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• Modular Open MMO RPG

  - by Chris Valentine

  Has there been an MMORPG type attempt at some kind of open universe where you could host a server on your own if you wish and it would merely be added to the collective of possible places to travel within the MMO? Two types come to mind, a DnD Neverwinter Nights type place or something like EVE online. Where there is a "universe" and each hosted space is a planet or solar system or galaxy and players can travel between them using the same characters/ships/portal system and each new server is than just a new adventure or place to go. I would also assume there were dedicated/replicated servers that housed the characters/inventory themselves so that the environment was decentralized and always expandable. Not sure thats clear but has there been any such attempts or WIP? thanks

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• Triangle Line-Segment Intersection - detecting near misses

  - by Will

  A ray is a very poor approximation of a player! I think approximating a player with a sphere traveling a straight line each game tick will solve my problems of the player intersecting edges of scenery because their line segment missed it yet their own model is not infinitely thin... I have a 3D triangle and a line segment. I have the normal triangle-line-segment intersection code which I admit I have only a woolly grasp of. To model movement and compute collisions of the player I have to determine if a line passes within sphere-radius of a triangle. But I can find no convenient line near-miss intersection code! Here's the classic triangle intersection ### commented ### code with my starting assumptions: function triangle_ray_intersection(a,b,c,ray_origin,ray_dir,ray_radius) { // http://softsurfer.com/Archive/algorithm_0105/algorithm_0105.htm#intersect_RayTriangle%28%29 // get triangle edge vectors and plane normal var u = vec3_sub(b,a); var v = vec3_sub(c,a); var n = vec3_cross(u,v); if(n[0]==0 && n[1]==0 && n[2]==0) return null; // triangle is degenerate var w0 = vec3_sub(ray_origin,a); var j = vec3_dot(n,ray_dir); if(Math.abs(j) < 0.00000001) { //### if parallel, might still pass within ray_radius of it return null; // parallel, disjoint or on plane } var i = -vec3_dot(n,w0); // get intersect point of ray with triangle plane var k = i / j; if(k < 0.0) return null; // ray goes away from triangle //### as its a line segment, k > 1+ray_radius means no intersect var hit = vec3_add(ray_origin,vec3_scale(ray_dir,k)); // intersect point of ray and plane // is I inside T? //### here I'm a bit lost; this is presumably computing barycentric coordinates? var uu = vec3_dot(u,u); var uv = vec3_dot(u,v); var vv = vec3_dot(v,v); var w = vec3_sub(hit,a); var wu = vec3_dot(w,u); var wv = vec3_dot(w,v); var D = uv * uv - uu * vv; var s = (uv * wv - vv * wu) / D; //### therefore, compute if its within ray_radius scaled to the 0..1 of barycentric coordinates? if(s<0.0 || s>1.0) return null; // I is outside T var t = (uv * wu - uu * wv) / D; if(t<0.0 || (s+t)>1.0) return null; // I is outside T //### finally, if it passses a barycentric test it might still be too far //### to a point; must check that its distance from a corner is within ray_radius too if more than one barycentric coord is >1 //### so we have rounded corners... return [hit,n]; // I is in T } Given the distance between the point of plane intersection and each corner, I ought to be able to determine distance at world scale of how far beyond the edge - beyond 1.0 in barycentric coordinates for each axis - that point is... At this point my head explodes! Is this the right track? What's the actual code? UPDATE: you can earn 100 pts on SO if you answer this question there...! How can you determine if a line segment passes within some distance of a triangle?

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• Java Slick2d - How to translate mouse coordinates to world coordinates

  - by Corey

  I am translating in my main class render. How do I get the mouse position where my mouse actually is after I scroll the screen public void render(GameContainer gc, Graphics g) throws SlickException { float centerX = 800/2; float centerY = 600/2; g.translate(centerX, centerY); g.translate(-player.playerX, -player.playerY); gen.render(g); player.render(g); } playerX = 800 /2 - sprite.getWidth(); playerY = 600 /2 - sprite.getHeight(); Image to help with explanation I tried implementing a camera but it seems no matter what I can't get the mouse position. I was told to do this worldX = mouseX + camX; but it didn't work the mouse was still off. Here is my Camera class if that helps: public class Camera { public float camX; public float camY; Player player; public void init() { player = new Player(); } public void update(GameContainer gc, int delta) { Input input = gc.getInput(); if(input.isKeyDown(Input.KEY_W)) { camY -= player.speed * delta; } if(input.isKeyDown(Input.KEY_S)) { camY += player.speed * delta; } if(input.isKeyDown(Input.KEY_A)) { camX -= player.speed * delta; } if(input.isKeyDown(Input.KEY_D)) { camX += player.speed * delta; } } Code used to convert mouse worldX = (int) (mouseX + cam.camX); worldY = (int) (mouseY + cam.camY);

