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• How to prevent 2D camera rotation if it would violate the bounds of the camera?

  - by Andrew Price

  I'm working on a Camera class and I have a rectangle field named Bounds that determines the bounds of the camera. I have it working for zooming and moving the camera so that the camera cannot exit its bounds. However, I'm a bit confused on how to do the same for rotation. Currently I allow rotating of the camera's Z-axis. However, if sufficiently zoomed out, upon rotating the camera, areas of the screen outside the camera's bounds can be shown. I'd like to deny the rotation assuming it meant that the newly rotated camera would expose areas outside the camera's bounds, but I'm not quite sure how. I'm still new to Matrix and Vector math and I'm not quite sure how to model if the newly rotated camera sees outside of its bounds, undo the rotation. Here's an image showing the problem: http://i.stack.imgur.com/NqprC.png The red is out of bounds and as a result, the camera should never be allowed to rotate itself like this. This seems like it would be a problem with all rotated values, but this is not the case when the camera is zoomed in enough. Here are the current member variables for the Camera class: private Vector2 _position = Vector2.Zero; private Vector2 _origin = Vector2.Zero; private Rectangle? _bounds = Rectangle.Empty; private float _rotation = 0.0f; private float _zoom = 1.0f; Is this possible to do? If so, could someone give me some guidance on how to accomplish this? Thanks. EDIT: I forgot to mention I am using a transformation matrix style camera that I input in to SpriteBatch.Begin. I am using the same transformation matrix from this tutorial.

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• Unity3d: Box collider attached to animated FBX models through scripts at run-time have wrong dimension

  - by Heisenbug

  I have several scripts attached to static and non static models of my scene. All models are instantiated at run-time (and must be instantiated at run-time because I'm procedural building the scene). I'd like to add a BoxCollider or SphereCollider to my FBX models at runtime. With non animated models it works simply requiring BoxCollider component from the script attached to my GameObject. BoxCollider is created of the right dimension. Something like: [RequireComponent(typeof(BoxCollider))] public class AScript: MonoBehavior { } If I do the same thing with animated models, BoxCollider are created of the wrong dimension. For example if attach the script above to penelopeFBX model of the standard asset, BoxCollider is created smaller than the mesh itself. How can I solve this?

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• Sphere Texture Mapping shows visible seams

  - by AvengerDr

  As you can see from the above picture there is a visible seam in the texture mapping. The underlying mesh is a geosphere based on octahedron subdivisions. On that particular latitude, vertices have been duplicated. However there still is a visible seam. Here is how I calculate the UV coordinates: float longitude = (float)Math.Atan2(normal.X, -normal.Z); float latitude = (float)Math.Acos(normal.Y); float u = (float)(longitude / (Math.PI * 2.0) + 0.5); float v = (float)(latitude / Math.PI); Is this a problem in the coordinates or a mipmapping issue?

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• How to load stacking chunks on the fly?

  - by Brettetete

  I'm currently working on an infinite world, mostly inspired by minecraft. A Chunk consists of 16x16x16 blocks. A block(cube) is 1x1x1. This runs very smoothly with a ViewRange of 12 Chunks (12x16) on my computer. Fine. When I change the Chunk height to 256 this becomes - obviously - incredible laggy. So what I basically want to do is stacking chunks. That means my world could be [8,16,8] Chunks large. The question is now how to generate chunks on the fly? At the moment I generate not existing chunks circular around my position (near to far). Since I don't stack chunks yet, this is not very complex. As important side note here: I also want to have biomes, with different min/max height. So in Biome Flatlands the highest layer with blocks would be 8 (8x16) - in Biome Mountains the highest layer with blocks would be 14 (14x16). Just as example. What I could do would be loading 1 Chunk above and below me for example. But here the problem would be, that transitions between different bioms could be larger than one chunk on y. My current chunk loading in action For the completeness here my current chunk loading "algorithm" private IEnumerator UpdateChunks(){ for (int i = 1; i < VIEW_RANGE; i += ChunkWidth) { float vr = i; for (float x = transform.position.x - vr; x < transform.position.x + vr; x += ChunkWidth) { for (float z = transform.position.z - vr; z < transform.position.z + vr; z += ChunkWidth) { _pos.Set(x, 0, z); // no y, yet _pos.x = Mathf.Floor(_pos.x/ChunkWidth)*ChunkWidth; _pos.z = Mathf.Floor(_pos.z/ChunkWidth)*ChunkWidth; Chunk chunk = Chunk.FindChunk(_pos); // If Chunk is already created, continue if (chunk != null) continue; // Create a new Chunk.. chunk = (Chunk) Instantiate(ChunkFab, _pos, Quaternion.identity); } } // Skip to next frame yield return 0; } }

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• Combine Two Shader Program

  - by Siddharth

  For my android application, I want to apply brightness and contrast shader on same image. At present I am using gpuimage plugin. In that I found two separate program for brightness and contrast as per the following. Contrast shader: varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate; uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture; uniform lowp float contrast; void main() { lowp vec4 textureColor = texture2D(inputImageTexture, textureCoordinate); gl_FragColor = vec4(((textureColor.rgb - vec3(0.5)) * contrast + vec3(0.5)), textureColor.w); } Brightness shader: varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate; uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture; uniform lowp float brightness; void main() { lowp vec4 textureColor = texture2D(inputImageTexture, textureCoordinate); gl_FragColor = vec4((textureColor.rgb + vec3(brightness)), textureColor.w); } Now applying both of the effects I write following code varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate; uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture; varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate2; uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture2; uniform lowp float contrast; uniform lowp float brightness; void main() { lowp vec4 textureColorForContrast = texture2D(inputImageTexture, textureCoordinate); lowp vec4 contastVec4 = vec4(((textureColorForContrast.rgb - vec3(0.5)) * contrast + vec3(0.5)), textureColorForContrast.w); lowp vec4 textureColorForBrightness = texture2D(inputImageTexture2, textureCoordinate2); lowp vec4 brightnessVec4 = vec4((textureColorForBrightness.rgb + vec3(brightness)), textureColorForBrightness.w); gl_FragColor = contastVec4 + brightnessVec4; } Doesn't able to get desire result. I can't able to figure out what I have to do next? So please friends help me in this. What program I have to write?

