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• Five development tools I can't live without

  - by bconlon

  When applying to join Geeks with Blogs I had to specify the development tools I use every day. That got me thinking, it's taken a long time to whittle my tools of choice down to the selection I use, so it might be worth sharing. Before I begin, I appreciate we all have our preferred development tools, but these are the ones that work for me. Microsoft Visual Studio Microsoft Visual Studio has been my development tool of choice for more years than I care to remember. I first used this when it was Visual C++ 1.5 (hats off to those who started on 1.0) and by 2.2 it had everything I needed from a C++ IDE. Versions 4 and 5 followed and if I had to guess I would expect more Windows applications are written in VC++ 6 and VB6 than any other language. Then came the not so great versions Visual Studio .Net 2002 (7.0) and 2003 (7.1). If I'm honest I was still using v6. 2005 was better and 2008 was simply brilliant. Everything worked, the compiler was super fast and I was happy again...then came 2010...oh dear. 2010 is a big step backwards for me. It's not encouraging for my upcoming WPF exploits that 2010 is fronted in WPF technology, with the forever growing Find/Replace dialog, the issues with C++ intellisense, and the buggy debugger. That said it is still my tool of choice but I hope they sort the issue in SP1. I've tried other IDEs like Visual Age and Eclipse, but for me Visual Studio is the best. A really great tool. Liquid XML Studio XML development is a tricky business. The W3C standards are often difficult to get to the bottom of so it's great to have a graphical tool to help. I first used Liquid Technologies 5 or 6 years back when I needed to process XML data in C++. Their excellent XML Data Binding tool has an easy to use Wizard UI (as compared to Castor or JAXB command line tools) and allows you to generate code from an XML Schema. So instead of having to deal with untyped nodes like with a DOM parser, instead you get an Object Model providing a custom API in C++, C#, VB etc. More recently they developed a graphical XML IDE with XML Editor, XSLT, XQuery debugger and other XML tools. So now I can develop an XML Schema graphically, click a button to generate a Sample XML document, and click another button to run the Wizard to generate code including a Sample Application that will then load my Sample XML document into the generated object model. This is a very cool toolset. Note: XML Data Binding is nothing to do with WPF Data Binding, but I hope to cover both in more detail another time. .Net Reflector Note: I've just noticed that starting form the end of February 2011 this will no longer be a free tool !! .Net Reflector turns .Net byte code back into C# source code. But how can it work this magic? Well the clue is in the name, it uses reflection to inspect a compiled .Net assembly. The assembly is compiled to byte code, it doesn't get compiled to native machine code until its needed using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The byte code still has all of the information needed to see classes, variables. methods and properties, so reflector gathers this information and puts it in a handy tree. I have used .Net Reflector for years in order to understand what the .Net Framework is doing as it sometimes has undocumented, quirky features. This really has been invaluable in certain instances and I cannot praise enough kudos on the original developer Lutz Roeder. Smart Assembly In order to stop nosy geeks looking at our code using a tool like .Net Reflector, we need to obfuscate (mess up) the byte code. Smart Assembly is a tool that does this. Again I have used this for a long time. It is very quick and easy to use. Another excellent tool. Coincidentally, .Net Reflector and Smart Assembly are now both owned by Red Gate. Again kudos goes to the original developer Jean-Sebastien Lange. TortoiseSVN SVN (Apache Subversion) is a Source Control System developed as an open source project. TortoiseSVN is a graphical UI wrapper over SVN that hooks into Windows Explorer to enable files to be Updated, Committed, Merged etc. from the right click menu. This is an essential tool for keeping my hard work safe! Many years ago I used Microsoft Source Safe and I disliked CVS type systems. But TortoiseSVN is simply the best source control tool I have ever used. --- So there you have it, my top 5 development tools that I use (nearly) every day and have helped to make my working life a little easier. I'm sure there are other great tools that I wish I used but have never heard of, but if you have not used any of the above, I would suggest you check them out as they are all very, very cool products. #

