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  • Is there any difference between processor and core?

    - by Salvador
    The following two command seems to give me different information about the same hardware srs@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -e processor -e cores processor : 0 cpu cores : 4 processor : 1 cpu cores : 4 processor : 2 cpu cores : 4 processor : 3 cpu cores : 4 srs@ubuntu:~$ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.9 SMBIOS 2.6 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: LGA1155 Type: Central Processor Family: <OUT OF SPEC> Manufacturer: Intel ID: A7 06 02 00 FF FB EB BF Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2500K CPU @ 3.30GHz Voltage: 1.0 V External Clock: 100 MHz Max Speed: 3800 MHz Current Speed: 3300 MHz Status: Populated, Enabled Upgrade: Other L1 Cache Handle: 0x0005 L2 Cache Handle: 0x0006 L3 Cache Handle: 0x0007 Serial Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M. Asset Tag: To Be Filled By O.E.M. Part Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M. Core Count: 4 Core Enabled: 1 Characteristics: 64-bit capable Until today I thought I had a single processor with 4 independent cores. I also thought that within each core can be used different threads.

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  • Sun Solaris - Find out number of processors and cores

    - by Adrian
    Our SPARC server is running Sun Solaris 10; I would like to find out the actual number of processors and the number of cores for each processor. The output of psrinfo and prtdiag is ambiguous: $psrinfo -v Status of virtual processor 0 as of: dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss on-line since dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss. The sparcv9 processor operates at 1592 MHz, and has a sparcv9 floating point processor. Status of virtual processor 1 as of: dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss on-line since dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss. The sparcv9 processor operates at 1592 MHz, and has a sparcv9 floating point processor. Status of virtual processor 2 as of: dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss on-line since dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss. The sparcv9 processor operates at 1592 MHz, and has a sparcv9 floating point processor. Status of virtual processor 3 as of: dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss on-line since dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm:ss. The sparcv9 processor operates at 1592 MHz, and has a sparcv9 floating point processor. _ $prtdiag -v System Configuration: Sun Microsystems sun4u Sun Fire V445 System clock frequency: 199 MHZ Memory size: 32GB ==================================== CPUs ==================================== E$ CPU CPU CPU Freq Size Implementation Mask Status Location --- -------- ---------- --------------------- ----- ------ -------- 0 1592 MHz 1MB SUNW,UltraSPARC-IIIi 3.4 on-line MB/C0/P0 1 1592 MHz 1MB SUNW,UltraSPARC-IIIi 3.4 on-line MB/C1/P0 2 1592 MHz 1MB SUNW,UltraSPARC-IIIi 3.4 on-line MB/C2/P0 3 1592 MHz 1MB SUNW,UltraSPARC-IIIi 3.4 on-line MB/C3/P0 _ $more /etc/release Solaris 10 8/07 s10s_u4wos_12b SPARC Copyright 2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Assembled 16 August 2007 Patch Cluster - EIS 29/01/08(v3.1.5) What other methods can I use? EDITED: It looks like we have a 4 processor system with one core each: $psrinfo -p 4 _ $psrinfo -pv The physical processor has 1 virtual processor (0) UltraSPARC-IIIi (portid 0 impl 0x16 ver 0x34 clock 1592 MHz) The physical processor has 1 virtual processor (1) UltraSPARC-IIIi (portid 1 impl 0x16 ver 0x34 clock 1592 MHz) The physical processor has 1 virtual processor (2) UltraSPARC-IIIi (portid 2 impl 0x16 ver 0x34 clock 1592 MHz) The physical processor has 1 virtual processor (3) UltraSPARC-IIIi (portid 3 impl 0x16 ver 0x34 clock 1592 MHz)

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  • Very uneven CPU utilization with SQL Server 2012 on 2 processor computer with 16 cores / processor