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• Atmospheric Scattering

  - by Lawrence Kok

  I'm trying to implement atmospheric scattering based on Sean O`Neil algorithm that was published in GPU Gems 2. But I have some trouble getting the shader to work. My latest attempts resulted in: http://img253.imageshack.us/g/scattering01.png/ I've downloaded sample code of O`Neil from: http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/GPU_Gems_2/CD/Index.html. Made minor adjustments to the shader 'SkyFromAtmosphere' that would allow it to run in AMD RenderMonkey. In the images it is see-able a form of banding occurs, getting an blueish tone. However it is only applied to one half of the sphere, the other half is completely black. Also the banding appears to occur at Zenith instead of Horizon, and for a reason I managed to get pac-man shape. I would appreciate it if somebody could show me what I'm doing wrong. Vertex Shader: uniform mat4 matView; uniform vec4 view_position; uniform vec3 v3LightPos; const int nSamples = 3; const float fSamples = 3.0; const vec3 Wavelength = vec3(0.650,0.570,0.475); const vec3 v3InvWavelength = 1.0f / vec3( Wavelength.x * Wavelength.x * Wavelength.x * Wavelength.x, Wavelength.y * Wavelength.y * Wavelength.y * Wavelength.y, Wavelength.z * Wavelength.z * Wavelength.z * Wavelength.z); const float fInnerRadius = 10; const float fOuterRadius = fInnerRadius * 1.025; const float fInnerRadius2 = fInnerRadius * fInnerRadius; const float fOuterRadius2 = fOuterRadius * fOuterRadius; const float fScale = 1.0 / (fOuterRadius - fInnerRadius); const float fScaleDepth = 0.25; const float fScaleOverScaleDepth = fScale / fScaleDepth; const vec3 v3CameraPos = vec3(0.0, fInnerRadius * 1.015, 0.0); const float fCameraHeight = length(v3CameraPos); const float fCameraHeight2 = fCameraHeight * fCameraHeight; const float fm_ESun = 150.0; const float fm_Kr = 0.0025; const float fm_Km = 0.0010; const float fKrESun = fm_Kr * fm_ESun; const float fKmESun = fm_Km * fm_ESun; const float fKr4PI = fm_Kr * 4 * 3.141592653; const float fKm4PI = fm_Km * 4 * 3.141592653; varying vec3 v3Direction; varying vec4 c0, c1; float scale(float fCos) { float x = 1.0 - fCos; return fScaleDepth * exp(-0.00287 + x*(0.459 + x*(3.83 + x*(-6.80 + x*5.25)))); } void main( void ) { // Get the ray from the camera to the vertex, and its length (which is the far point of the ray passing through the atmosphere) vec3 v3FrontColor = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); vec3 v3Pos = normalize(gl_Vertex.xyz) * fOuterRadius; vec3 v3Ray = v3CameraPos - v3Pos; float fFar = length(v3Ray); v3Ray = normalize(v3Ray); // Calculate the ray's starting position, then calculate its scattering offset vec3 v3Start = v3CameraPos; float fHeight = length(v3Start); float fDepth = exp(fScaleOverScaleDepth * (fInnerRadius - fCameraHeight)); float fStartAngle = dot(v3Ray, v3Start) / fHeight; float fStartOffset = fDepth*scale(fStartAngle); // Initialize the scattering loop variables float fSampleLength = fFar / fSamples; float fScaledLength = fSampleLength * fScale; vec3 v3SampleRay = v3Ray * fSampleLength; vec3 v3SamplePoint = v3Start + v3SampleRay * 0.5; // Now loop through the sample rays for(int i=0; i<nSamples; i++) { float fHeight = length(v3SamplePoint); float fDepth = exp(fScaleOverScaleDepth * (fInnerRadius - fHeight)); float fLightAngle = dot(normalize(v3LightPos), v3SamplePoint) / fHeight; float fCameraAngle = dot(normalize(v3Ray), v3SamplePoint) / fHeight; float fScatter = (-fStartOffset + fDepth*( scale(fLightAngle) - scale(fCameraAngle)))/* 0.25f*/; vec3 v3Attenuate = exp(-fScatter * (v3InvWavelength * fKr4PI + fKm4PI)); v3FrontColor += v3Attenuate * (fDepth * fScaledLength); v3SamplePoint += v3SampleRay; } // Finally, scale the Mie and Rayleigh colors and set up the varying variables for the pixel shader vec4 newPos = vec4( (gl_Vertex.xyz + view_position.xyz), 1.0); gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(newPos.xyz, 1.0); gl_Position.z = gl_Position.w * 0.99999; c1 = vec4(v3FrontColor * fKmESun, 1.0); c0 = vec4(v3FrontColor * (v3InvWavelength * fKrESun), 1.0); v3Direction = v3CameraPos - v3Pos; } Fragment Shader: uniform vec3 v3LightPos; varying vec3 v3Direction; varying vec4 c0; varying vec4 c1; const float g =-0.90f; const float g2 = g * g; const float Exposure =2; void main(void){ float fCos = dot(normalize(v3LightPos), v3Direction) / length(v3Direction); float fMiePhase = 1.5 * ((1.0 - g2) / (2.0 + g2)) * (1.0 + fCos*fCos) / pow(1.0 + g2 - 2.0*g*fCos, 1.5); gl_FragColor = c0 + fMiePhase * c1; gl_FragColor.a = 1.0; }

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• Deferred rendering with VSM - Scaling light depth loses moments

