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• How does IPv4 Subnetting Work?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  This is a Canonical Question about IPv4 Subnets How does Subnetting Work, and How do you do it by hand or in your head? Can someone explain both conceptually and with several examples? Server Fault gets lots of subnetting homework questions, so we could use an answer to point them to on Server Fault itself. What is classless routing and why is class-based routing obsolete? If I have a network, how do I figure out how to split it up? If I am given a netmask, how do I know what the network Range is for it? Sometimes there is a slash followed by a number, what is that number? Sometimes there is a subnet mask, but also a wildcard mask, they seem like the same thing but they are different? Someone mentioned something about knowing binary for this? What is NAT (Network Address Translation).

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• How to increase signal/range of your Wi-Fi antenna-less repeater/booster over the network?

  - by kenorb

  I've BT Home Hub in the upper flat (2-3 walls behind) and I'm using WPS Wireless-N Wifi Range Router Repeater Extender in my flat where I'm using my laptop. These are antenna-less devices. Are there any life-hack tricks to increase signal/range of my repeater without buying the new more powerful repeater? I've tried already to move my repeater closer to the ceiling or putting the aluminium foil underneath, but it didn't help. Are there any methods, specific plates or materials which can boost the signal? Specification: Model: WN518W2 Frequency range: 2.4-2.4835GHz Wireless transmit power: 14 ~17 dBm (Typical) Wireless Signal Rates With Automatic Fallback: 11n: Up to 300Mbps(dynamic), 11g: Up to 54Mbps(dynamic), 11b: Up to 11Mbps(dynamic) Modulation Technology: DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK, OFDM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM Receiver Sensitivity: 300M: -68dBm@10% PER / 150M: -68dBm@10% PER / 108M: -68dBm@10% PER / 54M: -68dBm@10% PER / 11M: -85dBm@8% PER / 6M: -88dBm@10% PER / 1M: -90dBm@8% PER Product dimensions: 11 * 6 * 7cm

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• stunnel: SSL-to-SSL? (for smtp/imap)

  - by nonot1

  Hello, How can I configure stunnel to accpet SSL connections, and connect then to an SSL port on a different server? Here is my setup: Our ISP's server, "Mail Server", supports smtp/imap over SSL. (Not starttls. Just over ssl.) But, I have a bunch of client machines that will only trust a specific, internal, root certificate. Thus, they can not connect to "Mail Server". For these client machines, I'd like to make a dedicated "Mail Tunnel" host that uses stunnel to listen with an in-house signed SSL certificate, and just forward data to "Mail Server" using a 2nd SSL connection. Can this be done? What would be the specific steps for Ubuntu Server 10.10? (I'm not too familiar with persistent service configuration.) Thank you

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• Chain Gateways on the LAN

  - by Black2night

  I installed m0n0wall in a virtualized environment, i have 10 PCs connected to a router ( 192.168.1.0/24) which connect them to the internet through PPPoE, the problem is that this router does not have a QoS so what i want to do is the following :- let all the PCs get their IP from the Router and the default gateway will be m0n0wall the moon wall will have 2 interface (Lan 192.168.1.20) and (Wan 192.168.1.21 and default gateway 192.168.1.1) now when any PC want to access the internet it should go through m0n0wall and then m0n0wall will forward the connection to the default gateway through the wan interface which is the PPPoE running on the router (192.168.1.1) the big question is this scenario possible or not and what do you suggest? Thanks

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• How to bypass vpn talking to VMWare Guest?

  - by marc esher

  Greetings. Network/VPN n00b question here. I'm running VMWare Workstation with a Guest Windows 2003 Server. It has SQL Server 2000 installed. The sole purpose for this Guest is to house SQL Server... it needn't have internet access or access to any other resources on the network other than the host. When launch Check Point VPN software, the host routes through the company network before it connects to the guest ... i.e. it's no longer a direct connection. I assume this is just how things are supposed to work. However, what's happening is that the connection between my host and the SQL Server instance on the guest intermittently drops. It's not consistent, and some databases on the server will be responsive while others aren't. It appears that the databases with the most traffic on the guest (the ones I'm hitting with load tests) are the ones that become intermittently unresponsive. This problem only manifests when VPN is on; when it's off, I can pound away on this database with no troubles. Thanks for any advice!

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• How much packet loss is normal?