    - by cooplarsh
    After installing SQL Server Enterprise 2012 with the Server + Cal license model, on a computer with 2 processors each with 16 cores (and no hyperthreading involved) and putting the server under extremely heavy load the 16 cores on the first processor were very underutilized, the first 4 cores on the 2nd CPU were heavily utilized, and the last 12 cores were not used at all (because of the 20 core limit for this sql server version). Total CPU utilization was displaying as around 25%. Unfortunately, the server suffered from extremely poor performance even though if the tasks were evenly distributed across the 20 cores it wouldn't have been anywhere near as bad. The Windows Server was running on a VMWare virtual image under ESX Server, but all of the CPU was allocated to the windows server. We tried changing affinity settings (e.g., allocating most cores to CPU and the others to I/O), but that didn't help solve the performance problems. Upgrading the product edition to SQL Server Enterprise Core 2012 not only allowed the SQL Server to utilize the 12 previously unused cores on the 2nd processor, but it also resulted in a much more even distribution of tasks across all of the processors. To get through the backlog of requests cpU utilization jumped to around 90%, and then came down to around 33% once it was caught up, but performance improved dramatically since we failed over to the newly updated version And the performance issues went away. I was wondering if anyone knows what might cause SQL Server to unevenly distribute the load, relying almost exclusively on the first 4 cores of the 2nd processor that had 12 cores idle, and allocate only a few tasks to each of the 16 cores on the first processor. Also, is there any way we could have more evenly distributed the load across the 20 cores that were being used without the product edition upgrade? The flip side of that question is what did the product upgrade do that caused SQL Server to start evenly distributing the load across all of the cores that it recognized? Thanks to any insight to answer these questions and/or links that might help me better understand how to make sense of what was happenings.

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  • Upgrading laptop processor

    - by user344996
    Hi. I have a Dell Studio 17. It's a few years old, and I wanted to upgrade the processor. It currently has an Intel Core 2 Duo T5750 @ 2.00GHz My question is how can I find out which processors are compatible?

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  • Organizations &amp; Architecture UNISA Studies &ndash; Chap 7