  - by user1423893

  I'm calculating my shadow term using a VSM method. This works correctly when using forward rendered lights but fails with deferred lights. // Shadow term (1 = no shadow) float shadow = 1; // [Light Space -> Shadow Map Space] // Transform the surface into light space and project // NB: Could be done in the vertex shader, but doing it here keeps the // "light shader" abstraction and doesn't limit the number of shadowed lights float4x4 LightViewProjection = mul(LightView, LightProjection); float4 surf_tex = mul(position, LightViewProjection); // Re-homogenize // 'w' component is not used in later calculations so no need to homogenize (it will equal '1' if homogenized) surf_tex.xyz /= surf_tex.w; // Rescale viewport to be [0,1] (texture coordinate system) float2 shadow_tex; shadow_tex.x = surf_tex.x * 0.5f + 0.5f; shadow_tex.y = -surf_tex.y * 0.5f + 0.5f; // Half texel offset //shadow_tex += (0.5 / 512); // Scaled distance to light (instead of 'surf_tex.z') float rescaled_dist_to_light = dist_to_light / LightAttenuation.y; //float rescaled_dist_to_light = surf_tex.z; // [Variance Shadow Map Depth Calculation] // No filtering float2 moments = tex2D(ShadowSampler, shadow_tex).xy; // Flip the moments values to bring them back to their original values moments.x = 1.0 - moments.x; moments.y = 1.0 - moments.y; // Compute variance float E_x2 = moments.y; float Ex_2 = moments.x * moments.x; float variance = E_x2 - Ex_2; variance = max(variance, Bias.y); // Surface is fully lit if the current pixel is before the light occluder (lit_factor == 1) // One-tailed inequality valid if float lit_factor = (rescaled_dist_to_light <= moments.x - Bias.x); // Compute probabilistic upper bound (mean distance) float m_d = moments.x - rescaled_dist_to_light; // Chebychev's inequality float p = variance / (variance + m_d * m_d); p = ReduceLightBleeding(p, Bias.z); // Adjust the light color based on the shadow attenuation shadow *= max(lit_factor, p); This is what I know for certain so far: The lighting is correct if I do not try and calculate the shadow term. (No shadows) The shadow term is correct when calculated using forward rendered lighting. (VSM works with forward rendered lights) With the current rescaled light distance (lightAttenuation.y is the far plane value): float rescaled_dist_to_light = dist_to_light / LightAttenuation.y; The light is correct and the shadow appears to be zoomed in and misses the blurring: When I do not rescale the light and use the homogenized 'surf_tex': float rescaled_dist_to_light = surf_tex.z; the shadows are blurred correctly but the lighting is incorrect and the cube model is no longer lit Why is scaling by the far plane value (LightAttenuation.y) zooming in too far? The only other factor involved is my world pixel position, which is calculated as follows: // [Position] float4 position; // [Screen Position] position.xy = input.PositionClone.xy; // Use 'x' and 'y' components already homogenized for uv coordinates above position.z = tex2D(DepthSampler, texCoord).r; // No need to homogenize 'z' component position.z = 1.0 - position.z; position.w = 1.0; // 1.0 = position.w / position.w // [World Position] position = mul(position, CameraViewProjectionInverse); // Re-homogenize position (xyz AND w, otherwise shadows will bend when camera is close) position.xyz /= position.w; position.w = 1.0; Using the inverse matrix of the camera's view x projection matrix does work for lighting but maybe it is incorrect for shadow calculation? EDIT: Light calculations for shadow including 'dist_to_light' // Work out the light position and direction in world space float3 light_position = float3(LightViewInverse._41, LightViewInverse._42, LightViewInverse._43); // Direction might need to be negated float3 light_direction = float3(-LightViewInverse._31, -LightViewInverse._32, -LightViewInverse._33); // Unnormalized light vector float3 dir_to_light = light_position - position; // Direction from vertex float dist_to_light = length(dir_to_light); // Normalise 'toLight' vector for lighting calculations dir_to_light = normalize(dir_to_light); EDIT2: These are the calculations for the moments (depth) //============================================= //---[Vertex Shaders]-------------------------- //============================================= DepthVSOutput depth_VS( float4 Position : POSITION, uniform float4x4 shadow_view, uniform float4x4 shadow_view_projection) { DepthVSOutput output = (DepthVSOutput)0; // First transform position into world space float4 position_world = mul(Position, World); output.position_screen = mul(position_world, shadow_view_projection); output.light_vec = mul(position_world, shadow_view).xyz; return output; } //============================================= //---[Pixel Shaders]--------------------------- //============================================= DepthPSOutput depth_PS(DepthVSOutput input) { DepthPSOutput output = (DepthPSOutput)0; // Work out the depth of this fragment from the light, normalized to [0, 1] float2 depth; depth.x = length(input.light_vec) / FarPlane; depth.y = depth.x * depth.x; // Flip depth values to avoid floating point inaccuracies depth.x = 1.0f - depth.x; depth.y = 1.0f - depth.y; output.depth = depth.xyxy; return output; } EDIT 3: I have tried the folloiwng: float4 pp; pp.xy = input.PositionClone.xy; // Use 'x' and 'y' components already homogenized for uv coordinates above pp.z = tex2D(DepthSampler, texCoord).r; // No need to homogenize 'z' component pp.z = 1.0 - pp.z; pp.w = 1.0; // 1.0 = position.w / position.w // Determine the depth of the pixel with respect to the light float4x4 LightViewProjection = mul(LightView, LightProjection); float4x4 matViewToLightViewProj = mul(CameraViewProjectionInverse, LightViewProjection); float4 vPositionLightCS = mul(pp, matViewToLightViewProj); float fLightDepth = vPositionLightCS.z / vPositionLightCS.w; // Transform from light space to shadow map texture space. float2 vShadowTexCoord = 0.5 * vPositionLightCS.xy / vPositionLightCS.w + float2(0.5f, 0.5f); vShadowTexCoord.y = 1.0f - vShadowTexCoord.y; // Offset the coordinate by half a texel so we sample it correctly vShadowTexCoord += (0.5f / 512); //g_vShadowMapSize This suffers the same problem as the second picture. I have tried storing the depth based on the view x projection matrix: output.position_screen = mul(position_world, shadow_view_projection); //output.light_vec = mul(position_world, shadow_view); output.light_vec = output.position_screen; depth.x = input.light_vec.z / input.light_vec.w; This gives a shadow that has lots surface acne due to horrible floating point precision errors. Everything is lit correctly though. EDIT 4: Found an OpenGL based tutorial here I have followed it to the letter and it would seem that the uv coordinates for looking up the shadow map are incorrect. The source uses a scaled matrix to get the uv coordinates for the shadow map sampler /// <summary> /// The scale matrix is used to push the projected vertex into the 0.0 - 1.0 region. /// Similar in role to a * 0.5 + 0.5, where -1.0 < a < 1.0. /// <summary> const float4x4 ScaleMatrix = float4x4 ( 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0 ); I had to negate the 0.5 for the y scaling (M22) in order for it to work but the shadowing is still not correct. Is this really the correct way to scale? float2 shadow_tex; shadow_tex.x = surf_tex.x * 0.5f + 0.5f; shadow_tex.y = surf_tex.y * -0.5f + 0.5f; The depth calculations are exactly the same as the source code yet they still do not work, which makes me believe something about the uv calculation above is incorrect.

