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  • how're routing tables populated?

    - by Robbie Mckennie
    i've been reading "tcp/ip illustrated" and i started reading about ip forwarding. all about how you can receive a datagram and work out where to send it next based on the desination ip and your routing table. but what confused me is how (in a home network setting) the table itself is populated. is there a lower layer protocol at work here? does it come along with dhcp? or is it simply based on the ip address and netmask of each interface? i do know (from other books) that in the early days of ethernet one had to set up routing tables by hand, but i know i didn't do that.

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  • How do I limit concurrent sftp / port forwarding logins

    - by Kyoku
    I have ssh set up so my users can only access sftp and port forwarding, how can I limit the number of concurrent logins on a per user basis? In my sshd_config I have UsePAM set to yes and in /etc/security/limits.conf I have: username - maxlogins 1 I also tried: username hard maxlogins 1 Neither of these works and the users can still log in multiple times.

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  • Debian: SSH: "PermitRootLogin=forced-commands-only" stopped working

    - by Brent
    I have several servers running Debian Lenny. Just recently I discovered the PermitRootLogin=forced-commands-only directive for ssh, which allows me to run a scripted rsync as root with an ssl key, without enabling more generalized root ssh access. However, last week this stopped working - it appears on all of my servers - and I can't figure out why. Everything continues to work fine with PermitRootLogin=yes, but I would prefer to block root logins - especially via passwords. The day it stopped working, we reconfigured some of the ports on one of our switches (which we later reverted), but I can't see that affecting this, since it still works with PermitRootLogin set to yes. How can I diagnose why the forced-commands-only directive has apparently stopped working?

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  • Does anyone know why rsync would keep sending the files over and over again?

    - by beagleguy
    I'm trying to using rsync to backup some files, about half a TB. It's now it a state where it keeps sending the same files everytime it runs. for example: rsync -av /data/source/* user@host:/data/dest sending incremental file list source/file1.txt source/file2.txt I then verify those files are copied over... then the next time it runs it does the same thing rsync -av /data/source/* user@host:/data/dest sending incremental file list source/file1.txt source/file2.txt any idea why it's getting stuck on these files? I've tried to wipe the whole dest directory out and start over but no luck. thanks,

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  • problem with zsh interactive shell

    - by Jack
    When I use zsh in interactive mode, I get some glitches. This mainly happens when the command spills over onto a new line and I use backspace, with backspace leaving behind some glitches on the screen and moving the cursor to an odd position. It happens in a VT, in xterm and urxvt, although it is most noticeable with my chosen terminal, urxvt. When I use zsh as a login shell, it does not happen at all. What could be causing this?

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  • SSH: Configure ssh_config to use specific key file for a specific server fingerprint

    - by Penthi
    I have a key based login for a server. The IP and DNS of the server can change, because it is hosted on Amazon. Is there a way to configure the ssh client config to use the specific key file for this server only, when the fingerprint of the server matches? In other words: Normaly servers are matched by IP or DNS in the ssh client config. I want to do this by fingerprint, becaus IP and DNS can change.

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  • Performance data collection for short-running, ephemeral servers

    - by ErikA
    We're building a medical image processing software stack, currently hosted on various AWS resources. As part of this application, we have a handful of long-running servers (database, load balancers, web application, etc.). Collecting performance data on those servers is quite simple - my go-to- recipe of Nagios (for monitoring/notifications) and Munin (for collection of performance data and displaying trends) will work just fine. However - as part of this application, we are constantly starting up and terminating compute instances on EC2. In typical usage, these compute instances start up, configure themselves, receive a job from a message queue, and then get to work processing that job, which takes anywhere from 15 minutes to over 8 hours. After job completion, these instances get terminated, never to be heard from again. What is a decent strategy for collecting performance data on these short-lived instances? I don't necessarily need monitoring on them - if they fail for whatever reason, our application will detect this and handle re-starting the job on another instance or raising the flag so an administrator can take a look at things. However, it still would be useful to collect information like CPU (user, idle, iowait, etc.), memory usage, network traffic, disk read/write data, etc. In our internal database, we track the instance ID of the machine that runs each job, and it would be quite helpful to be able to look up performance data for a specific instance ID for troubleshooting and profiling. Munin doesn't seem like a great candidate, as it requires maintaining a list of munin nodes in a text file - far from ideal for an environment with a high amount of churn, and for the short amount of time each node will be running, I'd rather keep the full-resolution data indefinitely than have RRD water down the data over time. In the end, my guess is that this will require a monitoring engine that: uses a database (MySQL, SQLite, etc.) for configuration and data storage exposes an API for adding/removing hosts and services Are there other things I should be thinking about when evaluating options? Perhaps I'm over-thinking this, though, and just ought to run sar at 1-minute intervals on these short-lived instances and collect the sar db files prior to termination.