    - by MarkPearl
    Learning Outcomes Name different device categories Discuss the functions and structure of I/.O modules Describe the principles of Programmed I/O Describe the principles of Interrupt-driven I/O Describe the principles of DMA Discuss the evolution characteristic of I/O channels Describe different types of I/O interface Explain the principles of point-to-point and multipoint configurations Discuss the way in which a FireWire serial bus functions Discuss the principles of InfiniBand architecture External Devices An external device attaches to the computer by a link to an I/O module. The link is used to exchange control, status, and data between the I/O module and the external device. External devices can be classified into 3 categories… Human readable – e.g. video display Machine readable – e.g. magnetic disk Communications – e.g. wifi card I/O Modules An I/O module has two major functions… Interface to the processor and memory via the system bus or central switch Interface to one or more peripheral devices by tailored data links Module Functions The major functions or requirements for an I/O module fall into the following categories… Control and timing Processor communication Device communication Data buffering Error detection I/O function includes a control and timing requirement, to coordinate the flow of traffic between internal resources and external devices. Processor communication involves the following… Command decoding Data Status reporting Address recognition The I/O device must be able to perform device communication. This communication involves commands, status information, and data. An essential task of an I/O module is data buffering due to the relative slow speeds of most external devices. An I/O module is often responsible for error detection and for subsequently reporting errors to the processor. I/O Module Structure An I/O module functions to allow the processor to view a wide range of devices in a simple minded way. The I/O module may hide the details of timing, formats, and the electro mechanics of an external device so that the processor can function in terms of simple reads and write commands. An I/O channel/processor is an I/O module that takes on most of the detailed processing burden, presenting a high-level interface to the processor. There are 3 techniques are possible for I/O operations Programmed I/O Interrupt[t I/O DMA Access Programmed I/O When a processor is executing a program and encounters an instruction relating to I/O it executes that instruction by issuing a command to the appropriate I/O module. With programmed I/O, the I/O module will perform the requested action and then set the appropriate bits in the I/O status register. The I/O module takes no further actions to alert the processor. I/O Commands To execute an I/O related instruction, the processor issues an address, specifying the particular I/O module and external device, and an I/O command. There are four types of I/O commands that an I/O module may receive when it is addressed by a processor… Control – used to activate a peripheral and tell it what to do Test – Used to test various status conditions associated with an I/O module and its peripherals Read – Causes the I/O module to obtain an item of data from the peripheral and place it in an internal buffer Write – Causes the I/O module to take an item of data form the data bus and subsequently transmit that data item to the peripheral The main disadvantage of this technique is it is a time consuming process that keeps the processor busy needlessly I/O Instructions With programmed I/O there is a close correspondence between the I/O related instructions that the processor fetches from memory and the I/O commands that the processor issues to an I/O module to execute the instructions. Typically there will be many I/O devices connected through I/O modules to the system – each device is given a unique identifier or address – when the processor issues an I/O command, the command contains the address of the address of the desired device, thus each I/O module must interpret the address lines to determine if the command is for itself. When the processor, main memory and I/O share a common bus, two modes of addressing are possible… Memory mapped I/O Isolated I/O (for a detailed explanation read page 245 of book) The advantage of memory mapped I/O over isolated I/O is that it has a large repertoire of instructions that can be used, allowing more efficient programming. The disadvantage of memory mapped I/O over isolated I/O is that valuable memory address space is sued up. Interrupts driven I/O Interrupt driven I/O works as follows… The processor issues an I/O command to a module and then goes on to do some other useful work The I/O module will then interrupts the processor to request service when is is ready to exchange data with the processor The processor then executes the data transfer and then resumes its former processing Interrupt Processing The occurrence of an interrupt triggers a number of events, both in the processor hardware and in software. When an I/O device completes an I/O operations the following sequence of hardware events occurs… The device issues an interrupt signal to the processor The processor finishes execution of the current instruction before responding to the interrupt The processor tests for an interrupt – determines that there is one – and sends an acknowledgement signal to the device that issues the interrupt. The acknowledgement allows the device to remove its interrupt signal The processor now needs to prepare to transfer control to the interrupt routine. To begin, it needs to save information needed to resume the current program at the point of interrupt. The minimum information required is the status of the processor and the location of the next instruction to be executed. The processor now loads the program counter with the entry location of the interrupt-handling program that will respond to this interrupt. It also saves the values of the process registers because the Interrupt operation may modify these The interrupt handler processes the interrupt – this includes examination of status information relating to the I/O operation or other event that caused an interrupt When interrupt processing is complete, the saved register values are retrieved from the stack and restored to the registers Finally, the PSW and program counter values from the stack are restored. Design Issues Two design issues arise in implementing interrupt I/O Because there will be multiple I/O modules, how does the processor determine which device issued the interrupt? If multiple interrupts have occurred, how does the processor decide which one to process? Addressing device recognition, 4 general categories of techniques are in common use… Multiple interrupt lines Software poll Daisy chain Bus arbitration For a detailed explanation of these approaches read page 250 of the textbook. Interrupt driven I/O while more efficient than simple programmed I/O still requires the active intervention of the processor to transfer data between memory and an I/O module, and any data transfer must traverse a path through the processor. Thus is suffers from two inherent drawbacks… The I/O transfer rate is limited by the speed with which the processor can test and service a device The processor is tied up in managing an I/O transfer; a number of instructions must be executed for each I/O transfer Direct Memory Access When large volumes of data are to be moved, an efficient technique is direct memory access (DMA) DMA Function DMA involves an additional module on the system bus. The DMA module is capable of mimicking the processor and taking over control of the system from the processor. It needs to do this to transfer data to and from memory over the system bus. DMA must the bus only when the processor does not need it, or it must force the processor to suspend operation temporarily (most common – referred to as cycle stealing). When the processor wishes to read or write a block of data, it issues a command to the DMA module by sending to the DMA module the following information… Whether a read or write is requested using the read or write control line between the processor and the DMA module The address of the I/O device involved, communicated on the data lines The starting location in memory to read from or write to, communicated on the data lines and stored by the DMA module in its address register The number of words to be read or written, communicated via the data lines and stored in the data count register The processor then continues with other work, it delegates the I/O operation to the DMA module which transfers the entire block of data, one word at a time, directly to or from memory without going through the processor. When the transfer is complete, the DMA module sends an interrupt signal to the processor, this the processor is involved only at the beginning and end of the transfer. I/O Channels and Processors Characteristics of I/O Channels As one proceeds along the evolutionary path, more and more of the I/O function is performed without CPU involvement. The I/O channel represents an extension of the DMA concept. An I/O channel ahs the ability to execute I/O instructions, which gives it complete control over I/O operations. In a computer system with such devices, the CPU does not execute I/O instructions – such instructions are stored in main memory to be executed by a special purpose processor in the I/O channel itself. Two types of I/O channels are common A selector channel controls multiple high-speed devices. A multiplexor channel can handle I/O with multiple characters as fast as possible to multiple devices. The external interface: FireWire and InfiniBand Types of Interfaces One major characteristic of the interface is whether it is serial or parallel parallel interface – there are multiple lines connecting the I/O module and the peripheral, and multiple bits are transferred simultaneously serial interface – there is only one line used to transmit data, and bits must be transmitted one at a time With new generation serial interfaces, parallel interfaces are becoming less common. In either case, the I/O module must engage in a dialogue with the peripheral. In general terms the dialog may look as follows… The I/O module sends a control signal requesting permission to send data The peripheral acknowledges the request The I/O module transfers data The peripheral acknowledges receipt of data For a detailed explanation of FireWire and InfiniBand technology read page 264 – 270 of the textbook