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• Running an a single action on multiple sprites at the same time

  - by Stephen

  Ok so I have created a spiraling animation for a football and I want to be able to run it on 2 sprites at the same time. This is what I have done. CCAnimation* footballAnim = [CCAnimation animationWithFrame:@"Football" frameCount:60 delay:0.005f]; spiral = [CCAnimate actionWithAnimation:footballAnim]; CCRepeatForever* repeat = [CCRepeatForever actionWithAction:spiral]; [Sprite1 runAction: repeat]; [Sprite2 runAction: repeat]; but it only runs the action on the first sprite. What am I doing wrong?

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• Transform 3D vectors between coordinate systems

  - by Nir Cig

  I've got 6 points in 3D space: A,B,C,D,E,F, that represent 4 vectors. AB is perpendicular to AC and DE is perpendicular to DF. I need to find a transformation matrix M, that transforms AB to DE and AC to DF. In other words: M·AB=DE, M·AC=DF If no scaling was involved, this could be solved with a simple rotation matrix. But since the ratios |AB|/|DE|, |AC|/|DF| might be different, I'm not sure how to proceed.

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• With 2 superposed cameras at different depths and switching their culling masks between layers to implement object-selective antialising:

  - by user36845

  We superposed two cameras, one of which uses AA as post-processing effect (AA filtering is cancelled). The camera with the AA effect has depth 0 and the camera with no effect has depth 1 as can be seen in the 5th and 6th Picture. The objects seen on the left are in layer 1 and the ones on the right are in layer 2. We then wrote a script that switches the culling masks of the cameras between the two layers at the push of buttons 1 and 2 respectively, and accomplishes object-selective antialiasing as seen in the first the three pictures. (The way two cameras separately switch culling masks between layers is illustrated in pictures 7,8 & 9.) HOWEVER, after making the environment 3D (see pictures 1-4), by parenting the 2 cameras under First-Person Controller, we started moving around in the environment and stumbled upon a big issue: When we look at the objects from such an angle as in the 4th Picture and we want to apply antialiasing to the first object (object on the left) which stands closer to our cameras now, the culling mask of 1st camera which is at depth 0, has to be switched to that object’s layer while the second object has to be in the culling mask of the 2nd camera at depth 1. And since the two image outputs of two superposed cameras are laid on top of one another; we obtain the erroneous/unrealistic result of the object farther in the back appearing closer to the camera than the front object (see 4th Picture). We already tried switching depths of cameras so that the 1st camera –with AA- now has depth 1 and the second has depth 0; BUT the camera with the AA effect Works in such a way that it applies the AA effect to its full view. So; the camera with the AA effect always has to remain at the lowest depth and the layer of the object to be antialiased has to be then assigned to the culling mask of the AA camera; otherwise all objects in the AA camera’s view (the two cubes in our case) become antialised, which we don’t want. So; how can we resolve this? The pictures are below and in the comments since each post can have 2 pics: Pic 1. No button is pushed: Both objects seem aliased. Pic 2. Button 1 is pushed: Left (1st) object is antialiased. 2nd object remains aliased. Pic 3. Button 2 is pushed: Right (2nd) object is antialiased. 1st object remains aliased. Pic 4. The problematic result in 3D, when using two superposed cameras with different depths Pic 5. Camera 1’s properties can be seen: using AA post-processing and its depth is 0 Pic 6. Camera 2’s properties can be seen: NOT using AA post-processing and its depth is 1 Pic 7. When no button is pushed, both objects are in the culling mask of Camera 2 and are aliased Pic 8. When pushed 1, camera 1 (bottom) shows the 1st object and camera 2 (top) shows the 2nd Pic 9. When pushed 2, camera 1 (bottom) shows the 2nd object and camera 2 (top) shows the 1st

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• Creating predefinied camera views - How do I move the camera to make sense while using Controller?