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• explicit copy constructor or implicit parameter by value

  - by R Samuel Klatchko

  I recently read (and unfortunately forgot where), that the best way to write operator= is like this: foo &operator=(foo other) { swap(*this, other); return *this; } instead of this: foo &operator=(const foo &other) { foo copy(other); swap(*this, copy); return *this; } The idea is that if operator= is called with an rvalue, the first version can optimize away construction of a copy. So when called with a rvalue, the first version is faster and when called with an lvalue the two are equivalent. I'm curious as to what other people think about this? Would people avoid the first version because of lack of explicitness? Am I correct that the first version can be better and can never be worse?

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• Worst practices in C++, common mistakes ...

  - by Felix Dombek

  After reading this famous rant by Linus Torvalds, I wondered what actually are all the bad things programmers might do in C++. I'm explicitly not referring to typography errors or bad program flow as treated in this question and answers, but to more high-level errors which are not detected by the compiler and do not result in obvious bugs at first run, complete design errors, things which are improbable in C but are likely to be done by newcomers who don't understand the full implications of their code. I also welcome answers pointing out a huge performance decrease where it would not usually be expected. An example of what one of my professors once told me: You have used somewhat too many instances of unneeded inheritance and virtuality. Inheritance makes a design much more complicated (and inefficient because of the RTTI (run-time type inference) subsystem), and it should therefore only be used where it makes sense, e.g. for the actions in the parse table." [I wrote an LR(1) parser generator.] "Because you make intensive use of templates, you practically don't need inheritance."

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• Windows.Forms.Timer instance and UI threads

  - by David Rutten

  I have a custom control whose primary purpose is to draw data. I want to add a ScheduleUpdate(int milliSeconds) method to the control which will force an update X milliseconds from now. Since this is all GUI land, I should be using a Windows.Forms.Timer, but how does this timer instance know which thread it belongs to? What if ScheduleUpdate() is called from a non-UI thread? Should I construct the timer in the Control constructor? Or perhaps the Load event? Or is it safe to postpone construction until I'm inside ScheduleUpdate()? I know there are some very similar questions about this already, but I don't have a Timer component on my control, I'm constructing it on a when-it's-needed basis.

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• Best practice in setting return value (use else or?)

  - by Deckard

  Whenever you want to return a value from a method, but whatever you return depends on some other value, you typically use branching: int calculateSomething() { if (a == b) { return x; } else { return y; } } Another way to write this is: int calculateSomething() { if (a == b) { return x; } return y; } Is there any reason to avoid one or the other? Both allow adding "else if"-clauses without problems. Both typically generate compiler errors if you add anything at the bottom. Note: I couldn't find any duplicates, although multiple questions exist about whether the accompanying curly braces should be on their own line. So let's not get into that.

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• Override comparison for F# set

  - by Mauricio Scheffer

  Is there any way to override the comparison function in a F# set? I don't see any set construction functions that take a IComparer<T> or comparison function: Set.ofSeq et al don't take a comparison function FSharpSet(IComparer<T> comparer, SetTree<T> tree) constructor is internal, because SetTree is internal and SetTreeModule.ofSeq<a>(IComparer<a> comparer, IEnumerable<a> c) is obviously internal too. My actual problem is that I have a set of ('a * 'a) and I want a comparison such that for example (1,3) = (3,1). I know I could wrap this in a type implementing IComparable<T>, but is there any way to avoid this?

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• Tomcat fails on first request in combination with jsvc

  - by Roalt

  I have a web application where the first request may take a few seconds as some singletons are initialised. I've used the mod_proxy and jsvc construction mentioned in this question and described on this page to connect apache with tomcat (data is served via SSL) For the sample Tomcat application, everything works as it should. However, when using my application I get the following error in my apache log: [Wed Feb 10 09:48:29 2010] [error] [client 130.12.1.26] (70014)End of file found: proxy: error reading status line from remote server localhost [Wed Feb 10 09:48:29 2010] [error] [client 130.12.1.26] proxy: Error reading from remote server returned by /MyWebApp/MyWebApp.faces and I get the following error in my tomcat output: 10/02/2010 09:48:29 9947 jsvc.exec error: Service exit with a return value of 1 I'm not an expert on this so I would like to know what's the cause of the problem and where I should look for an answer?

