr\local. Now that I've got a bare metal installation of Ubuntu 10.04 proper, the copy isn't working. In particularly, I'm getting the error: $ arm-linux-gcc -bash: /usr/local/bin/arm-linux-gcc: No such file or directory I've got the systems side by side in SSH windows ... any suggestions?

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• Unable to view users and groups

  - by Ewr Xcerq

  I am using Centos5 running on a VMWare but whenever I choose to open the User Manager menu from System-Administration, an error message always displays The user database cannot be read. This problem is most likely caused by a mismatch between etc/passwd and /etc/shadow or /etc/group and /etc/gshadow/. The program will now exit. I am a Linux novice and have no idea how to fix this tiny issue. ANy help is thankful. Thank you.

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• How can I migrate all keyboard shortcuts from one mac to another?

  - by cwd

  I have a lot of custom keyboard shortcuts and will be migration Macs. I tested Migration Assistant and it did not seem to get these. I read somewhere that they are stored in the individual application's plist files in the ~/Library/Application Support folder but even after copying a few of these folders over the shortcuts do not seem to follow. How can I get all of the keyboard shortcuts migrated to a new mac?

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• Adding group + items in Windows Explorer's pop-up menu?

  - by OverTheRainbow

  An application I use regularly is command-line based, and I would like to add the most used commands in the Windows Explorer's context menu that pops up when right-clicking on a file or folder. From what I read, a lot of programs in that menu are COM applications. Is there an easier way to add commands to the menu, as an alternative to opening a DOS box and typing commands? Ideally, it should work for XP, Vista, and 7.

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• "Upgrading" SQL Server 2008 180-day Evaluation to Licenced Standard Edition

  - by alsan

  Hello, I run into the same issue as someone who posted this question on experts-exchange.com (couldn't read the answer though as I don't have an account there): {Quote Begin} I noticed that the 180-day Evaluation version of SQL Server 2008 is the Enterprise version. Is there going to be any problem "upgrading" the Evaluation Enterprise version to a licensed STANDARD version (and how much additional stuff is going to be left inactive on my disk and, more importantly, in my registry, etc. if I do so)? {Quote End} Any advice is appreciated.

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• Mount a tar file - not possible?

  - by leonbloy

  It seems one cannot mount a tar file (read only), similarly as one mounts an ISO image file. At least, I have not found any implementation. It would be useful, for example to run a find command inside. Is this really (or practically) impossible to implement? Why?

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• Apache will not stop/start gracefully

  - by ddjammin

  CentOs 6 64bit running apache 2.2.15-29.el6.centos. When I try to stop/start or restart httpd I get an error that says it has failed. A tail of the error log is below. I also noticed that a httpd.pid file is not created even though it is configured in the main conf file. If I set selinux to permissive, it works just fine. I do not want to run it with selinux disabled. If I delete the SSL_Mutex file it will start. HTTPD was running fine until I tried to add the ssl configuration. I copied over the ssl.conf file from a working server into the conf.d folder. I also copied a sslcert folder into the conf folder. It contains the certs, key, csr and password file. I think the problem has to do with the selinux context for the sslcert folder that was copied but I am not certain and not sure how to fix it. Below is the security context for the sslcert folder after executing restorecon -R sslcert ls -Z -rw-r--r--. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_config_t:s0 httpd.conf -rw-r--r--. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_config_t:s0 magic **drwxr-xr-x. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_config_t:s0 sslcert** tail -f /var/log/httpd/error_log [Thu Oct 17 13:33:19 2013] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) [Thu Oct 17 13:33:20 2013] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Thu Oct 17 13:33:20 2013] [notice] Digest: done [Thu Oct 17 13:33:20 2013] [warn] pid file /etc/httpd/logs/ssl.pid overwritten -- Unclean shutdown of previous Apache run? [Thu Oct 17 13:33:20 2013] [notice] Apache/2.2.15 (Unix) DAV/2 mod_ssl/2.2.15 OpenSSL/1.0.0-fips configured -- resuming normal operations [Thu Oct 17 21:04:48 2013] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Thu Oct 17 21:06:42 2013] [notice] **SELinux policy enabled; httpd running as context system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0** [Thu Oct 17 21:06:42 2013] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) [Thu Oct 17 21:06:42 2013] [error] (17)File exists: Cannot create SSLMutex with file `/etc/httpd/logs/ssl_mutex' I also saw mention of possible issues with semaphores. Below is the output of the current semaphores and apache is currently not running. ipcs -s ------ Semaphore Arrays -------- key semid owner perms nsems 0x00000000 0 root 600 1 0x00000000 65537 root 600 1 Finally selinux reports the following error. `sealert -a /var/log/audit/audit.log` 0% donetype=AVC msg=audit(1382034755.118:420400): avc: denied { write } for pid=3393 comm="httpd" name="ssl_mutex" dev=dm-0 ino=9513484 scontext=unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_log_t:s0 tclass=file **** Invalid AVC allowed in current policy *** 100% doneERROR: failed to read complete file, 1044649 bytes read out of total 1043317 bytes (/var/log/audit/audit.log) found 1 alerts in /var/log/audit/audit.log -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELinux is preventing /usr/sbin/httpd from remove_name access on the directory ssl_mutex.

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• How to set ulimits for a service starting at boot?

  - by jayofdoom

  I need, for mysql to use large-pages, to set a ulimit - I've done this in limits.conf. However, limits.conf (pam_limits.so), doesn't get read in for init, only for "real" shells. I solved this before by adding a "ulimit -l" to the initscript start function. but I need some sort of repeatable way to do this, now that the boxes are managed with chef, and we don't want to take over a file that's actually owned by the RPM.

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• Computer shows error message when being shut down. What does it mean?

  - by Xavierjazz

  My OS is Windows XP SP3. This message sometimes comes up when I am shutting the computer down: The instruction at 0x00000000 referenced memory at 0x00000000. The memory could not be read. The computer still shuts down. I cannot find a reference to this happening on shutdown, it only seems to be connected to programs that I don't have. I have the whole Word 2003 package. Any direction appreciated.

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• restrict directory listing linux

  - by brainle55

  Hello. I want to restrict access to certain directories to my ssh users but allow them to read files by known path from there(mostly it's meant to be done by applications). How is that possible? Are there easy ways? Thank you.

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• Delete data from a MSSQL standby database?

  - by SQL-Newbie

  Is it possible to delete data from a read only standby database that imports shipped log files? At least in my theory this shouldn't be possible because the deletion would change the LSN and the log shipping should break. What I need is a smaller sized database than the database that ships the logs. So basically I need a way to have the (readonly) standby server storing only the most recent data. Any ideas or recommendations on this?

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