  - by Deukalion

  I'm trying to understand 3D but the one thing I can't seem to understand is the Camera. Right now I'm rendering four 3D Cubes with textures and I set the Project Matrix: public BasicCamera3D(float fieldOfView, float aspectRatio, float clipStart, float clipEnd, Vector3 cameraPosition, Vector3 cameraLookAt) { projection_fieldOfView = MathHelper.ToRadians(fieldOfView); projection_aspectRatio = aspectRatio; projection_clipstart = clipStart; projection_clipend = clipEnd; matrix_projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(projection_fieldOfView, aspectRatio, clipStart, clipEnd); view_cameraposition = cameraPosition; view_cameralookat = cameraLookAt; matrix_view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPosition, cameraLookAt, Vector3.Up); } BasicCamera3D gameCamera = new BasicCamera3D(45f, GraphicsDevice.Viewport.AspectRatio, 1.0f, 1000f, new Vector3(0, 0, 8), new Vector3(0, 0, 0)); This creates a sort of "Top-Down" camera, with 8 (still don't get the unit type here - it's not pixels I guess?) But, if I try to position the camera at the side to make "Side-View" or "Reverse Side View" camera, the camera is rotating to much until it's turned around it a couple of times. I render the boxes at: new Vector3(-1, 0, 0) new Vector3(0, 0, 0) new Vector3(1, 0, 0) new Vector3(1, 0, 1) and with the Top-Down camera it shows good, but I don't get how I can make the camera show the side or 45 degrees from top (Like 3rd person action games) because the logic doesn't make sense. Also, since every object you render needs a new BasicEffect with a new projection/view/world - can you still use the "same" camera always so you don't have to create a new View/Matrix and such for each object. It's seems weird. If someone could help me get the camera to navigate around my objects "naturally" so I can be able to set a few predtermined views to choose from it would be really helpful. Are there some sort of algorithm to calculate the view for this and perhaps not simply one value? Examples: Top-Down-View: I have an object at 0, 0, 0 when I turn the right stick on the Xbox 360 Controller it should rotate around that object kind of, not flip and turn upside down, disappear and then magically appear as a tiny dot somewhere I have no clue where it is like it feels like it does now. Side-View: I have an object at 0, 0, 0 when I rotate to sides or up and down, the camera should be able to show a little more of the periphery to each side (depending on which you look at), and the same while moving up or down.

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• Mixing XNA and silverlight gives wierd graphics

  - by Mech0z

  I making a small 3dgame which is made as a Silverlight and XNA app, but when I draw the sprites the graphics becomes all wierd. All my primitive types are rendered correctly, but my 3d models are just wierd My Draw is like this when silverlight is set to draw private void OnDraw(object sender, GameTimerEventArgs e) { // Render the Silverlight controls using the UIElementRenderer elementRenderer.Render(); // Clear the screen to a solid color SharedGraphicsDeviceManager.Current.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); switch (gameState) { case GameState.ChooseStarter: TextBlockStatus.Text = "Find Starting Player"; break; case GameState.PlaceBrick: TextBlockPlayer.Text = (playerTurn == PlayerTurn.PlayerOne) ? "Player One" : "Player Two"; TextBlockState.Text = "Place Brick"; foreach (IGraphicObject obj in _3dObjects) { obj.Draw(cameraPosition, e); } break; case GameState.GiveBrick: TextBlockState.Text = "Give Brick"; break; } spriteBatch.Begin(); // Using the texture from the UIElementRenderer, // draw the Silverlight controls to the screen spriteBatch.Draw(elementRenderer.Texture, cameraProjection, Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); } This gives me this output If I comment the spritebatch lines out I get the correct output, except the silverlight text is of course not shown I am not entirely sure what to look for except that zero vector I am giving to the spritebatch, but if thats the source I have no idea what I am supposed to set it as epspecially when its a 2d vector

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• unity4.3 rigidbody2d unexpected force behaviour

  - by Lilz Votca Love

  So guys ive edited the question and here is what my problem is i have a player which has a rigidbody2d attached to it.my player is able to doublejump in the air nicely and stick to walls when colliding with them and slowly slides to the ground.All movement is handle through physics and no transform manipulations.here i did something similar to this in the FixedUpdate of my player. void FixedUpdate() { if(wall && Input.GetButtonDown("Jump")) { if(facingright)//player is facing the left side of the wall { rigidbody2D.Addforce(new vector2(-1f,2f)*jumpforce); /*Now the player should jump backwards following this directional vector and should follow a smooth curve which in this part works well*/ } else { rigidbody2D.Addforce(new vector2(1f,2f)*jumpforce); /*Now this is where everything gets complicated as you should have noticed this is the same directional vector only the opposite x axis value and the same amount of force is used but it behaves like the red curve in the picture below*/ } } } bad behaviour and vector in red .I tested the same thing(both addforce methods) for a simple jump and they exactly behave like mentionned above in the picture.so here is my problem.Jumping diagonally forward with rigidbody2d.addforce() do not have the same impact,do not follow the same curve as jumping the opposite direction with the same exact amount of force.if i could fix this or get past this i could implement a walljump system like a ninja jumping in zigzag between two opposite wall to climb them.Any ideas or alternatives?

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• Why do my 512x512 bitmaps look jaggy on Android OpenGL?