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• Solaris 11.2: Functional Deprecation

  - by alanc

  In Solaris 11.1, I updated the system headers to enable use of several attributes on functions, including noreturn and printf format, to give compilers and static analyzers more information about how they are used to give better warnings when building code. In Solaris 11.2, I've gone back in and added one more attribute to a number of functions in the system headers: __attribute__((__deprecated__)). This is used to warn people building software that they’re using function calls we recommend no longer be used. While in many cases the Solaris Binary Compatibility Guarantee means we won't ever remove these functions from the system libraries, we still want to discourage their use. I made passes through both the POSIX and C standards, and some of the Solaris architecture review cases to come up with an initial list which the Solaris architecture review committee accepted to start with. This set is by no means a complete list of Obsolete function interfaces, but should be a reasonable start at functions that are well documented as deprecated and seem useful to warn developers away from. More functions may be flagged in the future as they get deprecated, or if further passes are made through our existing deprecated functions to flag more of them. Header Interface Deprecated by Alternative Documented in <door.h> door_cred(3C) PSARC/2002/188 door_ucred(3C) door_cred(3C) <kvm.h> kvm_read(3KVM), kvm_write(3KVM) PSARC/1995/186 Functions on kvm_kread(3KVM) man page kvm_read(3KVM) <stdio.h> gets(3C) ISO C99 TC3 (Removed in ISO C11), POSIX:2008/XPG7/Unix08 fgets(3C) gets(3C) man page, and just about every gets(3C) reference online from the past 25 years, since the Morris worm proved bad things happen when it’s used. <unistd.h> vfork(2) PSARC/2004/760, POSIX:2001/XPG6/Unix03 (Removed in POSIX:2008/XPG7/Unix08) posix_spawn(3C) vfork(2) man page. <utmp.h> All functions from getutent(3C) man page PSARC/1999/103 utmpx functions from getutentx(3C) man page getutent(3C) man page <varargs.h> varargs.h version of va_list typedef ANSI/ISO C89 standard <stdarg.h> varargs(3EXT) <volmgt.h> All functions PSARC/2005/672 hal(5) API volmgt_check(3VOLMGT), etc. <sys/nvpair.h> nvlist_add_boolean(3NVPAIR), nvlist_lookup_boolean(3NVPAIR) PSARC/2003/587 nvlist_add_boolean_value, nvlist_lookup_boolean_value nvlist_add_boolean(3NVPAIR) & (9F), nvlist_lookup_boolean(3NVPAIR) & (9F). <sys/processor.h> gethomelgroup(3C) PSARC/2003/034 lgrp_home(3LGRP) gethomelgroup(3C) <sys/stat_impl.h> _fxstat, _xstat, _lxstat, _xmknod PSARC/2009/657 stat(2) old functions are undocumented remains of SVR3/COFF compatibility support If the above table is cut off when viewing in the blog, try viewing this standalone copy of the table. To See or Not To See To see these warnings, you will need to be building with either gcc (versions 3.4, 4.5, 4.7, & 4.8 are available in the 11.2 package repo), or with Oracle Solaris Studio 12.4 or later (which like Solaris 11.2, is currently in beta testing). For instance, take this oversimplified (and obviously buggy) implementation of the cat command: #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char buf[80]; while (gets(buf) != NULL) puts(buf); return 0; } Compiling it with the Studio 12.4 beta compiler