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  • TCPDump and IPTables DROP by string

    - by Tiffany Walker
    by using tcpdump -nlASX -s 0 -vvv port 80 I get something like: 14:58:55.121160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 49764, offset 0, flags [DF], proto TCP (6), length 1480) 206.72.206.58.http > 2.187.196.7.4624: Flags [.], cksum 0x6900 (incorrect -> 0xcd18), seq 1672149449:1672150889, ack 4202197968, win 15340, length 1440 0x0000: 4500 05c8 c264 4000 4006 0f86 ce48 ce3a E....d@[email protected].: 0x0010: 02bb c407 0050 1210 63aa f9c9 fa78 73d0 .....P..c....xs. 0x0020: 5010 3bec 6900 0000 0f29 95cc fac4 2854 P.;.i....)....(T 0x0030: c0e7 3384 e89a 74fa 8d8c a069 f93f fc40 ..3...t....i.?.@ 0x0040: 1561 af61 1cf3 0d9c 3460 aa23 0b54 aac0 .a.a....4`.#.T.. 0x0050: 5090 ced1 b7bf 8857 c476 e1c0 8814 81ed P......W.v...... 0x0060: 9e85 87e8 d693 b637 bd3a 56ef c5fa 77e8 .......7.:V...w. 0x0070: 3035 743a 283e 89c7 ced8 c7c1 cff9 6ca3 05t:(>........l. 0x0080: 5f3f 0162 ebf1 419e c410 7180 7cd0 29e1 _?.b..A...q.|.). 0x0090: fec9 c708 0f01 9b2f a96b 20fe b95a 31cf ......./.k...Z1. 0x00a0: 8166 3612 bac9 4e8d 7087 4974 0063 1270 .f6...N.p.It.c.p What do I pull to use IPTables to block via string. Or is there a better way to block attacks that have something in common? Question is: Can I pick any piece from that IP packet and call it a string? iptables -A INPUT -m string --alog bm --string attack_string -j DROP In other words: In some cases I can ban with TTL=xxx and use that should an attack have the same TTL. Sure it will block some legit packets but if it means keeping the box up it works till the attack goes away but I would like to LEARN how to FIND other common things in a packet to block with IPTables

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  • Multiheaded X.org with a single workspace-pool

    - by blauwblaatje
    I've got an idea for x.org/$randomwindowmanager in combination with a multiheaded setup, but I haven't figured out how it should work. Also I don't really know where to place the feature request. Now for the idea. I've been working with screen (wikipedia:GNU_Screen) for some years now. One thing I like about it, is the fact that I can get a multi-display mode (screen -x), so you can have multiple terminals all connected to the same screen. The fun thing about it, is that you can get 2 terminals with the same content and switch my onscreen layout, without moving the terminals. I admit, in screen it's not extremely useful, but I think for a wm it can be. Imagine this. You've got two monitors and 4 workdesks. On one workdesk I've got my IDE with code, on the second one I've got the output, on the third one I've got the documentation and on the forth one I've got my e-mail and IM clients. At one moment, I want my IDE and output on my monitors, another moment my code and documentation and Yet another moment my IM to consult a colleague and documentation or code. Finally my colleague comes to help me at my desk. I'd like it if we could both watch the same workdesk without him sitting on my lap, so I turn one monitor so he can see it better. It would be great if we could see the same thing that's on my monitor (exclude mousepointer). The thing with most WMs is that your workspaces on the two monitors are either separated or glued together. If they're separated, you can change workspaces on each monitor autonomous, but you can't exchange applications between monitors because they're different x-clients (iirc). If they're glued together (xinerama), you can exchange the applications, but when changing your workspace, the other monitors change too. So, what I'd like to know is this. Is this already possible or should I submit a feature request somewhere (and if so, where?)