  - by Milo Mordaunt

  This is sort of driving me nuts, I've googled and googled and tried everything I can think of, but my sprites still look super blurry and super jaggy. Example: Here: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bx9Gbwnv9Hd2TmpiZkFycUNmRTA If you click through to the actual full size image you should see what I mean, it's like it's taking and average of every 5*5 pixels or something, the background looks really blurry and blocky, but the ball is the worst. The clouds look all right for some reason, probably because they're mostly transparent. I know the pngs aren't top notch themselves but hey, I'm no artist! I would imagine it's a problem with either: a. How the pngs are made example sprite (512x512): https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bx9Gbwnv9Hd2a2RRQlJiQTFJUEE b. How my Matrices work This is the relevant parts of the renderer: public void onDrawFrame(GL10 unused) { if(world != null) { dt = System.currentTimeMillis() - endTime; world.update( (float) dt); // Redraw background color GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); Matrix.setIdentityM(mvMatrix, 0); Matrix.translateM(mvMatrix, 0, 0f, 0f, 0f); world.draw(mvMatrix, mProjMatrix); endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); } else { Log.d(TAG, "There is no world...."); } } public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 unused, int width, int height) { GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height); Matrix.orthoM(mProjMatrix, 0, 0, width /2, 0, height /2, -1.f, 1.f); } And this is what each Quad does when draw is called: public void draw(float[] mvMatrix, float[] pMatrix) { Matrix.setIdentityM(mMatrix, 0); Matrix.setIdentityM(mvMatrix, 0); Matrix.translateM(mMatrix, 0, xPos, yPos, 0.f); Matrix.multiplyMM(mvMatrix, 0, mvMatrix, 0, mMatrix, 0); Matrix.scaleM(mvMatrix, 0, scale, scale, 0f); Matrix.rotateM(mvMatrix, 0, angle, 0f, 0f, -1f); GLES20.glUseProgram(mProgram); posAttr = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(mProgram, "vPosition"); texAttr = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(mProgram, "aTexCo"); uSampler = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "uSampler"); int alphaHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "alpha"); GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(posAttr, COORDS_PER_VERTEX, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, vertexBuffer); GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(texAttr, 2, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, texCoBuffer); GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(posAttr); GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(texAttr); GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); GLES20.glUniform1i(uSampler, 0); GLES20.glUniform1f(alphaHandle, alpha); mMVMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "uMVMatrix"); mPMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "uPMatrix"); GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(mMVMatrixHandle, 1, false, mvMatrix, 0); GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(mPMatrixHandle, 1, false, pMatrix, 0); GLES20.glDrawElements(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 4, GLES20.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, indicesBuffer); GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(posAttr); GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(texAttr); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); } c. How my texture loading/blending/shaders setup works Here is the renderer setup: public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 unused, EGLConfig config) { // Set the background frame color GLES20.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); GLES20.glDisable(GLES20.GL_DEPTH_TEST); GLES20.glDepthMask(false); GLES20.glBlendFunc(GLES20.GL_ONE, GLES20.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); GLES20.glEnable(GLES20.GL_BLEND); GLES20.glEnable(GLES20.GL_DITHER); } Here is the vertex shader: attribute vec4 vPosition; attribute vec2 aTexCo; varying vec2 vTexCo; uniform mat4 uMVMatrix; uniform mat4 uPMatrix; void main() { gl_Position = uPMatrix * uMVMatrix * vPosition; vTexCo = aTexCo; } And here's the fragment shader: precision mediump float; uniform sampler2D uSampler; uniform vec4 vColor; varying vec2 vTexCo; varying float alpha; void main() { vec4 color = texture2D(uSampler, vec2(vTexCo)); gl_FragColor = color; if(gl_FragColor.a == 0.0) { "discard; } } This is how textures are loaded: private int loadTexture(int rescource) { int[] texture = new int[1]; BitmapFactory.Options opts = new BitmapFactory.Options(); opts.inScaled = false; Bitmap temp = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), rescource, opts); GLES20.glGenTextures(1, texture, 0); GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR); GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR); GLUtils.texImage2D(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, temp, 0); GLES20.glGenerateMipmap(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D); GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); temp.recycle(); return texture[0]; } I'm sure I'm doing about 20,000 things wrong, so I'm really sorry if the problem is blindingly obvious... The test device is a Galaxy Note, running a JellyBean custom ROM, if that matters at all. So the screen resolution is 1280x800, which means... The background is 1024x1024, so yeah it might be a little blurry, but shouldn't be made of lego. Thank you so much, any answer at all would be appreciated.

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• Entity component system -> handling components that depend on one another

  - by jtedit

  I really like the idea of an entity component system and feel it has great flexibility, but have a question. How should dependent components be handled? I'm not talking about how components should communicate with other components they depend on, I have that sorted, but rather how to ensure components are present. For example, an entity cannot have a "velocity" component if it doesn't have a "position" component, in the same way it cant have an "acceleration" component if it doesn't have a "velocity" component. My first idea was every component class overrides an "onAddedToEntity(Entity ent)" function. Then in that function it checks that prerequisite components are also added to the entity, eg: struct EntCompVelocity() : public EntityComponent{ //member variables here void onAddedToEntity(Entity ent){ if(!ent.hasComponent(EntCompPosition::Id)){ ent.addComponent(new EntCompPosition()); } } } This has the nice property that if the acceleration component adds the velocity component, the velocity component will itself add the position component to the entity so dependency "trees" will sort themselves out. However my concern is if I do this components will silently be added with default values and, in the example of adding position, many entities will appear at the origin. Another idea was to simple have the "Entity.addComponent();" function return false if the component's prerequisite components aren't already on the entity, this would force you to manually add the position component and set its value before adding the velocity component. Finally I could simply not ensure a components prerequisite components are added, the "UpdatePosition" system only deals with entities with both a position and velocity component, so therefore adding a velocity component without having a position component wont be a problem (it wont cause crashes due to null pointer/etc), but it does mean entities will carry useless unused data if you add components but not their prerequisite components. Does anyone have experience with this problem and/or any of these methods to solve it? How did you solve the problem?