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• Procedural Generation of tile-based 2d World

  - by Matthias

  I am writing a 2d game that uses tile-based top-down graphics to build the world (i.e. the ground plane). Manually made this works fine. Now I want to generate the ground plane procedurally at run time. In other words: I want to place the tiles (their textures) randomised on the fly. Of course I cannot create an endless ground plane, so I need to restrict how far from the player character (on which the camera focuses on) I procedurally generate the ground floor. My approach would be like this: I have a 2d grid that stores all tiles of the floor at their correct x/y coordinates within the game world. When the players moves the character, therefore also the camera, I constantly check whether there are empty locations in my x/y map within a max. distance from the character, i.e. cells in my virtual grid that have no tile set. In such a case I place a new tile there. Therefore the player would always see the ground plane without gaps or empty spots. I guess that would work, but I am not sure whether that would be the best approach. Is there a better alternative, maybe even a best-practice for my case?

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• Calculating Delta time , what is wrong?

  - by SteveL

  For 2 days now i am trying to calculate the correct delta time for my game , I am starting to getting crazy since i tried all the solutions that i found on the 5 first google pages... What is wrong? I cant get the correct delta time ,whatever i tried is just not working , the delta goes from 1 to 4 and then back 1 and then to 3 even if i take the averange delta between many frames.Plus the game runs way much faster(i mean the movement) on slow devices than in fast. The game runs on android so the spikes between frames are expected. My code is this: void Game::render() { timesincestart=getTimeMil(); _director->Render(); _director->Update(); float dif=(getTimeMil()-timesincestart);//usally its about 5 milliseconds lastcheck++; sumdelta+=dif; if(lastcheck>20) { sumdelta=sumdelta/20; delta=sumdelta; sumdelta=0; lastcheck=0; } LOGI("delta:%f",delta); }

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• Improving performance of a particle system (OpenGL ES)

  - by Jason

  I'm in the process of implementing a simple particle system for a 2D mobile game (using OpenGL ES 2.0). It's working, but it's pretty slow. I start getting frame rate battering after about 400 particles, which I think is pretty low. Here's a summary of my approach: I start with point sprites (GL_POINTS) rendered in a batch just using a native float buffer (I'm in Java-land on Android, so that translates as a java.nio.FloatBuffer). On GL context init, the following are set: GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height); GLES20.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); GLES20.glEnable(GLES20.GL_CULL_FACE); GLES20.glDisable(GLES20.GL_DEPTH_TEST); Each draw frame sets the following: GLES20.glEnable(GLES20.GL_BLEND); GLES20.glBlendFunc(GLES20.GL_ONE, GLES20.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); And I bind a single texture: GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureHandle); GLES20.glUniform1i(mUniformTextureHandle, 0); Which is just a simple circle with some blur (and hence some transparency) http://cl.ly/image/0K2V2p2L1H2x Then there are a bunch of glVertexAttribPointer calls: mBuffer.position(position); mGlEs20.glVertexAttribPointer(mAttributeRGBHandle, valsPerRGB, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, stride, mBuffer); ...4 more of these Then I'm drawing: GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(mUniformProjectionMatrixHandle, 1, false, Camera.mProjectionMatrix, 0); GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_POINTS, 0, drawCalls); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); My vertex shader does have some computation in it, but given that they're point sprites (with only 2 coordinate values) I'm not sure this is the problem: #ifdef GL_ES // Set the default precision to low. precision lowp float; #endif uniform mat4 u_ProjectionMatrix; attribute vec4 a_Position; attribute float a_PointSize; attribute vec3 a_RGB; attribute float a_Alpha; attribute float a_Burn; varying vec4 v_Color; void main() { vec3 v_FGC = a_RGB * a_Alpha; v_Color = vec4(v_FGC.x, v_FGC.y, v_FGC.z, a_Alpha * (1.0 - a_Burn)); gl_PointSize = a_PointSize; gl_Position = u_ProjectionMatrix * a_Position; } My fragment shader couldn't really be simpler: #ifdef GL_ES // Set the default precision to low. precision lowp float; #endif uniform sampler2D u_Texture; varying vec4 v_Color; void main() { gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_Texture, gl_PointCoord) * v_Color; } That's about it. I had read that transparent pixels in point sprites can cause issues, but surely not at only 400 points? I'm running on a fairly new device (12 month old Galaxy Nexus). My question is less about my approach (although I'm open to suggestion) but more about whether there are any specific OpenGL "no no's" that have leaked into my code. I'm sure there's GL master out there facepalming right now... I'd love to hear any critique.