will produce warnings such as: % cc -V cc: Sun C 5.13 SunOS_i386 Beta 2014/03/11 % cc gets_test.c "gets_test.c", line 6: warning: "gets" is deprecated, declared in : "/usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h", line 221 The exact warning given varies by compilers, and the compilers also have a variety of flags to either raise the warnings to errors, or silence them. Of couse, the exact form of the output is Not An Interface that can be relied on for automated parsing, just shown for example. gets(3C) is actually a special case — as noted above, it is no longer part of the C Standard Library in the C11 standard, so when compiling in C11 mode (i.e. when __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L), the <stdio.h> header will not provide a prototype for it, causing the compiler to complain it is unknown: % gcc -std=c11 gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function ‘main’: gets_test.c:6:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘gets’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration] while (gets(buf) != NULL) ^ The gets(3C) function of course is still in libc, so if you ignore the error or provide your own prototype, you can still build code that calls it, you just have to acknowledge you’re taking on the risk of doing so yourself. Solaris Studio 12.4 Beta % cc gets_test.c "gets_test.c", line 6: warning: "gets" is deprecated, declared in : "/usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h", line 221 % cc -errwarn=E_DEPRECATED_ATT gets_test.c "gets_test.c", line 6: "gets" is deprecated, declared in : "/usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h", line 221 cc: acomp failed for gets_test.c This warning is silenced in the 12.4 beta by cc -erroff=E_DEPRECATED_ATT No warning is currently issued by Studio 12.3 & earler releases. gcc 3.4.3 % /usr/sfw/bin/gcc gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function `main': gets_test.c:6: warning: `gets' is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h:221) Warning is completely silenced with gcc -Wno-deprecated-declarations gcc 4.7.3 % /usr/gcc/4.7/bin/gcc gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function ‘main’: gets_test.c:6:5: warning: ‘gets’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h:221) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] % /usr/gcc/4.7/bin/gcc -Werror=deprecated-declarations gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function ‘main’: gets_test.c:6:5: error: ‘gets’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h:221) [-Werror=deprecated-declarations] cc1: some warnings being treated as errors Warning is completely silenced with gcc -Wno-deprecated-declarations gcc 4.8.2 % /usr/bin/gcc gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function ‘main’: gets_test.c:6:5: warning: ‘gets’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h:221) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] while (gets(buf) != NULL) ^ % /usr/bin/gcc -Werror=deprecated-declarations gets_test.c gets_test.c: In function ‘main’: gets_test.c:6:5: error: ‘gets’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/iso/stdio_iso.h:221) [-Werror=deprecated-declarations] while (gets(buf) != NULL) ^ cc1: some warnings being treated as errors Warning is completely silenced with gcc -Wno-deprecated-declarations