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• Collision detection when pathfinding with pathnodes, UDK

  - by Dave Voyles

  I'm trying to create a class that allows my AIController to path find using pathnodes (NOT NavMeshes). It's doing a swell job of going from point to point in a set order (although I would like for it to be a random patrol at some point), but it gets caught up on collision from time to time. I.E. He'll walk the same set path, and when he runs into the blocks in the middle of the map he continues to rub against them until they finish, and continues on his merry way to the next path node. How can I prevent this from happening, or at least have him move from the wall if he does a trace and detects that it is there? It looks like I need to use MoveToward() instead of MoveTo(), as MoveToward allows the pawn to adjust its course during movement. I'm just not sure of how to use those paramters. Mougli has a decent tutorial on it[/URL], but I can't seem to get it to work correctly with my pathnode array. class PathfindingAIController extends UDKBot; var array Waypoints; var int _PathNode; //declare it at the start so you can use it throughout the script var int CloseEnough; simulated function PostBeginPlay() { local PathNode Current; super.PostBeginPlay(); //add the pathnodes to the array foreach WorldInfo.AllActors(class'Pathnode',Current) { Waypoints.AddItem( Current ); } } simulated function Tick(float DeltaTime) { local int Distance; local Rotator DesiredRotation; super.Tick(DeltaTime); if (Pawn != None) { // Smoothly rotate the pawn towards the focal point DesiredRotation = Rotator(GetFocalPoint() - Pawn.Location); Pawn.FaceRotation(RLerp(Pawn.Rotation, DesiredRotation, 3.125f * DeltaTime, true), DeltaTime); } Distance = VSize2D(Pawn.Location - Waypoints[_PathNode].Location); if (Distance <= CloseEnough) { _PathNode++; } if (_PathNode >= Waypoints.Length) { _PathNode = 0; } GoToState('Pathfinding'); } auto state Pathfinding { Begin: if (Waypoints[_PathNode] != None) // make sure there is a pathnode to move to { MoveTo(Waypoints[_PathNode].Location); //move to it `log("STATE: Pathfinding"); } } DefaultProperties { CloseEnough=400 bIsplayer = True }

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• Any reliable polygon normal calculation code?

  - by Jenko

  Do you have any reliable face normal calculation code? I'm using this but it fails when faces are 90 degrees upright or similar. // the normal point var x:Number = 0; var y:Number = 0; var z:Number = 0; // if is a triangle with 3 points if (points.length == 3) { // read vertices of triangle var Ax:Number, Bx:Number, Cx:Number; var Ay:Number, By:Number, Cy:Number; var Az:Number, Bz:Number, Cz:Number; Ax = points[0].x; Bx = points[1].x; Cx = points[2].x; Ay = points[0].y; By = points[1].y; Cy = points[2].y; Az = points[0].z; Bz = points[1].z; Cz = points[2].z; // calculate normal of a triangle x = (By - Ay) * (Cz - Az) - (Bz - Az) * (Cy - Ay); y = (Bz - Az) * (Cx - Ax) - (Bx - Ax) * (Cz - Az); z = (Bx - Ax) * (Cy - Ay) - (By - Ay) * (Cx - Ax); // if is a polygon with 4+ points }else if (points.length > 3){ // calculate normal of a polygon using all points var n:int = points.length; x = 0; y = 0; z = 0 // ensure all points above 0 var minx:Number = 0, miny:Number = 0, minz:Number = 0; for (var p:int = 0, pl:int = points.length; p < pl; p++) { var po:_Point3D = points[p] = points[p].clone(); if (po.x < minx) { minx = po.x; } if (po.y < miny) { miny = po.y; } if (po.z < minz) { minz = po.z; } } if (minx > 0 || miny > 0 || minz > 0){ for (p = 0; p < pl; p++) { po = points[p]; po.x -= minx; po.y -= miny; po.z -= minz; } } var cur:int = 1, prev:int = 0, next:int = 2; for (var i:int = 1; i <= n; i++) { // using Newell method x += points[cur].y * (points[next].z - points[prev].z); y += points[cur].z * (points[next].x - points[prev].x); z += points[cur].x * (points[next].y - points[prev].y); cur = (cur+1) % n; next = (next+1) % n; prev = (prev+1) % n; } } // length of the normal var length:Number = Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z); // if area is 0 if (length == 0) { return null; }else{ // turn large values into a unit vector x = x / length; y = y / length; z = z / length; }

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• XNA - Error while rendering a texture to a 2D render target via SpriteBatch

  - by Jared B

  I've got this simple code that uses SpriteBatch to draw a texture onto a RenderTarget2D: private void drawScene(GameTime g) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(skyColor); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(targetScene); drawSunAndMoon(); effect.Fog = true; GraphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(line); effect.MainEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); GraphicsDevice.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0, 2); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); SceneTexture = targetScene; } private void drawPostProcessing(GameTime g) { effect.SceneTexture = SceneTexture; GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(targetBloom); spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.Opaque, null, null, null); { if (Bloom) effect.BlurEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); spriteBatch.Draw( targetScene, new Rectangle(0, 0, Window.ClientBounds.Width, Window.ClientBounds.Height), Color.White); } spriteBatch.End(); BloomTexture = targetBloom; GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); } Both methods are called from my Draw(GameTime gameTime) function. First drawScene is called, then drawPostProcessing is called. The thing is, when I run this code I get an error on the spriteBatch.Draw call: The render target must not be set on the device when it is used as a texture. I already found the solution, which is to draw the actual render target (targetScene) to the texture so it doesn't create a reference to the loaded render target. However, to my knowledge, the only way of doing this is to write: GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(outputTarget) SpriteBatch.Draw(inputTarget, ...) GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null) Which encounters the same exact problem I'm having right now. So, the question I'm asking is: how would I render inputTarget to outputTarget without reference issues?