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  • Processor speeds on my machine don't live up to manufacturer hype

    - by atch
    Why am I not seeing the promised speed claims of processor manufacturers on my computer? Producers of processors claim that their product can perform so many thousands (or millions) of operations per second. And yet on my machine (4GB, 3500hz), the typical program (Word, Visual Studio etc.) takes at least 10 seconds to start. I've formatted my hard drive and ticked all the necessary boxes to optimize my machine and yet I'm not seeing the promised speeds. Say it takes Outlook ten seconds to load. How many millions of operations does it really go through in order to start up?

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  • Mutli-processor workstation as a workstation/server

    - by posdef
    I work in a research institute and a number of programs we use are computationally intensive (I actually wrote one of them). Right now we have one computer that is dedicated for one of these programs (with local accounts only, as in users physically sitting in front of that pc) and the other programs are run on individual workstations assigned to people. I have been looking around to common brands such as Dell and HP, for a some sort of a small/medium scale server, which can be used as a workhorse by sending tasks remotely. It appears as if there is nothing in between workstations with one 6-core processor and a bunch of extras (like fancy graphics etc) and rack mount servers with ridiculous amount of RAM and HDD expansion capabilities but still relatively little number of processors/cores. I wonder if what I am looking for is such a small niche product? Are there other solutions that I might not be aware of? Does anyone know of a multi proc- multi-core workstation/server that is still within the reasonable

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  • SPARC64 VII+ Processor Core License Factor Reduced by 33%

    - by john.shell
    The Oracle processor core license factor has been a popular topic the last few months.  For those partners new to Oracle software licensing, the processor core license factor determines the number licensed CPUs that are required when running Oracle software (those charged on a per-CPU basis) on multi-core processors.My last entry talked about the core factor reduction for our T3 processor.  The core license factor for our newly announced SPARC64 VII+ processor is 0.5, which is a 33% reduction from the 0.75 rate used with our SPARC64 VI and VII processors.What does this mean for our partners?  Increased opportunity.  This change, similar to our T3-based systems, means that our hardware is the preferred platform for Oracle software. Still a little dizzy on the breadth of Oracle's software offering?  Do a simple scan of Oracle's software price lists. Consider this your target market.This change allows you to focus on total solution price or price/performance, not server prices or per core performance (a standard IBM sales tactic). That's the offensive side of the game.  Don't forget your defense.  One of the biggest customer benefits around the M-Series is investment protection.  The combination of a simple processor/board upgrade, along with a reduction in processor core license factor, makes upgrading one of the best financial moves for our customers.    One reminder.  The update to the processor core license factor only applies to the new VII+ processor - NOT the SPARC64 VI or VII processors.  You can find the official table here.

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  • How to get Processor and Motherboard Id ?

    - by Frank
    I use the code from http://www.rgagnon.com/javadetails/java-0580.html to get Motherboard Id, but the result is "null", <1 How can that be ? <2 Also I modified the code a bit to look like this to get processor Id : "Set objWMIService = GetObject(\"winmgmts:\\\\.\\root\\cimv2\")\n"+ "Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery _ \n"+ " (\"Select * from Win32_Processor\") \n"+ "For Each objItem in colItems \n"+ " Wscript.Echo objItem.ProcessorId \n"+ " exit for ' do the first cpu only! \n"+ "Next \n"; The result is something like : ProcessorId = BFEBFBFF00010676 On http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa389273%28VS.85%29.aspx it says : ProcessorId : Processor information that describes the processor features. For an x86 class CPU, the field format depends on the processor support of the CPUID instruction. If the instruction is supported, the property contains 2 (two) DWORD formatted values. The first is an offset of 08h-0Bh, which is the EAX value that a CPUID instruction returns with input EAX set to 1. The second is an offset of 0Ch-0Fh, which is the EDX value that the instruction returns. Only the first two bytes of the property are significant and contain the contents of the DX register at CPU reset—all others are set to 0 (zero), and the contents are in DWORD format. I don't quite understand it, in plain English, is it unique or just a number for this class of processors, for instance all Intel Core2 Duo P8400 will have this number ? Frank

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  • Dedicating all processor power to a task

    - by Yktula
    Let's say we have a very processor-intensive task at hand which could be effectively parallelized. How can we dedicate all or almost all available processor power to performing that task? The task could be a variety of things, and iterative Fibonacci number generation that saves recorded numbers would be just one example.