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  • Change permission to /proc/net/ip_conntrack on Ubuntu server 9.10

    - by bjarkef
    Hi I have a script that needs to extract certain information form the /proc/net/ip_conntrack file once in a while. I do not wish to run this script as the root user. Default permissions for the file is: $ ls -lah /proc/net/ip_conntrack -r--r----- 1 root root 0 2010-03-28 12:18 /proc/net/ip_conntrack I can change it with: sudo chmod o+r /proc/net/ip_conntrack But that does not stick after a reboot. Is there some configuration file for file-permissions in the /proc directory in Ubuntu Server 9.10? Or do I just have to stick a chmod line in some startup script?

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  • How can I avoid SSH's host verification for known hosts?

    - by shantanuo
    I get the following prompt everytime I try to connect a server using SSH. I type "yes", but is there a way to aovid this? The authenticity of host '111.222.333.444 (111.222.333.444)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is f3:cf:58:ae:71:0b:c8:04:6f:34:a3:b2:e4:1e:0c:8b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

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  • Move Ubuntu to another drive

    - by Ben Dilts
    I have a laptop with an 80GB SSD and 500GB HDD. I currently have Windows installed on the SSD, and a 400GB data partition for Windows on the HDD. I set aside 100GB on the HDD to try out Ubuntu, and I'd like to make it my primary OS and switch it over to the (much) faster SSD. How could I go about getting my Ubuntu setup moved over to the SSD? I have a 120GB USB hard drive I can use if necessary for getting through it.

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  • routing through multiple subinterfaces in debian

    - by Kstro21
    my question is as simple as the title, i have a debian 6 , 2 NICs, 3 different subnets in a single interface, just like this: auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.106.254 netmask 255.255.255.0 auto eth0:0 iface eth0:0 inet static address 172.19.221.81 netmask 255.255.255.248 auto eth0:1 iface eth0:1 inet static address 192.168.254.1 netmask 255.255.255.248 auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 172.19.216.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 172.19.216.13 eth0 is conected to a swith with 3 differents vlans, eth1 is conected to a router. No iptables DROP, so, all traffic is allowed. Now, passing the traffic through eth0 is OK, passing the traffic through eth0:0 is OK, but, passing the traffic through eth0:1 is not working, i can ping the ip address of that sub interface from a pc where this ip is the default gateway, but can't get to servers in the subnet of the eth1 interface, the traffic is not passing, even when i set the iptables to log all the traffic in the FORWARD chain and i can see the traffic there, but, the traffic is not really passing. And the funny is i can do any the other way around, i mean, passing from eth1 to eth0:1, RDP, telnet, ping, etc, doing some work with the iptable, i manage to pass some traffic from eth0:1 to eth1, the iptables look like this: iptables -t nat PREROUTING -d 192.168.254.1/32 -p tcp -m multiport --dports 25,110,5269 -j DNAT --to-destination 172.19.216.1 iptables -t nat PREROUTING -d 192.168.254.1/32 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to-destination 172.19.216.9 iptables -t nat PREROUTING -d 192.168.254.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j DNAT --to-destination 172.19.216.11 iptables -t nat POSTROUTING -s 172.19.216.0/24 -d 172.19.221.80/29 -j SNAT --to-source 172.19.221.81 iptables -t nat POSTROUTING -s 172.19.216.0/24 -d 192.168.254.0/29 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.254.1 iptables -t nat POSTROUTING -s 172.19.216.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.106.254 dong this is working, but,it is really a headache have to map each port with the server, imagine if i move the service from server, so, now i have doubts: can debian route through multiple subinterfaces?? exist a limit for this?? if not, what i'm doing wrong when i have the same setup with other subnets and it is working ok?? without the iptables rules in the nat, it doesn't work thanks and i hope good comments/answers