  - by Fabian

  I started monitoring our network using SmokePing. Users occasionally complain about bad network connections, but the problems went away after some minutes usually. I now wanted to get some more quantitative information about those problems. SmokePing regularly pings servers inside our network, in a connected network and outside hosts. I only have a limited amount of control over our internal network and none at all for the connection to the outside and to the second network. I now see quite often (2-4 times a day) that packets to the second network and the outside are dropped. Most of the times it is 1-2 packets out of 20, sometimes more. Inside our internal network no packets are dropped. Is this an expected amount of packet loss, or does it indicate that something is wrong? I'm mainly wondering if I should bother the university IT department about it, or if I should just accept it as it is.

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• Tunneling a public IP to a remote machine

  - by Jim Paris

  I have a Linux server A with a block of 5 public IP addresses, 8.8.8.122/29. Currently, 8.8.8.122 is assigned to eth0, and 8.8.8.123 is assigned to eth0:1. I have another Linux machine B in a remote location, behind NAT. I would like to set up an tunnel between the two so that B can use the IP address 8.8.8.123 as its primary IP address. OpenVPN is probably the answer, but I can't quite figure out how to set things up (topology subnet or topology p2p might be appropriate. Or should I be using Ethernet bridging?). Security and encryption is not a big concern at this point, so GRE would be fine too -- machine B will be coming from a known IP address and can be authenticated based on that. How can I do this? Can anyone suggest an OpenVPN config, or some other approach, that could work in this situation? Ideally, it would also be able to handle multiple clients (e.g. share all four of spare IPs with other machines), without letting those clients use IPs to which they are not entitled.

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• Google account gives ERR_SSL_BAD_RECORD_MAC_ALERT errors

  - by Kjensen

  A couple of days ago, I started being unable to connect to accounts.google.com, which handles logins to all kinds of google services. I get this error in Chrome: Error 126 (net::ERR_SSL_BAD_RECORD_MAC_ALERT): Unknown error. In IE I get this: I assume it is the same error, just wrapped up. I run Win8 RTM. On the SAME machine, using the same network card, in a VMWare workstation image running Win7, I am able to connect perfectly. On another of my machines on my network, I am also still able to connect with no problem. My girlfriend uses the same network and has also complained a couple of times about this error (google calendar) - but this is anecdotal, since her technical troubleshooting abilities stop at "xxxx is broken". Her machine runs Win7. ;) I have rebooted, cleared cookies, do not run any antivirus/firewall, have not changed network config. The first 3-4 days after installing Win8, I did not have any problems. I have also searched, and found a hint about enabling SSL2.0 in connection settings, which did not help. Anybody know something about this error and what I can do to fix it?

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• Only 192.168.0.3 can request most files, but anyone can request /public/file.html

  - by mattalexx

  I have the following virtual host on my development server: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName example.com DocumentRoot /srv/web/example.com/pub <Directory /srv/web/example.com/pub> Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 192.168.0.3 </Directory> </VirtualHost> The Allow from 192.168.0.3 part is to only allow requests from my workstation machine. I want to tweak this to allow anyone to request a certain URL: http://example.com/public/file.html How do I change this to allow /public/file.html requests to get through from anyone? Note: /public/file.html doesn't actually exist as a file on the server. I redirect all incoming requests through a single index file using mod_rewrite.

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• Latency in TCP/IP-over-Ethernet networks

  - by aix

  What resources (books, Web pages etc) exist out there that: explain the causes of latency in TCP/IP-over-Ethernet networks; mention tools for looking out for things that cause latency (e.g. certain entries in netstat -s); suggest ways to tweak the Linux TCP stack to reduce TCP latency (Nagle, socket buffers etc). The closest I am aware of is this document, but it's rather brief. Alternatively, you're welcome to answer the above questions directly.

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• Finding Missing UDP Frames Using Wireshark + Custom Dissector (for CQS)

  - by John Dibling

  How do you use Wireshark to identify missing UDP frames? I have written a custom dissector for the CQS feed (reference page). One of our servers gaps when receiving this feed. According to Wireshark, some UDP frames are never received. I know that the frames were sent because all of our other servers are gap-free. A CQS frame consists of multiple messages, each having its own sequence number. My custom dissector provides the following data to Wireshark: cqs.frame_gaps - the number of gaps within a UDP frame (always zero) cqs.frame_first_seq - the first sequence number in a UDP frame cqs.frame_expected_seq - the first sequence number expected in the next UDP frame cqs.frame_msg_count - the number of messages in this UDP frame And I am displaying each of these values in custom columns, as shown in this screenshot: A typical CQS log will consist of millions of rows, so I can't just eyeball it. Is there any way I can get Wireshark to tell me which frames are missing?