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  • Processor architecture

    - by asj
    While HDDs evolve and offer more and more space on less room, why are we "sticking with" 32-bit or 64-bit? Why can't there be a e.g.: 128-bit processor? (This is not my homework; I'm just a student interested beyond the things they teach us in informatics)

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  • Will Multi threading increase the speed of the calculation on Single Processor

    - by Harsha
    On a single processor, Will multi-threading increse the speed of the calculation. As we all know that, multi-threading is used for Increasing the User responsiveness and achieved by sepating UI thread and calculation thread. But lets talk about only console application. Will multi-threading increases the speed of the calculation. Do we get culculation result faster when we calculate through multi-threading. what about on multi cores, will multi threading increse the speed or not. Please help me. If you have any material to learn more about threading. please post. Thanks in advance, Harsha

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  • The Cleanest Reset for ARM Processor

    - by waffleman
    Lately, I've been cleaning up some some C code that runs on an ARM7 controller. In some situations (upgrade, fatal error, etc...) the program will perform a reset. Presently it just jumps to 0 and assumes that the start-up code will reinitialize everything correctly. It got me to thinking about what would be the best procedure a la "Leave No Trace" for an ARM reset. Here is my first crack at it: void Reset(void) { /* Disable interrupts */ __disable_interrupts(); /* Reset peripherals, externals and processor */ AT91C_BASE_RSTC->RSTC_RCR = AT91C_RSTC_KEY | AT91C_RSTC_PERRST | AT91C_RSTC_EXTRST| AT91C_RSTC_PROCRST; while(AT91C_BASE_RSTC->RSTC_RSR & AT91C_RSTC_SRCMP); /* Jump to the reset vector */ (*(void(*)())0)(); } Anything I haven't considered?

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 doesn't recgonize m CPU correctly

    - by Nightshaxx
    My computer is running ubuntu 12.04 (64bit), and I have a AMD Athlon(tm) X4 760K Quad Core Processor which is about 3.8ghz (and an Radeon HD 7770 GPU). Yet, when I type in cat /proc/cpuinfo - I get: processor : 0 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 21 model : 19 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) X4 760K Quad Core Processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x6001119 cpu MHz : 1800.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 0 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 16 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes xsave avx f16c lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs xop skinit wdt lwp fma4 tce nodeid_msr tbm topoext perfctr_core arat cpb hw_pstate npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold bmi1 bogomips : 7599.97 TLB size : 1536 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm 100mhzsteps hwpstate cpb eff_freq_ro processor : 1 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 21 model : 19 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) X4 760K Quad Core Processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x6001119 cpu MHz : 1800.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 1 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 17 initial apicid : 1 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes xsave avx f16c lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs xop skinit wdt lwp fma4 tce nodeid_msr tbm topoext perfctr_core arat cpb hw_pstate npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold bmi1 bogomips : 7599.97 TLB size : 1536 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm 100mhzsteps hwpstate cpb eff_freq_ro processor : 2 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 21 model : 19 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) X4 760K Quad Core Processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x6001119 cpu MHz : 1800.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 2 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 18 initial apicid : 2 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes xsave avx f16c lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs xop skinit wdt lwp fma4 tce nodeid_msr tbm topoext perfctr_core arat cpb hw_pstate npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold bmi1 bogomips : 7599.97 TLB size : 1536 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm 100mhzsteps hwpstate cpb eff_freq_ro processor : 3 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 21 model : 19 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) X4 760K Quad Core Processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x6001119 cpu MHz : 1800.000 cache size : 2048 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 3 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 19 initial apicid : 3 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes xsave avx f16c lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs xop skinit wdt lwp fma4 tce nodeid_msr tbm topoext perfctr_core arat cpb hw_pstate npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold bmi1 bogomips : 7599.97 TLB size : 1536 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm 100mhzsteps hwpstate cpb eff_freq_ro The important part of all this being, cpu MHz : 1800.000 which indicates that I have only 1.8ghz of processing power, which is totally wrong. Is it something with drivers or Ubuntu?? Also, will windows recognize all of my processing power? Thanks! (NOTE: My cpu doesn't have intigrated graphics