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• Diamond-square terrain generation problem

  - by kafka

  I've implemented a diamond-square algorithm according to this article: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/opengl/terrain/index.php?mpd2 The problem is that I get these steep cliffs all over the map. It happens on the edges, when the terrain is recursively subdivided: Here is the source: void DiamondSquare(unsigned x1,unsigned y1,unsigned x2,unsigned y2,float range) { int c1 = (int)x2 - (int)x1; int c2 = (int)y2 - (int)y1; unsigned hx = (x2 - x1)/2; unsigned hy = (y2 - y1)/2; if((c1 <= 1) || (c2 <= 1)) return; // Diamond stage float a = m_heightmap[x1][y1]; float b = m_heightmap[x2][y1]; float c = m_heightmap[x1][y2]; float d = m_heightmap[x2][y2]; float e = (a+b+c+d) / 4 + GetRnd() * range; m_heightmap[x1 + hx][y1 + hy] = e; // Square stage float f = (a + c + e + e) / 4 + GetRnd() * range; m_heightmap[x1][y1+hy] = f; float g = (a + b + e + e) / 4 + GetRnd() * range; m_heightmap[x1+hx][y1] = g; float h = (b + d + e + e) / 4 + GetRnd() * range; m_heightmap[x2][y1+hy] = h; float i = (c + d + e + e) / 4 + GetRnd() * range; m_heightmap[x1+hx][y2] = i; DiamondSquare(x1, y1, x1+hx, y1+hy, range / 2.0); // Upper left DiamondSquare(x1+hx, y1, x2, y1+hy, range / 2.0); // Upper right DiamondSquare(x1, y1+hy, x1+hx, y2, range / 2.0); // Lower left DiamondSquare(x1+hx, y1+hy, x2, y2, range / 2.0); // Lower right } Parameters: (x1,y1),(x2,y2) - coordinates that define a region on a heightmap (default (0,0)(128,128)). range - basically max. height. (default 32) Help would be greatly appreciated.

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• LWJGL Text Rendering

  - by Trixmix

  Currently in my project I am using LWJGL and the Slick2D library to render text onto the screen. Here is a more specific example: Font f = new Font("Times New Roman",Font.BOLD,18); font = new UnicodeFont(f); font.getEffects().add(new ColorEffect(Color.white)); font.addAsciiGlyphs(); try { font.loadGlyphs(); } catch (SlickException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } then i use font.drawString to write onto the screen. This is a quick easy way but it has a lot of disadvantages. for example font.loadGlyphs take a very long time 1-3 seconds. so when i want to change a color or font type then i have to wait 1-3 seconds which means I cannot do it while rendering (ie. cant have different color text on the same screen). My question is what is a better way of drawing multicolored text onto the screen? I use slick2d only for the text rendering so maybe i can fully get rid of the library and draw text some other way... If you have an answer please leave a quick short example. Thanks!

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• Different Style Technique

  - by Muhammad Iqbal Dwi Cahyo

  I'm newbie here.. Please anyone knows, to create a character that his/her Style Tech is had a different kind of movement... I wanna make my character 2d his/her power technique like rasengan, I mean first the ball its just spining around and then going bigger and much more bigger so blow up if it touch his/her opponent? How the coding is, and what I've must do? Please your guide, thank's a lot... ^_^

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• Renderbuffer to GLSL shader?

  - by Dan

  I have a software that performs volume rendering through a raycasting approach. The actual raycasting shader writes the raycasted volume depth into a framebuffer object, through gl_FragDepth, that I bind before calling the shader. The problem I have is that I would like to use this depth in another shader that I call later on. I figured out that the only way to do that is to bind the framebuffer once the raycasting has finished, read the depthmap through something like glReadPixels(0, 0, m_winSize.x , m_winSize.y, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, pixels); and write it to a 2D texture as usual glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, m_winSize.x, m_winSize.y, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, pixels) and then pass this 2D texture that contains a simple depth map to the other shader. However, I am not entirely sure that what I do is the proper way to do this. Is there anyway to pass the framebuffer that I fill up in my raycasting shader to the other shader?

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• Pixel Shader Giving Black output