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• blurry image rendered

  - by Jason

  I'm using Direct2D to render a PNG image using a ID2D1BitmapRenderTarget and then caling it's GetBitmap() function and rendering the image using ID2D1HwndRenderTarget::DrawBitmap(). Some of the images rendered this way are clear but others appear blurry. I did some research and followed a tutorial to make my application "DPI Aware" but it didn't help. What could cause the rendered image to appear blurry? Has anyone experienced this issue before? What can I do about this?

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• Making a full-screen animation on Android? Should I use OPENGL?

  - by Roger Travis

  Say I need to make several full-screen animation that would consist of about 500+ frames each, similar to the TalkingTom app ( https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.outfit7.talkingtom2free ). Animation should be playing at a reasonable speed - supposedly not less, then 20fps - and pictures should be of a reasonable quality, not overly compressed. What method do you think should I use? So far I tried: storing each frame as a compressed JPEG before animation starts, loading each frame into a byteArray as the animation plays, decode corresponding byteArray into a bitmap and draw it on a surface view. Problem - speed is too low, usually about 5-10 FPS. I have thought of two other options. turning all animations into one movie file... but I guess there might be problems with starting, pausing and seeking to the exactly right frame... what do you think? another option I thought about was using OPENGL ( while I never worked with it before ), to play animation frame by frame. What do you think, would opengl be able to handle it? Thanks!

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• how many times can i buy swtor credits with Extra 100% Bonus in Father’s Day at swtor2credits?

  - by user46860

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• XNA 2D Collision with specific tiles

  - by zenzero

  I am new to game programming and to these sites for help. I am making a 2D game but I can't seem to get the collision between my character and certain tiles. I have a map filled with grass tiles and water tiles and I want to keep my character from walking on the water tiles. I have a Tiles class that I use so that the tiles are objects and also has the collision method in it, a TileEngine class used create the map and it also holds a list of Tiles, and the class James which is for my character. I also have a Camera class that centers the camera on my character if that has anything to do with the problem. The character's movement is intended to be restricted to 4 directions(up, down, left, right). As an extra note, the bottom right water tile does have collision, but the collision does not occur for any of the other water tiles. Here is my TileEngine class using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class TileEngine : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { //makes a list of Tiles objects public List<Tiles> tilesList = new List<Tiles>(); public TileEngine() {} public static int tileWidth = 64; public static int tileHeight = 64; public int[,] map = { {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, }; public void drawMap(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { for (int y = 0; y < map.GetLength(0); y++) { for (int x = 0; x < map.GetLength(1); x++) { //make a Rectangle tilesList[map[y, x]].rectangle = new Rectangle(x * tileWidth, y * tileHeight, tileWidth, tileHeight); //draw the Tiles objects spriteBatch.Draw(tilesList[map[y, x]].texture, tilesList[map[y, x]].rectangle, Color.White); } } } } } Here is my Tiles class using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class Tiles { public Texture2D texture; public Rectangle rectangle; public Tiles(Texture2D texture) { this.texture = texture; } //check to see if james collides with the tile from the right side public void rightCollision(James james) { if (james.GetBounds().Intersects(rectangle)) { james.position.X = rectangle.Left - james.front.Width; } } } } I have a method for rightCollision because I could only figure out how to get the collisions from specifying directions. and here is the James class for my character using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class James { public Texture2D front; public Texture2D back; public Texture2D left; public Texture2D right; public Vector2 center; public Vector2 position; public James(Texture2D front) { position = new Vector2(0, 0); this.front = front; center = new Vector2(front.Width / 2, front.Height / 2); } public James(Texture2D front, Vector2 newPosition) { this.front = front; position = newPosition; center = new Vector2(front.Width / 2, front.Height / 2); } public void move(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState keyboard = Keyboard.GetState(); float SCALE = 20.0f; float speed = gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.Milliseconds / 100.0f; if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { position.Y -=speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) { position.Y += speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { position.X -= speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { position.X += speed * SCALE; } } public void draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.Draw(front, position, null, Color.White, 0, center, 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0.0f); } //get the boundingbox for James public Rectangle GetBounds() { return new Rectangle( (int)position.X, (int)position.Y, front.Width, front.Height); } } }

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• How to move a sprite on a slope in chipmunk Spacemanager

  - by Anil gupta

  I have used one polygon shape image (terrain) in my game. It's just like a mountain, and now I want to move the tanker on a mountain path from one side to the other and then turn around at the edge of the screen and go back. I don't understand the method to move the tanker on the slope (image) path in chipmunk spacemanager. When collision detection happens like that, if any bomb falls on the slope (image of mountain) then I want to do a little damage to the slope (image of mountain) like this video.