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• Defaulting the HLSL Vertex and Pixel Shader Levels to Feature Level 9_1 in VS 2012

  - by Michael B. McLaughlin

  I love Visual Studio 2012. But this is not a post about that. This is a post about tweaking one particular parameter that I’ve found a bit annoying. Disclaimer: You will be modifying important MSBuild files. If you screw up you will break your build tools. And maybe your computer will catch fire. I’m not responsible. No warranties or guaranties of any sort. This info is provided “as is”. By default, if you add a new vertex shader or pixel shader item to a project, it will be set to build with shader profile 4.0_level_9_3. If you need 9_3 functionality, this is all well and good. But (especially for Windows Store apps) you really want to target the lowest shader profile possible so that your game will run on as many computers as possible. So it’s a good idea to default to 9_1. To do this you could add in new HLSL files via “Add->New Item->Visual C++->HLSL->______ Shader File (.hlsl)” and then edit the shader files’ properties to set them manually to use 9_1 via “Properties->HLSL Compiler->General->Shader Model”. This is fine unless you forget to do this once and then submit your game with 9_3 shaders instead of 9_1 shaders to the Windows Store or to some other game store. Then you’d wind up with either rejection or angry “this doesn’t work on my computer! ripoff!” messages. There’s another option though. In “Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\Common7\IDE\ItemTemplates\VC\HLSL\1033\VertexShader” (note the path might vary slightly for you if you are using a 32-bit system or have a non-ENU version of Visual Studio 2012) you will find a “VertexShader.vstemplate” file. If you open this file in a text editor (e.g. Notepad++), then inside the CustomParameters tag within the TemplateContent tag you should see a CustomParameter tag for the ShaderType, i.e.: <CustomParameter Name="$ShaderType$" Value="Vertex"/> On a new line, we are going to add another CustomParameter tag to the CustomParameters tag. It will look like this: <CustomParameter Name="$ShaderModel$" Value="4.0_level_9_1"/> such that we now have:     <CustomParameters>       <CustomParameter Name="$ShaderType$" Value="Vertex"/>       <CustomParameter Name="$ShaderModel$" Value="4.0_level_9_1"/>     </CustomParameters> You can then save the file (you will need to be an Administrator or have Administrator access). Back in the 1033 directory (or whatever the number is for your language), go into the “PixelShader” directory. Edit the “PixelShader.vstemplate” file and make the same change (note that this time $ShaderType$ is “Pixel” not “Vertex”; you shouldn’t be changing that line anyway, but if you were to just copy and replace the above four lines then you will wind up creating pixel shaders that the HLSL compiler would try to compile as vertex shaders, with all sort of weird errors as a result). Once you’ve added the $ShaderModel$ line to “PixelShader.vstemplate” and have saved it, everything should be done. Since Feature Level 9_1 and 9_3 don’t support any of the other shader types, those are set to default to their appropriate minimums already (Compute and Geometry are set to “4.0” and Domain and Hull are set to “5.0”, which are their respective minimums (though not all 4.0 cards support Compute shaders; they were an optional feature added with DirectX 10.1 and only became required for DirectX 11 hardware). In case you are wondering where these magic values come from, you can find them all in the “fxc.xml” file in the “\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft.CPP\v4.0\V110\1033” directory (or whatever your language number is; 1033 is ENU and various other product languages have their own respective numbers (see: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964664.aspx ) such that Japanese is 1041 (for example), though for all I know MSBuild tasks might be 1033 for everyone). If, like me, you installed VS 2012 to a drive other than the C:\ drive, you will find the vstemplate files in the drive to which you installed VS 2012 (D:\ in my case) but you will find the fxc.xml file on the C:\ drive. You should not edit fxc.xml. You will almost definitely break things by doing that; it’s just something you can look through to see all the other options that the FXC task takes such that you could, if needed, add further CustomParameter tags if you wanted to default to other supported options. I haven’t tried any others though so I don’t have any advice on how to set them.

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• Cheerp -- C++ for web: advance or regression?

  - by Henrique Barcelos

  Recently I've run into Cheerp, a C++ to Javascript compiler, which uses a modified version of clang to generate Javascript code from C++ sources. That makes me wonder: why in the seven kingdoms would someone do this in their right mind? I mean: why would you take a language that is not designed for web at all, that is far more convoluted and bureaucratic, write your code and then compile it into Javascript itself? Can anybody see any advantages in doing so? We surely can discard performance as a reason, because in the end it generates pure Javascript code. Is there anyone here that have real experience with this? P.S.: I'm not sure if this is an on topic question, but this is the most general forum about programming that I could find in the StackExchange network. Edit Although this seems like a subjective question, it is not. I am asking for reasons that this tool could be useful. I got interested at first, but started wondering why would someone use it.

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• If I were to claim I knew C++, what libraries would you expect me to know?

  - by Peter Smith

  I'm unsure as to the definition of knowing a programming language, so I'm picking C++ as an example. How much does it take to someone to be qualified as knowing C++? Should they just know the basic syntax? Template and generic-programming? Compiler flags and their purposes (Wall, the difference between O1, O2 and O3)? STL? Garbage collection strategies? Boost? Common libraries like zlib, curl, and libxml2?