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• Time-Machine backup over SSH tunnel to NFS mount

  - by BTZ

  I've recently started using a new NAS which runs CentOS 6.2. One of the purposes of the NAS would be to serve as a backup target. Whilst I have been using Apple's Time-Machine for a while and I am very satisfied with it, I'd like to continue using it. Backing up directly to an address in my network is no hassle; all works fine. For security reasons I'd like all my traffic to go through an ssh tunnel to the NAS. This way I can avoid needing to get a VPNserver (for personal reasons). As of NFSv4 the NFS deamon is bound to port 2049, which makes it easy for me to direct all traffic through a ssh tunnel. Tunnel: ssh -f admin@ms -L 2000:localhost:2049 -N Mount: mount -t nfs -o nfsvers=4,rw,proto=tcp,sync,intr,hard,timeo=600,retrans=10,wsize=32768,rsize=32768,port=2000 localhost:/mac_backup /Volumes/backup This works fine for Finder/terminal and throughput is almost equal to direct traffic. (CPU of the NAS does ride high when I reach max bandwidth though) Now the problem: With Time-Machine I can't use the NFS mount point mounted on localhost. TM seems to try to connect to it and then give me a "OSStatus error 65". I also tried using NFSv3 (I correctly forwarded all ports) with no luck. Can anyone shed a light on this and/or give a solution?

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• Linksys WiFi usb dongle and linux woes

  - by MrStatic

  I have a Linksys WUSB54GC usb dongle and I have exhausted every thing I know about making this thing work in linux. I am using Fedora 13. Since it is not ready I can not view any networks. Any ideas would be great. tail of the system log Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 8 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: New USB device found, idVendor=1737, idProduct=0077 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: Product: 802.11 g WLAN Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: Manufacturer: Ralink Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: usb 1-7: SerialNumber: 1.0 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::radio Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::assoc Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: Registered led device: rt2800usb-phy3::quality Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> found WiFi radio killswitch rfkill3 (at /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/1-7/1-7:1.0/ieee80211/phy3/rfkill3) (driver <unknown>) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: rt2800usb 1-7:1.0: firmware: requesting rt2870.bin Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): driver supports SSID scans (scan_capa 0x01). Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): new 802.11 WiFi device (driver: 'rt2800usb' ifindex: 6) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): exported as /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Devices/4 Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): now managed Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): device state change: 1 -> 2 (reason 2) Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): bringing up device. Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost kernel: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): preparing device. Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): deactivating device (reason: 2). Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): supplicant interface state: starting -> ready Jun 2 20:14:35 localhost NetworkManager[1367]: <info> (wlan0): device state change: 2 -> 3 (reason 42) [root@localhost log]# iwconfig lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=8 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:on

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• Router loses connection to internet randomly

  - by tvanover

  I have a Belkin wireless G plus Mimo router and it randomly loses the connection to the internet. It seems to happen for a second or two, not enough to impact day to day browsing. But enough to disconnect games, or stall videos I am watching. It happens whether I am plugged into the router or connecting via wifi. I am unsure if it is my router or Comcast that is causing this issue. If I connect a computer directly to the modem the problem never occurs, so that tells me it is probably the router. But I also had a Netgear wireless router WGR614, and it had the same problem. I don't know where to start looking for the source of the problem. What logs should I be combing through? All my machines are win 7 of varying versions.

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• Trouble Connecting to Virtual Machine after IP address Change

  - by David

  I have a VMware image running a copy of Fedora 11 which is hosted on a remote server. The remote server recently had its IP address change. I'm now unable to connect to my virtual machine. The server admin assures me that my virtual machine is running and assigned the new IP address. I have checked the firewalls and had the remote admin restart the VM instance. Neither of these fixed the problem. How do I troubleshoot a remote server which I am unable to SSH to? I'm actually even unable to ping the remote IP (connection timed out).

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• Streaming music throughout the house on a budget?