  - by Yashwinder

  I am coding in C# using Windows Forms and the SlimDX API to show the effect of a pixel shader. When I am setting the pixel shader, I am getting a black output screen but if I am not using the pixel shader then I am getting my image rendered on the screen. I have the following C# code using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; using SlimDX.Direct3D9; using SlimDX; using SlimDX.Windows; using System.Drawing; using System.Threading; namespace WindowsFormsApplication1 { // Vertex structure. [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] struct Vertex { public Vector3 Position; public float Tu; public float Tv; public static int SizeBytes { get { return Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(Vertex)); } } public static VertexFormat Format { get { return VertexFormat.Position | VertexFormat.Texture1; } } } static class Program { public static Device D3DDevice; // Direct3D device. public static VertexBuffer Vertices; // Vertex buffer object used to hold vertices. public static Texture Image; // Texture object to hold the image loaded from a file. public static int time; // Used for rotation caculations. public static float angle; // Angle of rottaion. public static Form1 Window =new Form1(); public static string filepath; static VertexShader vertexShader = null; static ConstantTable constantTable = null; static ImageInformation info; [STAThread] static void Main() { filepath = "C:\\Users\\Public\\Pictures\\Sample Pictures\\Garden.jpg"; info = new ImageInformation(); info = ImageInformation.FromFile(filepath); PresentParameters presentParams = new PresentParameters(); // Below are the required bare mininum, needed to initialize the D3D device. presentParams.BackBufferHeight = info.Height; // BackBufferHeight, set to the Window's height. presentParams.BackBufferWidth = info.Width+200; // BackBufferWidth, set to the Window's width. presentParams.Windowed =true; presentParams.DeviceWindowHandle = Window.panel2 .Handle; // DeviceWindowHandle, set to the Window's handle. // Create the device. D3DDevice = new Device(new Direct3D (), 0, DeviceType.Hardware, Window.Handle, CreateFlags.HardwareVertexProcessing, presentParams); // Create the vertex buffer and fill with the triangle vertices. (Non-indexed) // Remember 3 vetices for a triangle, 2 tris per quad = 6. Vertices = new VertexBuffer(D3DDevice, 6 * Vertex.SizeBytes, Usage.WriteOnly, VertexFormat.None, Pool.Managed); DataStream stream = Vertices.Lock(0, 0, LockFlags.None); stream.WriteRange(BuildVertexData()); Vertices.Unlock(); // Create the texture. Image = Texture.FromFile(D3DDevice,filepath ); // Turn off culling, so we see the front and back of the triangle D3DDevice.SetRenderState(RenderState.CullMode, Cull.None); // Turn off lighting D3DDevice.SetRenderState(RenderState.Lighting, false); ShaderBytecode sbcv = ShaderBytecode.CompileFromFile("C:\\Users\\yashwinder singh\\Desktop\\vertexShader.vs", "vs_main", "vs_1_1", ShaderFlags.None); constantTable = sbcv.ConstantTable; vertexShader = new VertexShader(D3DDevice, sbcv); ShaderBytecode sbc = ShaderBytecode.CompileFromFile("C:\\Users\\yashwinder singh\\Desktop\\pixelShader.txt", "ps_main", "ps_3_0", ShaderFlags.None); PixelShader ps = new PixelShader(D3DDevice, sbc); VertexDeclaration vertexDecl = new VertexDeclaration(D3DDevice, new[] { new VertexElement(0, 0, DeclarationType.Float3, DeclarationMethod.Default, DeclarationUsage.PositionTransformed, 0), new VertexElement(0, 12, DeclarationType.Float2 , DeclarationMethod.Default, DeclarationUsage.TextureCoordinate , 0), VertexElement.VertexDeclarationEnd }); Application.EnableVisualStyles(); MessagePump.Run(Window, () => { // Clear the backbuffer to a black color. D3DDevice.Clear(ClearFlags.Target | ClearFlags.ZBuffer, Color.Black, 1.0f, 0); // Begin the scene. D3DDevice.BeginScene(); // Setup the world, view and projection matrices. //D3DDevice.VertexShader = vertexShader; //D3DDevice.PixelShader = ps; // Render the vertex buffer. D3DDevice.SetStreamSource(0, Vertices, 0, Vertex.SizeBytes); D3DDevice.VertexFormat = Vertex.Format; // Setup our texture. Using Textures introduces the texture stage states, // which govern how Textures get blended together (in the case of multiple // Textures) and lighting information. D3DDevice.SetTexture(0, Image); // Now drawing 2 triangles, for a quad. D3DDevice.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList , 0, 2); // End the scene. D3DDevice.EndScene(); // Present the backbuffer contents to the screen. D3DDevice.Present(); }); if (Image != null) Image.Dispose(); if (Vertices != null) Vertices.Dispose(); if (D3DDevice != null) D3DDevice.Dispose(); } private static Vertex[] BuildVertexData() { Vertex[] vertexData = new Vertex[6]; vertexData[0].Position = new Vector3(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[0].Tu = 0.0f; vertexData[0].Tv = 0.0f; vertexData[1].Position = new Vector3(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[1].Tu = 0.0f; vertexData[1].Tv = 1.0f; vertexData[2].Position = new Vector3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[2].Tu = 1.0f; vertexData[2].Tv = 0.0f; vertexData[3].Position = new Vector3(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[3].Tu = 0.0f; vertexData[3].Tv = 1.0f; vertexData[4].Position = new Vector3(1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[4].Tu = 1.0f; vertexData[4].Tv = 1.0f; vertexData[5].Position = new Vector3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); vertexData[5].Tu = 1.0f; vertexData[5].Tv = 0.0f; return vertexData; } } } And my pixel shader and vertex shader code are as following // Pixel shader input structure struct PS_INPUT { float4 Position : POSITION; float2 Texture : TEXCOORD0; }; // Pixel shader output structure struct PS_OUTPUT { float4 Color : COLOR0; }; // Global variables sampler2D Tex0; // Name: Simple Pixel Shader // Type: Pixel shader // Desc: Fetch texture and blend with constant color // PS_OUTPUT ps_main( in PS_INPUT In ) { PS_OUTPUT Out; //create an output pixel Out.Color = tex2D(Tex0, In.Texture); //do a texture lookup Out.Color *= float4(0.9f, 0.8f, 0.0f, 1); //do a simple effect return Out; //return output pixel } // Vertex shader input structure struct VS_INPUT { float4 Position : POSITION; float2 Texture : TEXCOORD0; }; // Vertex shader output structure struct VS_OUTPUT { float4 Position : POSITION; float2 Texture : TEXCOORD0; }; // Global variables float4x4 WorldViewProj; // Name: Simple Vertex Shader // Type: Vertex shader // Desc: Vertex transformation and texture coord pass-through // VS_OUTPUT vs_main( in VS_INPUT In ) { VS_OUTPUT Out; //create an output vertex Out.Position = mul(In.Position, WorldViewProj); //apply vertex transformation Out.Texture = In.Texture; //copy original texcoords return Out; //return output vertex }