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• A programming language that does not allow IO. Haskell is not a pure language

  - by TheIronKnuckle

  (I asked this on Stack Overflow and it got closed as off-topic, I was a bit confused until I read the FAQ, which discouraged subjective theoratical debate style questions. The FAQ here doesn't seem to have a problem with it and it sounds like this is a more appropriate place to post. If this gets closed again, forgive me, I'm not trying to troll) Are there any 100% pure languages (as I describe in the Stack Overflow post) out there already and if so, could they feasibly be used to actually do stuff? i.e. do they have an implementation? I'm not looking for raw maths on paper/Pure lambda calculus. However Pure lambda calculus with a compiler or a runtime system attached is something I'd be interested in hearing about.

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• Are flag variables an absolute evil?

  - by dukeofgaming

  I remember doing a couple of projects where I totally neglected using flags and ended up with better architecture/code; however, it is a common practice in other projects I work at, and when code grows and flags are added, IMHO code-spaghetti also grows. Would you say there are any cases where using flags is a good practice or even necessary?, or would you agree that using flags in code are... red flags and should be avoided/refactored; me, I just get by with doing functions/methods that check for states in real time instead. Edit: Not talking about compiler flags

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• Exceptions and Access Violations in Paint events in Windows

  - by Patrick

  After executing some new code, my C++ application started to behave strange (incorrect or incomplete screen updates, sometimes no screen updates at all). After a while we found out that the new code is causing an Access Violation. Strange enough, the application simply keeps on running (but with the incorrect screen updates). At first we thought the problem was caused by a "try-catch(...)" construction (put there by an overactive ex-colleague), but several hours later (carefully inspecting the call stacks, adding many breakpoints, ...) we found out that if there's an Access Violation in a paint event, Windows catches it, and simply continues running the application. Is this normal behavior? Is it normal that Windows catches exceptions/errors during a paint event? Is there a way to disable this? (if not, it would mean that we have to always run in the debugger with all exceptions enabled while testing our code). Patrick

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• "Imprinting" as a language feature?

  - by MKO

  Idea I had this idea for a language feature that I think would be useful, does anyone know of a language that implements something like this? The idea is that besides inheritance a class can also use something called "imprinting" (for lack of better term). A class can imprint one or several (non-abstract) classes. When a class imprints another class it gets all it's properties and all it's methods. It's like the class storing an instance of the imprinted class and redirecting it's methods/properties to it. A class that imprints another class therefore by definition also implements all it's interfaces and it's abstract class. So what's the point? Well, inheritance and polymorphism is hard to get right. Often composition gives far more flexibility. Multiple inheritance offers a slew of different problems without much benefits (IMO). I often write adapter classes (in C#) by implementing some interface and passing along the actual methods/properties to an encapsulated object. The downside to that approach is that if the interface changes the class breaks. You also you have to put in a lot of code that does nothing but pass things along to the encapsulated object. A classic example is that you have some class that implements IEnumerable or IList and contains an internal class it uses. With this technique things would be much easier Example (c#) [imprint List<Person> as peopleList] public class People : PersonBase { public void SomeMethod() { DoSomething(this.Count); //Count is from List } } //Now People can be treated as an List<Person> People people = new People(); foreach(Person person in people) { ... } peopleList is an alias/variablename (of your choice)used internally to alias the instance but can be skipped if not needed. One thing that's useful is to override an imprinted method, that could be achieved with the ordinary override syntax public override void Add(Person person) { DoSomething(); personList.Add(person); } note that the above is functional equivalent (and could be rewritten by the compiler) to: public class People : PersonBase , IList<Person> { private List<Person> personList = new List<Person>(); public override void Add(object obj) { this.personList.Add(obj) } public override int IndexOf(object obj) { return personList.IndexOf(obj) } //etc etc for each signature in the interface } only if IList changes your class will break. IList won't change but an interface that you, someone in your team, or a thirdparty has designed might just change. Also this saves you writing a whole lot of code for some interfaces/abstract classes. Caveats There's a couple of gotchas. First we, syntax must be added to call the imprinted classes's constructors from the imprinting class constructor. Also, what happends if a class imprints two classes which have the same method? In that case the compiler would detect it and force the class to define an override of that method (where you could chose if you wanted to call either imprinted class or both) So what do you think, would it be useful, any caveats? It seems it would be pretty straightforward to implement something like that in the C# language but I might be missing something :) Sidenote - Why is this different from multiple inheritance Ok, so some people have asked about this. Why is this different from multiple inheritance and why not multiple inheritance. In C# methods are either virtual or not. Say that we have ClassB who inherits from ClassA. ClassA has the methods MethodA and MethodB. ClassB overrides MethodA but not MethodB. Now say that MethodB has a call to MethodA. if MethodA is virtual it will call the implementation that ClassB has, if not it will use the base class, ClassA's MethodA and you'll end up wondering why your class doesn't work as it should. By the terminology sofar you might already confused. So what happens if ClassB inherits both from ClassA and another ClassC. I bet both programmers and compilers will be scratching their heads. The benefit of this approach IMO is that the imprinting classes are totally encapsulated and need not be designed with multiple inheritance in mind. You can basically imprint anything.