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• OpenGL - Stack overflow if I do, Stack underflow if I don't!

  - by Wayne Werner

  Hi, I'm in a multimedia class in college, and we're "learning" OpenGL as part of the class. I'm trying to figure out how the OpenGL camera vs. modelview works, and so I found this example. I'm trying to port the example to Python using the OpenGL bindings - it starts up OpenGL much faster, so for testing purposes it's a lot nicer - but I keep running into a stack overflow error with the glPushMatrix in this code: def cube(): for x in xrange(10): glPushMatrix() glTranslated(-positionx[x + 1] * 10, 0, -positionz[x + 1] * 10); #translate the cube glutSolidCube(2); #draw the cube glPopMatrix(); According to this reference, that happens when the matrix stack is full. So I thought, "well, if it's full, let me just pop the matrix off the top of the stack, and there will be room". I modified the code to: def cube(): glPopMatrix() for x in xrange(10): glPushMatrix() glTranslated(-positionx[x + 1] * 10, 0, -positionz[x + 1] * 10); #translate the cube glutSolidCube(2); #draw the cube glPopMatrix(); And now I get a buffer underflow error - which apparently happens when the stack has only one matrix. So am I just waaay off base in my understanding? Or is there some way to increase the matrix stack size? Also, if anyone has some good (online) references (examples, etc.) for understanding how the camera/model matrices work together, I would sincerely appreciate them! Thanks!

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• A* navigational mesh path finding

  - by theguywholikeslinux

  So I've been making this top down 2D java game in this framework called Greenfoot [1] and I've been working on the AI for the guys you are gonna fight. I want them to be able to move around the world realistically so I soon realized, amongst a couple of other things, I would need some kind of pathfinding. I have made two A* prototypes. One is grid based and then I made one that works with waypoints so now I need to work out a way to get from a 2d "map" of the obstacles/buildings to a graph of nodes that I can make a path from. The actual pathfinding seems fine, just my open and closed lists could use a more efficient data structure, but I'll get to that if and when I need to. I intend to use a navigational mesh for all the reasons out lined in this post on ai-blog.net [2]. However, the problem I have faced is that what A* thinks is the shortest path from the polygon centres/edges is not necessarily the shortest path if you travel through any part of the node. To get a better idea you can see the question I asked on stackoverflow [3]. I got a good answer concerning a visibility graph. I have since purchased the book (Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications [4]) and read further into the topic, however I am still in favour of a navigational mesh (See "Managing Complexity" [5] from Amit’s Notes about Path-Finding [6]). (As a side note, maybe I could possibly use Theta* to convert multiple waypoints into one straight line if the first and last are not obscured. Or each time I move back check to the waypoint before last to see if I can go straight from that to this) So basically what I want is a navigational mesh where once I have put it through a funnel algorithm (e.g. this one from Digesting Duck [7]) I will get the true shortest path, rather than get one that is the shortest path following node to node only, but not the actual shortest given that you can go through some polygons and skip nodes/edges. Oh and I also want to know how you suggest storing the information concerning the polygons. For the waypoint prototype example I made I just had each node as an object and stored a list of all the other nodes you could travel to from that node, I'm guessing that won't work with polygons? and how to I tell if a polygon is open/traversable or if it is a solid object? How do I store which nodes make up the polygon? Finally, for the record: I do want to programme this by myself from scratch even though there are already other solutions available and I don't intend to be (re) using this code in anything other than this game so it does not matter that it will inevitably be poor quality. http://greenfoot.org http://www.ai-blog.net/archives/000152.html http://stackoverflow.com/q/7585515/ http://www.cs.uu.nl/geobook/ http://theory.stanford.edu/~amitp/GameProgramming/MapRepresentations.html http://theory.stanford.edu/~amitp/GameProgramming/ http://digestingduck.blogspot.com/2010/03/simple-stupid-funnel-algorithm.html

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• iOS Game Center - Quit turn-based games for previous version of app

  - by rasmus

  I have a game on the iOS App Store that uses Game Center for turn-based multiplayer (GKTurnBasedMatch). I recently updated the app with a new game mode and I had to change the network protocol for that to happen. As a result I marked my new version as incompatible with the old one. That is, you cannot see the old games within the new app and you cannot initiate a game with someone with the old version of the app. This works as expected. However: The old games remain active after updating. There seems to be no way to quit them. What is worse is that they still count to the maximum number of games you can start. I have been contacted by players that can only start 1-3 games without hitting the roof. Have anyone experienced this before? Is there any way to quit the games? Thanks in advance