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  • how to setup kismet.conf on Ubuntu

    - by Registered User
    I installed Kismet on my Ubuntu 10.04 machine as apt-get install kismet every thing seems to work fine. but when I launch it I see following error kismet Launching kismet_server: //usr/bin/kismet_server Suid priv-dropping disabled. This may not be secure. No specific sources given to be enabled, all will be enabled. Non-RFMon VAPs will be destroyed on multi-vap interfaces (ie, madwifi-ng) Enabling channel hopping. Enabling channel splitting. NOTICE: Disabling channel hopping, no enabled sources are able to change channel. Source 0 (addme): Opening none source interface none... FATAL: Please configure at least one packet source. Kismet will not function if no packet sources are defined in kismet.conf or on the command line. Please read the README for more information about configuring Kismet. Kismet exiting. Done. I followed this guide http://www.ubuntugeek.com/kismet-an-802-11-wireless-network-detector-sniffer-and-intrusion-detection-system.html#more-1776 how ever in kismet.conf I am not clear with following line source=none,none,addme as to what should I change this to. lspci -vnn shows 0c:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g [14e4:4315] (rev 01) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:000c] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at f69fc000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [58] Vendor Specific Information <?> Capabilities: [e8] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting <?> Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number Capabilities: [16c] Power Budgeting <?> Kernel driver in use: wl Kernel modules: wl, ssb and iwconfig shows lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. eth1 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID:"WIKUCD" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.462 GHz Access Point: <00:43:92:21:H5:09> Bit Rate=11 Mb/s Tx-Power:24 dBm Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Managementmode:All packets received Link Quality=1/5 Signal level=-81 dBm Noise level=-90 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:169 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0 So what should I be putting in place of source=none,none,addme with output I mentioned above ?

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  • How do I perform commands in another folder, without repeating the folder path?

    - by Valter Henrique
    Is there a clever way to do copy and move operations or a command to duplicate a file, without having to do a cd, then mv after, at the same folder? For example, I have to run the following: mv /folder1/folder2/folder3/file.txt /folder1/folder2/folder3/file-2013.txt Note that the directory to where I'm moving the file is the same, but I have to put the whole path again and sometimes it gets annoying. I'm curious to know if there's another way to do that without having to put the whole path again, because the operation would be done in the same path.

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  • How to remove Games on Fedora 14?

    - by user44212
    While installing the fedora desktop I had unchecked the Games and Entertainment section but I can still see the same Games options available in the menu. I tried checking the same in the Add/Remove Programs but I was not able to get the option for uninstalling the same. Games which are present are: AisleRiot Solitaire, lagno, Mines and Sudoku I would like to delete the games options available. Can someone help me doing the same?

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  • Multiple VLANs on a single subnet

    - by mstaessen
    I would like to establish the setup shown below. The image is taken from (http://gcharriere.com/blog/?p=620) and explains how to set this up on a brocade device. I would like to use an ubuntu server to do the routing. Right now, the switch and the server/router are connected with a trunk and the server uses the vlan package, kernel module and (inner) subnets for routing. I would like that: no IP addresses get lost in the subnetting (outer subnet is /26, inner subnets are /28) I don't want the rigorous subdivision of my outer subnet. I want to assign a VLAN to any IP in the outer subnet. How do I need to configure my interfaces? What is the "ubuntu" translation of "ip follow ve"? Thanks!

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  • unable to decompress a *.tar.xz file

    - by neubert
    Per http://askubuntu.com/a/107976 I tried tar xf php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz and tar -xJf php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz and in both cases I get the following: tar (child): xz: Cannot exec: No such file or directory tar (child): Error is not recoverable: exiting now tar: Child returned status 2 tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now Here's php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz: http://downloads.php.net/tyrael/php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz I'm running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.