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• Why use string.Empty over "" when assigning to a string object

  - by dreza

  I've been running StyleCop over my code and one of the recommendations SA1122 is to use string.Empty rather than "" when assigning an empty string to a value. My question is why is this considered best practice. Or, is this considered best practice? I assume there is no compiler difference between the two statements so I can only think that it's a readability thing? UPDATE: Thanks for the answers but it's been kindly pointed out this question has been asked many times already on SO, which in hind-sight I should have considered and searched first before asking here. Some of these especially forward links makes for interesting reading. SO question and answer Jon Skeet answer to question

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• Looking for collaboration tool/platform to synergize with my clients in all phases.

  - by Kabeer

  Hello. I am a consultant and will be working with geographically distant clients. I am looking for a solution to collaborate with my clients effectively in all the phases of the projects (architecture, requirements, design, construction, testing, deployment, maintenance). My hunt is for something in the open source (and preferably free) space and also on .Net platform. I need to record my communication with the clients and with growing no. of clients I should not miss out capturing any information. Please recommend.

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• Un système Linux embarqué opérationnel avec Buildroot, tutoriel par Benoit Mauduit

  Salut, Dans le domaine de l'embarqué, nous nous retrouvons souvent en situation où nous devons reconstruire un système complet à partir des sources, pour une architecture cible souvent différente de notre architecture hôte. Que l'on soit débutant ou développeur confirmé, la (cross-)compilation et l'organisation d'un système embarqué sont des étapes longues et fastidieuses, surtout lorsque les éléments du système à compiler nécessitent des adaptations. Il existe heureusement des outils libres qui simplifient et accélèrent cette tâche, en proposant généralement des fonctionnalités complémentaires intéressantes.Cet article est consacré à l'un de ces outils libres pour systèmes Linux embarqué : Buildroot.N'hésitez pas à poster ici vos commentaires sur cet article ...

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• Scala and the Java Memory Model

  - by Ben Lings

  The Java Memory Model (since 1.5) treats final fields differently to non-final fields. In particular, provided the this reference doesn't escape during construction, writes to final fields in the constructor are guaranteed to be visible on other threads even if the object is made available to the other thread via a data race. (Writes to non-final fields aren't guaranteed to be visible, so if you improperly publish them, another thread could see them in a partially constructed state.) Is there any documentation on how/if the Scala compiler creates final (rather than non-final) backing fields for classes? I've looked through the language specification and searched the web but can't find any definitive answers. (In comparison the @scala.volatile annotation is documented to mark a field as volatile)

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• Consistency of DirectX models

  - by marc wellman

  Is there a way to check the consistency of a DirectX model (.x) ? Whilst compiling .x files with XNA GameStudio 3.1 compilation is aborted with the following error message: Error 2 Could not read the X file. The file is corrupt or invalid. Error code: D3DXFERR_PARSEERROR. C:\WFP\Browser\Content\m.x KiviBrowser Some models compile correctly without any error/warning and some abort as described. The files of each model have several thousand lines. I am creating the files in Googles SketchUp 8 where they all look fine and don't show any sign of corruption. Suppose I have such a model my XNA compiler won't compile because their is an inconsistency somewhere in the file - how could I identify this in order to correct it ?