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• Cocos3d lighting problem

  - by Parasithe

  I'm currently working on a cocos3d project, but I'm having some trouble with lighting and I have no idea how to solve it. I've tried everything and the lighting is always as bad in the game. The first picture is from 3ds max (the software we used for 3d) and the second is from my iphone app. http://prntscr.com/ly378 http://prntscr.com/ly2io As you can see, the lighting is really bad in the app. I manually add my spots and the ambiant light. Here is all my lighting code : _spot = [CC3Light lightWithName: @"Spot" withLightIndex: 0]; // Set the ambient scene lighting. ccColor4F ambientColor = { 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1 }; self.ambientLight = ambientColor; //Positioning _spot.target = [self getNodeNamed:kCharacterName]; _spot.location = cc3v( 400, 400, -600 ); // Adjust the relative ambient and diffuse lighting of the main light to // improve realisim, particularly on shadow effects. _spot.diffuseColor = CCC4FMake(0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0); _spot.specularColor = CCC4FMake(0, 0, 0, 1); [_spot setAttenuationCoefficients:CC3AttenuationCoefficientsMake(0, 0, 1)]; // Another mechansim for adjusting shadow intensities is shadowIntensityFactor. // For better effect, set here to a value less than one to lighten the shadows // cast by the main light. _spot.shadowIntensityFactor = 0.75; [self addChild:_spot]; _spot2 = [CC3Light lightWithName: @"Spot2" withLightIndex: 1]; //Positioning _spot2.target = [self getNodeNamed:kCharacterName]; _spot2.location = cc3v( -550, 400, -800 ); _spot2.diffuseColor = CCC4FMake(0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0); _spot2.specularColor = CCC4FMake(0, 0, 0, 1); [_spot2 setAttenuationCoefficients:CC3AttenuationCoefficientsMake(0, 0, 1)]; _spot2.shadowIntensityFactor = 0.75; [self addChild:_spot2]; I'd really appreciate if anyone would have some tip on how to fix the lighting. Maybe my spots are bad? maybe it's the material? I really have no idea. Any help would be welcomed. I already ask some help on cocos2d forums. I had some answers but I need more help.

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• Marketing iOS games (and other mobile platforms)

  - by MrDatabase

  I'd like to market my existing and/or upcoming mobile games. Specifically I want to have a "revenue sharing" agreement w/ the "marketing company"... i.e. I don't want to pay anything up front... and I'm will to give the marketing company a sizable chunk of the revenue (say up to 50%). Is a publisher the only entity that does this? Or do marketing companies exist that would be interested in this type of arrangement?

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• Correct way to drive Main Loop in Cocoa

  - by Kyle

  I'm writing a game that currently runs in both Windows and Mac OS X. My main game loop looks like this: while(running) { ProcessOSMessages(); // Using Peek/Translate message in Win32 // and nextEventMatchingMask in Cocoa GameUpdate(); GameRender(); } Thats obviously simplified a bit, but thats the gist of it. In Windows where I have full control over the application, it works great. Unfortunately Apple has their own way of doing things in Cocoa apps. When I first tried to implement my main loop in Cocoa, I couldn't figure out where to put it so I created my own NSApplication per this post. I threw my GameFrame() right in my run function and everything worked correctly. However, I don't feel like its the "right" way to do it. I would like to play nicely within Apple's ecosystem rather than trying to hack a solution that works. This article from apple describes the old way to do it, with an NSTimer, and the "new" way to do it using CVDisplayLink. I've hooked up the CVDisplayLink version, but it just feels....odd. I don't like the idea of my game being driven by the display rather than the other way around. Are my only two options to use a CVDisplayLink or overwrite my own NSApplication? Neither one of those solutions feels quite right.

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• Screen space to world space

  - by user13414

  I am writing a 2D game where my game world has x axis running left to right, y axis running top to bottom, and z axis out of the screen: Whilst my game world is top-down, the game is rendered on a slight tilt: I'm working on projecting from world space to screen space, and vice-versa. I have the former working as follows: var viewport = new Viewport(0, 0, this.ScreenWidth, this.ScreenHeight); var screenPoint = viewport.Project(worldPoint.NegateY(), this.ProjectionMatrix, this.ViewMatrix, this.WorldMatrix); The NegateY() extension method does exactly what it sounds like, since XNA's y axis runs bottom to top instead of top to bottom. The screenshot above shows this all working. Basically, I have a bunch of points in 3D space that I then render in screen space. I can modify camera properties in real time and see it animate to the new position. Obviously my actual game will use sprites rather than points and the camera position will be fixed, but I'm just trying to get all the math in place before getting to that. Now, I am trying to convert back the other way. That is, given an x and y point in screen space above, determine the corresponding point in world space. So if I point the cursor at, say, the bottom-left of the green trapezoid, I want to get a world space reading of (0, 480). The z coordinate is irrelevant. Or, rather, the z coordinate will always be zero when mapping back to world space. Essentially, I want to implement this method signature: public Vector2 ScreenPointToWorld(Vector2 point) I've tried several things to get this working but am just having no luck. My latest thinking is that I need to call Viewport.Unproject twice with differing near/far z values, calculate the resultant Ray, normalize it, then calculate the intersection of the Ray with a Plane that basically represents ground-level of my world. However, I got stuck on the last step and wasn't sure whether I was over-complicating things. Can anyone point me in the right direction on how to achieve this?