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  • How to understand cpu family/model/stepping fields in /proc/cpuinfo

    - by Victor Sorokin
    I have following in cpuinfo: processor : 0 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 15 model : 107 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 5600+ stepping : 2 According to Wikipedia page there are two kinds of 5600+ -- one of 90nm technology, another of 65nm. How can I understand which one I have? There seem to be no direct correspondence between contents of cpuinfo and info on Wikipedia page. AMD site seems to use some other naming scheme for processors too. How can I map values of family, model and stepping from cpuinfo to the data available on Wikipedia/AMD?

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  • How do I make zeitgeist work in Arch?

    - by wleoncio
    I've been trying to setup Zeitgeist on my Gnome-shell system for a couple of days, but I'm yet to get it to work. I've done everything I could think of, i.e. installing zeitgeist from [extra], as well as libqzeitgeist. I've also installed all Gnome extensions created by Seif (https://extensions.gnome.org/accounts/profile/seif), since they're the reason I'm installing the package in the first place. I've tried running "zeitgeist-daemon --replace" and then "gnome-shell --replace", but nothing seems to work. According to Der Harm's wiki (https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/User:Der_harm#Gnome_Zeitgeist), the Zeitgeist daemon doesn't need to be explicitly started, but even if it was, I don't know how to do it (since it's not in /etc/rc.d, I bet adding "zeitgeist" to my rc.conf wouldn't do any good either). I can't believe there isn't a very simple setup here, please help me see what I'm missing!

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  • What info is really useful in my iptables log and how do I disable the useless bits?

    - by anthony01
    In my iptables rules files, I entered this at the end: -A INPUT -j LOG --log-level 4 --log-ip-options --log-prefix "iptables: " I DROP everything besides INPUT for SSH (port 22) I have a web server and when I try to connect to it through my browser, through a forbidden port number (on purpose), I get something like that in my iptables.log Sep 24 14:05:57 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=64 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=59351 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:01 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC= yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=63377 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:09 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=55025 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:25 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=54521 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=63776 DPT=1999 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=100 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=35050 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33304 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=52 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=14076 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33264 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:55 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=52 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=5277 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33248 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 Sep 24 14:06:56 myserver kernel: [xx.xx] iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=aa:bb:cc SRC=yy.yy.yy.yy DST=xx.xx.xx.xx LEN=100 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=25501 PROTO=TCP SPT=63088 DPT=22 WINDOW=33304 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 As you can see, I typed xx.xx.xx.xx:1999 in my browser, and it tried to connect until it timed out. 1) There are many similar lines for just one event. Do you think I need all of them? How would I avoid duplicates? 2) The last 4 lines are for my port 22. But since I allow port 22 INPUT for my web server, why are they here? 3) Do I need info like LEN,TOS,PREC and others? I'm trying to find a page that explains them one by one, by I can't find anything.

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  • Appropriate Network switch for small server cluster

    - by Chris Dutrow
    Need to build a small business server cluster for the purpose of crunching data. It will not host a web site that needs to be available 24/7. It does need to support servers that host Redis, a Cassandra database cluster, and a Python web server. Operating system will most likely be Centos 6.4 Other servers in the cluster should be able to communicate very fast with each other, especially the Redis server. This will probably require the use of internal IP addresses. We will need to use multi-data center replication to synchronize the Cassandra cluster with the one that we currently have hosted on the cloud Was looking into network switches and we are unsure of the appropriate specifications that we should be looking for. Does the switch need to be "managed" or can it be "unmanged"? Does the switch need to support IPv6 or just IPv4? Do we need an enterprise level Cisco switch, or can we go with something like a $200 DLink managed (or unmanaged) small business switch? Thanks so much!

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  • What you'd need to setup BBS?

    - by raspi
    What I need to setup BBS nowadays? I'm thinking of BBBS or PCBoard (no telnet! too new technology). What I've thinked so far, I'd need: virtual machine which runs DOS and hook that virtual COM-port to somekind of virtual VoIP modem software somehow (is there any?). How you can call to it across internet? Can you use HyperTerminal straight with that virtual/real modem? Or will VoIP just garble the modem data and nothing will work?

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