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• How to make the switch to C++11?

  - by Overv

  I've been programming in C++ for a while now, but mostly thinks centered around the low-level features of C++. By that I mean mostly working with pointers and raw arrays. I think this behavior is known as using C++ as C with classes despite me only having tried C recently for the first time. I was pleasantly surprised how languages like C# and Java hide these details away in convenient standard library classes like Dictionaries and Lists. I'm aware that the C++ standard library has many convenience containers like vectors, maps and strings as well and C++11 only adds to this by having std:: array and ranged loops. How do I best learn to make use of these modern language features and which are suitable for which moments? Is it correct that software engineering in C++ nowadays I'd mostly free of manual memory management? Lastly, which compiler should I use to make the most of the new standard? Visual Studio has excellent debugging tools, but even VS2012 seems to have terrible C++11 support.

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• Is there a point to writing in C or C++ instead of C# without knowing specifically what would make a program faster?

  - by user828584

  I wrote a small library in Python for handling the xbox 360's STFS files to be used on my web applications. I would like to rewrite it for use in the many desktop programs people are writing for 360 game modding, but I'm not quite if I should continue using C# or delve into C++ or even C. STFS is an in-file file system used by the xbox 360 and the job of the library would be extracting/injecting files, which could take noticeable amounts of time to do. What I know in C# comes from internet tutorials and resources, as would anything I learn about C++, so what I'm asking is if it's better to bring myself to a slightly lower-level language without knowing beforehand the features of the language that increase performance, or continue assuming that compiler optimizations and that my lack of experience will mean that the language I choose won't matter.

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• Is Java much harder to "tweak" for performance compared with C/C++?

  - by user997112

  Does the "magic" of the JVM hinder the influence a programmer has over micro-optimisations in Java? I recently read in C++ sometimes the ordering of the data members can provide optimizations (granted, in the microsecond environment) and I presumed a programmer's hands are tied when it comes to squeezing performance from Java? I appreciate a decent algorithm provides greater speed-gains, but once you have the correct algorithm is Java harder to tweak due to the JVM control? If not, could people give examples of what tricks you can use in Java (besides simple compiler flags).

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• How do you set up PhysFS for use in a game?

  - by ThePlan

  After my recent question on GD I've been advised to use PhysFS to pack all my game data in 1 file. So I have, and the decission wasn't light, because I've tried out every library in my answers but none contained a single good tutorial whatsoever, in fact PhysFS is the poorest documented library I've ever seen. After attempting to set up PhysFS in my game I realized it's not as simple as adding the headers to the project, it appears something much more complicated, in fact after my first attempt to install PhysFS the compiler ran out of memory to display errors, it reached the critical count of 50 errors. So basically what I'm asking here is: How can I set up PhysFS on my game? I'm using Code::Blocks IDE on Windows XP SP3;

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• I'm having trouble learning

  - by Gavin Sapp

  I'm only 13 but i'm genuinely interested in CS and would really like it if I could actually accomplish it. I've read books on C++ and C#, but ALL of them are the same!! They all say "Ok so since you have no prior knowledge in this what so ever, write a snippet that will do this and then make a GUI and then throw it into the Priafdhsu hfad then add the program and then program your own compiler to do some stuff". It's really getting annoying. I've payed near $40 (via Paypal) on ebooks that supposedly taught people to program with no prior knowledge. ALL OF THEM EXPECT ME TO ALREADY KNOW THE LANGUAGE. Is there something that I'm missing or am I suppose to be born with the property of CS? I would very much appreciate it if someone could explain this to me or possibly refer me to a tutorial on Programming Theory that starts from below ground zero as I have know knowledge in CS at all.

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