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• Isometric screen to 3D world coordinates efficiently

  - by Justin

  Been having a difficult time transforming 2D screen coordinates to 3D isometric space. This is the situation where I am working in 3D but I have an orthographic camera. Then my camera is positioned at (100, 200, 100), Where the xz plane is flat and y is up and down. I've been able to get a sort of working solution, but I feel like there must be a better way. Here's what I'm doing: With my camera at (0, 1, 0) I can translate my screen coordinates directly to 3D coordinates by doing: mouse2D.z = (( event.clientX / window.innerWidth ) * 2 - 1) * -(window.innerWidth /2); mouse2D.x = (( event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1) * -(window.innerHeight); mouse2D.y = 0; Everything okay so far. Now when I change my camera back to (100, 200, 100) my 3D space has been rotated 45 degrees around the y axis and then rotated about 54 degrees around a vector Q that runs along the xz plane at a 45 degree angle between the positive z axis and the negative x axis. So what I do to find the point is first rotate my point by 45 degrees using a matrix around the y axis. Now I'm close. So then I rotate my point around the vector Q. But my point is closer to the origin than it should be, since the Y value is not 0 anymore. What I want is that after the rotation my Y value is 0. So now I exchange my X and Z coordinates of my rotated vector with the X and Z coordinates of my non-rotated vector. So basically I have my old vector but it's y value is at an appropriate rotated amount. Now I use another matrix to rotate my point around the vector Q in the opposite direction, and I end up with the point where I clicked. Is there a better way? I feel like I must be missing something. Also my method isn't completely accurate. I feel like it's within 5-10 coordinates of where I click, maybe because of rounding from many calculations. Sorry for such a long question.

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• How do you create a .XNB Font file for use with CocosSharp?

  - by Chris Pietschmann

  I know the .XNB file format is an XNA thing and that CocosSharp inherits this from its MonoGame roots. However there doesn't seem to be any information on how to create your own .XNB fonts to use with CocosSharp. I've tried searching but can find any information. Could someone explain it here or point me to a tutorial on how to create .XNB font file for use with CocosSharp? A site to download already compiled .XNB Fonts would also be acceptable. Update: Another thing that makes this tricky is that I guess XNA Game Studio could be used, but it's not compatible with Windows 8.1; which is what I currently use for my dev machine...

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• Comparing a saved movement with other movement with Kinect

  - by Ewerton

  I need to develop an application where a user (physiotherapist) will perform a movement in front of the Kinect, I'll write the data movement in the database and then the patient will try to imitate this motion. The system will calculate the similarity between the movement recorded and executed. My first idea is, during recording (each 5 second, by example), to store the position (x, y, z) of the points and then compare them in the execution time(by patient). I know that this approach is too simple, because I imagine that in people of different sizes the skeleton is recognized differently, so the comparison is not reliable. My question is about the best way to compare a saved motion with a movement executed (on the fly). PS: Sorry by my English.

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• Depth interpolation for z-buffer, with scanline

  - by Twodordan

  I have to write my own software 3d rasterizer, and so far I am able to project my 3d model made of triangles into 2d space: I rotate, translate and project my points to get a 2d space representation of each triangle. Then, I take the 3 triangle points and I implement the scanline algorithm (using linear interpolation) to find all points[x][y] along the edges(left and right) of the triangles, so that I can scan the triangle horizontally, row by row, and fill it with pixels. This works. Except I have to also implement z-buffering. This means that knowing the rotated&translated z coordinates of the 3 vertices of the triangle, I must interpolate the z coordinate for all other points I find with my scanline algorithm. The concept seems clear enough, I first find Za and Zb with these calculations: var Z_Slope = (bottom_point_z - top_point_z) / (bottom_point_y - top_point_y); var Za = top_point_z + ((current_point_y - top_point_y) * Z_Slope); Then for each Zp I do the same interpolation horizontally: var Z_Slope = (right_z - left_z) / (right_x - left_x); var Zp = left_z + ((current_point_x - left_x) * Z_Slope); And of course I add to the zBuffer, if current z is closer to the viewer than the previous value at that index. (my coordinate system is x: left - right; y: top - bottom; z: your face - computer screen;) The problem is, it goes haywire. The project is here and if you select the "Z-Buffered" radio button, you'll see the results... (note that the rest of the options before "Z-Buffered" use the Painter's algorithm to correctly order the triangles. I also use the painter's algorithm -only- to draw the wireframe in "Z-Buffered" mode for debugging purposes) PS: I've read here that you must turn the z's into their reciprocals (meaning z = 1/z) before you interpolate. I tried that, and it appears that there's no change. What am I missing? (could anyone clarify, precisely where you must turn z into 1/z and where to turn it back?)

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• Slot Machine Pay Out

  - by Kris.Mitchell

  I have done a lot of research into random number generators for slot machines, reel stop calculations and how to physically give the user a good chance on winning. What I can't figure out is how to properly insure that the machine is going to have a payout rating of (lets say) 95%. So, I have a reel set up wit 22 spaces on it. Filled with 16 different symbols. When I get my random number, mod divide it by 64 and get the remainder, I hop over to a loop up table to see how the virtual stop relates to the reel position. Now that I have how the reels are going to stop, do I make sure the payout ratio is correct? For every dollar they put in, how to I make sure the machine will pay out .95 cents? Thanks for the ideas. I am working in actionscript, if that helps with the language issues, but in general I am just looking for theory.

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