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  • How the SPARC T4 Processor Optimizes Throughput Capacity: A Case Study

    - by Ruud
    This white paper demonstrates the architected latency hiding features of Oracle’s UltraSPARC T2+ and SPARC T4 processors That is the first sentence from this technical white paper, but what does it exactly mean? Let's consider a very simple example, the computation of a = b + c. This boils down to the following (pseudo-assembler) instructions that need to be executed: load @b, r1 load @c, r2 add r1,r2,r3 store r3, @a The first two instructions load variables b and c from an address in memory (here symbolized by @b and @c respectively). These values go into registers r1 and r2. The third instruction adds the values in r1 and r2. The result goes into register r3. The fourth instruction stores the contents of r3 into the memory address symbolized by @a. If we're lucky, both b and c are in a nearby cache and the load instructions only take a few processor cycles to execute. That is the good case, but what if b or c, or both, have to come from very far away? Perhaps both of them are in the main memory and then it easily takes hundreds of cycles for the values to arrive in the registers. Meanwhile the processor is doing nothing and simply waits for the data to arrive. Actually, it does something. It burns cycles while waiting. That is a waste of time and energy. Why not use these cycles to execute instructions from another application or thread in case of a parallel program? That is exactly what latency hiding on the SPARC T-Series processors does. It is a hardware feature totally transparent to the user and application. As soon as there is a delay in the execution, the hardware uses these otherwise idle cycles to execute instructions from another process. As a result, the throughput capacity of the system improves because idle cycles are no longer wasted and therefore more jobs can be run per unit of time. This feature has been in the SPARC T-series from the beginning, so why this paper? The difference with previous publications on this topic is in the amount of detail given. How this all works under the hood is fully explained using two example programs. Starting from the assembly language instructions, it is demonstrated in what way these programs execute. To really see what is happening we go down to the processor pipeline level, where the gaps in the execution are, and show in what way these idle cycles are filled by other copies of the same program running simultaneously. Both the SPARC T4 as well as the older UltraSPARC T2+ processor are covered. You may wonder why the UltraSPARC T2+ is included. The focus of this work is on the SPARC T4 processor, but to explain the basic concept of latency hiding at this very low level, we start with the UltraSPARC T2+ processor because it is architecturally a much simpler design. From the single issue, in-order pipelines of this processor we then shift gears and cover how this all works on the much more advanced dual issue, out-of-order architecture of the T4. The analysis and performance experiments have been conducted on both processors. The results depend on the processor, but in all cases the theoretical estimates are confirmed by the experiments. If you're interested to read a lot more about this and find out how things really work under the hood, you can download a copy of the paper here. A paper like this could not have been produced without the help of several other people. I want to thank the co-author of this paper, Jared Smolens, for his very valuable contributions and our highly inspiring discussions. I'm also indebted to Thomas Nau (Ulm University, Germany), Shane Sigler and Mark Woodyard (both at Oracle) for their feedback on earlier versions of this paper. Karen Perkins (Perkins Technical Writing and Editing) and Rick Ramsey at Oracle were very helpful in providing editorial and publishing assistance.

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  • How can I create an executable to run on a certain processor architecture (instead of certain OS)?

    - by CrazyJugglerDrummer
    So I take my C++ program in Visual studio, compile, and it'll spit out a nice little EXE file. But EXEs will only run on windows, and I hear a lot about how C/C++ compiles into assembly language, which is runs directly on a processor. The EXE runs with the help of windows, or I could have a program that makes an executable that runs on a mac. But aren't I compiling C++ code into assembly language, which is processor specific? My Insights: I'm guessing I'm probably not. I know there's an Intel C++ compiler, so would it make processor-specific assembly code? EXEs run on windows, so they advantage of tons of things already set up, from graphics packages to the massive .NET framework. A processor-specific executable would be literally starting from scratch, with just the instruction set of the processor. Would this executable be a file-type? We could be running windows and open it, but then would control switch to processor only? I assume this executable would be something like an operating system, in that it would have to be run before anything else was booted up, and have only the processor instruction set to "use".