  - by greggannicott

  I was wondering whether anyone knew of a way to stream music throughout a house on a budget? I want to avoid spending any money on this (eg. I don't want to buy a d-link style device). It would be ideal if I could use my existing hardware and some open source software. I have three old(ish) PCs knocking around. I'm happy to stick either Windows or Linux on them. They can all be hooked up to speakers. The ideal solution would result in: the same audio being heard from every device (eg. when you hear a beat on one device, you'd hear it at the exact same time on another (so you don't get any echo)) I'd be able to control the source application (eg. the songs lined up) with my iPhone. I realise I'm being cheeky with those two wishes - but you never know your luck. Am I asking for too much, or is there a piece of software/protocol out there with this purpose in mind? I've been searching for sometime now, but haven't had any joy. Thanks in advance.

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• Get the wireless adapter frequency-band mode in Windows 7

  - by Petr

  I have a dual-band 802.11n router operating in both frequency bands with the same SSID. My Windows 7 laptop has a dual-band wireless adapter. Is there a way to find out which frequency band is the one currently used by the client? Also, is there a way to set the preffered band? Thanks. EDIT1: The router is Linksys E4200 (V2) and I essentially want to keep the 2.4GHz band in the mixed-mode so that the legacy 802.11g devices can connect while allocating the 5.0GHz band for 802.11n devices. The laptop's adapter (Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300 ANG) can operate in both 802.11n modes. EDIT2: Related topic

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• Keepalived for more than 20 virtual addresses

  - by cvaldemar

  I have set up keepalived on two Debian machines for high availability, but I've run into the maximum number of virtual IP's I can assign to my vrrp_instance. How would I go about configuring and failing over 20+ virtual IP's? This is the, very simple, setup: LB01: 10.200.85.1 LB02: 10.200.85.2 Virtual IPs: 10.200.85.100 - 10.200.85.200 Each machine is also running Apache (later Nginx) binding on the virtual IPs for SSL client certificate termination and proxying to backend webservers. The reason I need so many VIP's is the inability to use VirtualHost on HTTPS. This is my keepalived.conf: vrrp_script chk_apache2 { script "killall -0 apache2" interval 2 weight 2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { interface eth0 state MASTER virtual_router_id 51 priority 101 virtual_ipaddress { 10.200.85.100 . . all the way to . 10.200.85.200 } An identical configuration is on the BACKUP machine, and it's working fine, but only up to the 20th IP. I have found a HOWTO discussing this problem. Basically, they suggest having just one VIP and routing all traffic "via" this one IP, and "all will be well". Is this a good approach? I'm running pfSense firewalls in front of the machines. Quote from the above link: ip route add $VNET/N via $VIP or route add $VNET netmask w.x.y.z gw $VIP Thanks in advance. EDIT: @David Schwartz said it would make sense to add a route, so I tried adding a static route to the pfSense firewall, but that didn't work as I expected it would. pfSense route: Interface: LAN Destination network: 10.200.85.200/32 (virtual IP) Gateway: 10.200.85.100 (floating virtual IP) Description: Route to VIP .100 I also made sure I had packet forwarding enabled on my hosts: $ cat /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind=1 Am I doing this wrong? I also removed all VIPs from the keepalived.conf so it only fails over 10.200.85.100.

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• why udp client work when wirshark capture?

  - by herzl shemuelian

  I have two machine A,B windows 7 os .I connect them end to end and try run a performance test by using tcpreplay. step 1) I check conectivity between to point by netcat In A i run nc -lvup 5432 when I run on B nc -u 1.2.3.4 5432 I can send data from B to A step 2) when in I run tcpreplay in B tcpreplay -i %0 myudp.pcap in A I don't recevice any data . when I open wireshark in A then my nc can read data why? I check dst mac and dst ip in pcap file they are correct. is importan udp src mac or src ip for udp how that I open udp server ?