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• Render on other render targets starting from one already rendered on

  - by JTulip

  I have to perform a double pass convolution on a texture that is actually the color attachment of another render target, and store it in the color attachment of ANOTHER render target. This must be done multiple time, but using the same texture as starting point What I do now is (a bit abstracted, but what I have abstract is guaranteed to work singularly) renderOnRT(firstTarget); // This is working. for each other RT currRT{ glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, currRT.frameBufferID); programX.use(); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, firstTarget.colorAttachmentID); programX.setUniform1i("colourTexture",0); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, firstTarget.depthAttachmentID); programX.setUniform1i("depthTexture",1); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadBuffID); // quadBuffID is a VBO for a screen aligned quad. It is fine. programX.vertexAttribPointer(POSITION_ATTRIBUTE, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (void*)0); glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS,0,4); programY.use(); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, currRT.colorAttachmentID); // The second pass is done on the previous pass programY.setUniform1i("colourTexture",0); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, currRT.depthAttachmentID); programY.setUniform1i("depthTexture",1); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadBuffID); programY.vertexAttribPointer(POSITION_ATTRIBUTE, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (void*)0); glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 4); } The problem is that I end up with black textures and not the wanted result. The GLSL programs program(X,Y) works fine, already tested on single targets. Is there something stupid I am missing? Even an hint is much appreciated, thanks!

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• Camera lookAt target changes when rotating parent node

  - by Michael IV

  have the following issue.I have a camera with lookAt method which works fine.I have a parent node to which I parent the camera.If I rotate the parent node while keeping the camera lookAt the target , the camera lookAt changes too.That is nor what I want to achieve.I need it to work like in Adobe AE when you parent camera to a null object:when null object is rotated the camera starts orbiting around the target while still looking at the target.What I do currently is multiplying parent's model matrix with camera model matrix which is calculated from lookAt() method.I am sure I need to decompose (or recompose ) one of the matrices before multiplying them .Parent model or camera model ? Anyone here can show the right way doing it ? UPDATE: The parent is just a node .The child is the camera.The parented camera in AfterEffects works like this: If you rotate the parent node while camera looks at the target , the camera actually starts orbiting around the target based on the parent rotation.In my case the parent rotation changes also Camera's lookAt direction which IS NOT what I want.Hope now it is clear .

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• Can one draw a cube using different method/drawing mode?

  - by den-javamaniac

  Hi. I've just started learning gamedev (in particular android EGL based) and have ran over a code from Pro Android Games 2 that looks as follows: /* * Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package opengl.scenes.cubes; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.ByteOrder; import java.nio.IntBuffer; import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10; public class Cube { public Cube(){ int one = 0x10000; int vertices[] = { -one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, one, one, one, one, -one, one, one, }; int colors[] = { 0, 0, 0, one, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, }; byte indices[] = { 0, 4, 5, 0, 5, 1, 1, 5, 6, 1, 6, 2, 2, 6, 7, 2, 7, 3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2 }; // Buffers to be passed to gl*Pointer() functions // must be direct, i.e., they must be placed on the // native heap where the garbage collector cannot vbb.asIntBuffer() // move them. // // Buffers with multi-byte datatypes (e.g., short, int, float) // must have their byte order set to native order ByteBuffer vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length*4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mVertexBuffer = vbb.asIntBuffer(); mVertexBuffer.put(vertices); mVertexBuffer.position(0); ByteBuffer cbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length*4); cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mColorBuffer = cbb.asIntBuffer(); mColorBuffer.put(colors); mColorBuffer.position(0); mIndexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length); mIndexBuffer.put(indices); mIndexBuffer.position(0); } public void draw(GL10 gl) { gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CW); gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mVertexBuffer); gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mColorBuffer); gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, mIndexBuffer); } private IntBuffer mVertexBuffer; private IntBuffer mColorBuffer; private ByteBuffer mIndexBuffer;} So it suggests to draw a cube using triangles. My question is: can I draw the same cube using GL_TPOLYGON? If so, isn't that an easier/more understandable way to do things?

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• Discovering path through unknown territory

  - by TravisG

  Let's say all the AI knows about it's surroundings is a pixel-map that it has which clearly shows walkable terrain and obstacles. I want the AI to be able to traverse this terrain until it finds an exit point. There are some restrictions: There is always a way to the exit in the entire map that the AI walks around in, but there may be dead ends. The path to the exit is always pretty random, meaning that if you stand at crossroads, nothing indicates which direction would be the right one to go. It doesn't matter if the AI reaches a dead end, but it has to be able walk back out of it to a previously not inspected location and continue its search there. Initially, the AI starts out knowing only the starting area of the whole map. As it walks around, new points will be added to the pixel-map as the AI corresponding to the AIs range of sight (think of it like the AI is clearing the fog of war) The problem is in 2D space. All I have is the pixel map. There are no paths in the pixel map which are "too narrow". The AI fits through everything. It shouldn't be a brute force solution. E.g. it would be possible to simply find a path to each pixel in the pixel map that is yet undiscovered (with A*, for example), which will lead to the AI discovering new pixels. This could be repeated until the end is reached. The path doesn't have to be the shortest path (this is impossible without knowing the entire map beforehand), but when movements within the visible area are calculated, the shortest and from a human standpoint most logical path should be taken (e.g. if you can see a way out of your room into a hallway, you would obviously go there instead of exploring the corner of your current room). What kind of approaches to solve this problem are there?

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