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  • How do I know if my Xeon Processor supports hardware virtualisation?

    - by gshankar
    I've been scouring the net (mainly the wikipaedia lists and intel's site. I even pulled out the datasheet for my processor) but I can't seem to answer this question. Does my Xeon support hardware virtualisation? The processor in question is a: "Nocona" (standard-voltage, 90 nm) 2800MHz. Other details can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessors#.22Nocona.22_.28standard-voltage.2C_90_nm.29 I'm pretty sure the answer is no as it's a pretty old server but I can't find a single place which has a definitive yes/no answer so I'm still looking...

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  • is it dangerous for the processor core to be *always* loaded at 100%?

    - by javapowered
    In my HFT software I plan to use one core for stock index calculation. That would be simply while(true) loop without any delays which will calculate (sum and multiply) components as often as possible (so millions times per second) and I plan to do that 8 hours per day every day. I was never before loading my computer to 100% full time every day regullary. May it be dangerous? Do processor has kind of "resource" (very big of course) after which it can stopped working?

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  • My cpus are powered down periodically

    - by mgiammarco
    I post here because I am using Ubuntu but this is probably an hardware problem. Since I bought my new setup with AMD Athlon(tm) II X4 635 Processor and asus m4a89td pro/usb3 motherboard with ecc ram I have stuttering on videos. I was using ubuntu 11.10 now ubuntu 12.10. Looking at syslog I have found that periodically (I notice only on videos but it happens always) this thing happens: Mar 6 23:36:42 virtual1 kernel: [28564.375548] smpboot: CPU 1 is now offline Mar 6 23:36:42 virtual1 kernel: [28564.380751] smpboot: CPU 2 is now offline Mar 6 23:36:42 virtual1 kernel: [28564.394947] smpboot: CPU 3 is now offline Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.917021] smpboot: Booting Node 0 Processor 1 APIC 0x1 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.928015] LVT offset 0 assigned for vector 0xf9 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.928372] [Firmware Bug]: cpu 1, try to use APIC500 (LVT offset 0) for vector 0x400, but the register is already in use for vector 0xf9 on another cpu Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.928378] perf: IBS APIC setup failed on cpu #1 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.931305] process: Switch to broadcast mode on CPU1 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.934255] smpboot: Booting Node 0 Processor 2 APIC 0x2 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.945554] [Firmware Bug]: cpu 2, try to use APIC500 (LVT offset 0) for vector 0x400, but the register is already in use for vector 0xf9 on another cpu Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.945558] perf: IBS APIC setup failed on cpu #2 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.948124] process: Switch to broadcast mode on CPU2 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.949644] smpboot: Booting Node 0 Processor 3 APIC 0x3 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.960838] [Firmware Bug]: cpu 3, try to use APIC500 (LVT offset 0) for vector 0x400, but the register is already in use for vector 0xf9 on another cpu Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.960840] perf: IBS APIC setup failed on cpu #3 Mar 6 23:36:48 virtual1 kernel: [28569.962953] process: Switch to broadcast mode on CPU3 I have: updated bios; tried all (really) bios options; changed ram; changed psu and cpu cooler; tried 3.8.1 kernel. What can I do now? Please help me! Thanks, Mario

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  • Why does working processors harder use more electrical power?

    - by GazTheDestroyer
    Back in the mists of time when I started coding, at least as far as I'm aware, processors all used a fixed amount of power. There was no such thing as a processor being "idle". These days there are all sorts of technologies for reducing power usage when the processor is not very busy, mostly by dynamically reducing the clock rate. My question is why does running at a lower clock rate use less power? My mental picture of a processor is of a reference voltage (say 5V) representing a binary 1, and 0V representing 0. Therefore I tend to think of of a constant 5V being applied across the entire chip, with the various logic gates disconnecting this voltage when "off", meaning a constant amount of power is being used. The rate at which these gates are turned on and off seems to have no relation to the power used. I have no doubt this is a hopelessly naive picture, but I am no electrical engineer. Can someone explain what's really going on with frequency scaling, and how it saves power. Are there any other ways that a processor uses more or less power depending on state? eg Does it use more power if more gates are open? How are mobile / low power processors different from their desktop cousins? Are they just simpler (less transistors?), or is there some other fundamental design difference?

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