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• Loading guest OS's (Windows) localhost through my host's (Mountain Lion) browsers

  - by Jonah Goldstein

  For work, I have to develop in Visual Studio, which I run via VMware's fusion 5. I really want to test via my mac's native browsers for a multitude of reasons. that is, view the IIs web stuffs that my windows VM should expose, in my mac's own native Firefox, Chrome... etc. if i could expose a pretty url, that would be even better, but i would certainly settle for an ugly IP :) I got a decent number of views but no response when I asked in VMware's own boards. Everyone seems to want to go the other direction (developing in sublimetext/textmate serving up through MAMP and exposing it to windows browsers to test) and there seems to be tried a true solutions for this. unfortunately (or fortunately depending on your preference) my startup is pretty entrenched in the visual studio development tools. I'm really hoping that someone knows the answer to this. Thanks :)

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• PowerConnect 3548p SNTP and web interface not working

  - by Force Flow

  I have been unable to get SNTP and access to the web interface working properly on a Dell PowerConnect 3548p. In the logs, this message appears over and over again: 04-Jan-2000 20:19:29 :%MNGINF-W-ACL: Management ACL drop packet received on interface Vlan 172 from 172.17.0.3 to 172.18.0.10 protocol 17 service Snmp 172 is the management vlan. 172.17.0.3 is the DNS server 172.18.0.10 is the switch's IP address. The DNS server and the switch are located on different subnets and separated by routers. I am unable to access the web interface of the switch from the 172.17.x.x subnet. I can only access the web interface of the switch if I am accessing it from the 172.18.x.x subnet. There is also a managed linksys switch on the 172.18.x.x subnet on the 172 vlan, which has no problem with SNTP. I can also access it from the 172.17.x.x network. So, it stands to reason that this is not a firewall or routing issue, but with the 3548p switch. I suspect the issue is with management permissions/ACLs on the 3348p switch, but that's about as much as I've been able to determine so far. Any ideas?

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• /etc/hosts.deny ignored in Ubuntu 14.04

  - by Matt

  I have Apache2 running on Ubuntu 14.04LTS. To begin securing network access to the machine, I want to start by blocking everything, then make specific allow statements for specific subnets to browse to sites hosted in Apache. The Ubuntu Server is installed with no packages selected during install, the only packages added after install are: apt-get update; apt-get install apache2, php5 (with additional php5-modules), openssh-server, mysql-client Following are my /etc/hosts.deny & /etc/hosts.allow settings: /etc/hosts.deny ALL:ALL /etc/hosts.allow has no allow entries at all. I would expect all network protocols to be denied. The symptom is that I can still web browse to sites hosted on the Apache web server even though there is a deny all statement in /etc/hosts.deny The system was rebooted after the deny entry was added. Why would /etc/hosts.deny with ALL:ALL be ignored and allow http browsing to sites hosted on the apache web server?

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• Doing port forwarding and then using it from within the internal network

  - by Ram Rachum

  We all know that by doing port forwarding on the router, computers from outside the network are able, on the specified ports, to access internal computers by targeting the external IP. I'm now replacing a TP-Link router with a D-link VDSL N 6740U router, (and copied over all the settings,) and I've noticed that one thing stopped working: With the TP-link router, you could access those port-forwarded computers from within the network, using the external IP, and they would be forwarded to the relevant computers. With the new D-Link router, it doesn't work. You might be wondering, why would you want to use the external IP and port forwarding when you're inside the internal network anyway and can just access the internal IP? One example for why this is useful: You have an iPhone app that connects to a service on an internal computer. The iPhone app knows to connect to the external IP. When we put that iPhone inside the internal network (via WiFi), it suddenly stops working, because it can't access the service from the external IP anymore. Is it an inherent property of D-Link routers that they do not allow accessing internal servers from inside the network by targeting the external IP? Or is there a way to make it work?

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• Picasa 3.5: how to share the tagged faces from one PC to another

  - by Eduardo Molteni

  At home, we share our photos from a server. I've been tagging the faces in Picasa 3.5 in one PC, but in the other PC the same photos needs to be retagged. Where is this info stored so it can be shared between computers?

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• How to get access to console to reset Cisco 3750?

  - by genehack

  I acquired two Cisco 3750 switches from another part of my organization. I was able to complete the standard password/config reset procedure on one without any issues -- boot it, put it into express config mode, telnet in, reset the passwords, etc. The second one doesn't ever boot to the point where it displays anything on the console. When power cycled, the 'SYST' light flashes green a few times, then comes on a solid green and stays lit. None of the other lights ever flash or light up. Holding down the 'MODE' button for up to 30 seconds produces no noticeable effects. Nothing ever comes out on the console. Since I was able to configure the first one without any problems, I know my connectinon is good -- console port configured right, good cable, etc. Is this just a hardware problem with the switch? Is there any way I can recover from this and get the switch back into a state where I can configure it?

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