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• Is there any place to find real-world usage-style tutorials for programming languages?

  - by OleDid

  Let's face it. When you want to learn something completely new, be it mathematics or foreign languages, it's easiest to learn when you get real world scenarios in front of you, with theory applied. For example, trigonometry can be extremely interesting when applied to creation of 2D platform games. Norwegian can be really interesting to learn if you live in Norway. When I try to look at a new programming language, I always find these steps the hardest: What tools do I need to compile and how do I do it Introduction-step: Why is this programming language so cool? Where and how is it used? (The step I am looking for, real-world scenarios) The rest, deep diving into the language, pure theory and such, is often much easier if you have completed step 1 and 2. Because now you know what it's all about, and can just read the specification when you need to. What I ask is, do you have any recommendations for places I can find such material for programming languages? Be it websites or companies selling books in this style, I'm interested. Also, I am interested in all languages. (If I had found a "real-world usage" explained for even INTERCAL, I would be interested). In some other thread here, I found a book called "Seven Languages in Seven Weeks". This is kind of what I am looking for, but I believe there must be "more like this".

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• Languages with a clear distinction between subroutines that are purely functional, mutating, state-changing, etc?

  - by CPX

  Lately I've become more and more frustrated that in most modern programming languages I've worked with (C/C++, C#, F#, Ruby, Python, JS and more) there is very little, if any, language support for determining what a subroutine will actually do. Consider the following simple pseudo-code: var x = DoSomethingWith(y); How do I determine what the call to DoSomethingWith(y) will actually do? Will it mutate y, or will it return a copy of y? Does it depend on global or local state, or is it only dependent on y? Will it change the global or local state? How does closure affect the outcome of the call? In all languages I've encountered, almost none of these questions can be answered by merely looking at the signature of the subroutine, and there is almost never any compile-time or run-time support either. Usually, the only way is to put your trust in the author of the API, and hope that the documentation and/or naming conventions reveal what the subroutine will actually do. My question is this: Does there exist any languages today that make symbolic distinctions between these types of scenarios, and places compile-time constraints on what code you can actually write? (There is of course some support for this in most modern languages, such as different levels of scope and closure, the separation between static and instance code, lambda functions, et cetera. But too often these seem to come into conflict with each other. For instance, a lambda function will usually either be purely functional, and simply return a value based on input parameters, or mutate the input parameters in some way. But it is usually possible to access static variables from a lambda function, which in turn can give you access to instance variables, and then it all breaks apart.)

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• Are there any empirical studies on the effect of different languages on software quality?

  - by jgre

  The proponents of functional programming languages assert that functional programming makes it easier to reason about code. Those in favor of statically typed languages say that their compilers catch enough errors to make up for the additional complexity of type systems. But everything I read on these topics is based on rational argument, not on empirical data. Are there any empirical studies on what effects the different categories of programming languages have on defect rates or other quality metrics? (The answers to this question seem to indicate that there are no such studies, at least not for the dynamic vs. static debate)

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• Is the slow performance of programming languages a bad thing?

  - by Emanuil

  Here's how I see it. There's machine code and it's all that the computers needs in order to run something. The computers don't care about programming languages. It doesn't matter to them if the machine code comes from Perl, Python or PHP. Programming languages exist to serve programmers. Some programming languages run slower than others but that's not necessarily because there is something wrong with them. In many cases it's just because they do more things that otherwise programmers would have to do and by doing these things, they do better what they are supposed to do - serve programmers. So is the slower performance (at runtime) of a programming language really a bad thing?

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• Where are the new ideas in programming languages?

  - by 0xF

  I've recently been looking into the topic of programming languages and from what I've seen, few to none serious languages try making really "new" things that were not seen before their creation. Why do all more or less successful programming languages since 1980 or so just combine aspects of their predecessors? I just can't believe that programming languages "can't get any better"..

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• From interpeted to native code: "dynamic" languages compiler support

  - by Daniel

  First, I am aware that dynamic languages is a term used mainly by a vendor; I am using it just to have a container word to include languages like Perl (a favorite of mine), Python, Tcl, Ruby, PHP and so on. They are interpreted but I am interested here to refer to languages featuring strong capability to support the programmer efficiency and the support for typical constructs of modern interpreted languages My question is: there are dynamic languages can be compiled efficiently in native executable code - typically for Windows platforms? Which ones? Maybe using some third part ad-hoc tools? I am not talking about huge executables carrying with them a full interpreter or some similar tricks nor some smart module able to include its own dependances or some required modules, but a honest, straight, standard, solid executable code. If not, there is some technical reason inhibiting the availability of such a best-of-both-world feature? Thanks! Daniel

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• Where are the new languages?

  - by Johnson William

  Most now mainstream/popular (interpreted|scripting) programming languages were created around the 1990's. (Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP just to name a few). How many people knew about those languages around 1-2 years after they had been first published? Are there languages with potential of becoming as important as e.g.: Python or PHP being developed at the moment? I mean ... is there someone even seriously trying to create a new one? If the first version of a programming language is published and nearly nobody knows about it, as it was with all the languages I've mentioned above, where could I find out? Is there some sort of "list" or "network" dealing just with non-language-specific news? Is the area where Perl, Python, Ruby and PHP fit in already fully covered? Do you know of concrete examples of new programming languages being seriously developed or rising at the moment? (Except Google's go!)

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• Programming languages & proof of concepts

  - by Mike

  There are plenty of programming languages out there, as you all may know. I am primarily looking for a list of programming languages WITH some very neat proof of concepts. I would really like to learn a new language, but whenever I dive into something new and popular, it isn't what I expected. Any tutorial out there will give you code, small examples, but won't show you the true power of the language. I am looking for examples that run entirely on the language that it is exemplifying. For example, If I said C#, I could possibly show you a complete C# app with backend queries, reports, tables, all with a nice interface. It would be completely reliant on the language that is provided, so no supporting languages. I understand that most languages are integrated with other languages in order to provide a richer application. Any links, charts, websites that may reflect this request is appreciated.

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• If all programming languages are Turing Complete then why do we have language wars?

  - by kadaj

  There are language wars saying one programming language is better than other.. Consider Lisp and Java; and we can argue that the meta programming capabilities of Lisp is better than that of Java. But that does not mean Java cannot have meta programming capabilities without being another dialect of Lisp. Basically all programming languages are Turing Complete. So doesn't that mean we could solve any solvable problem in all those programming languages?

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• What's with the love of dynamic Languages

  - by Kibbee

  It seems that everybody is jumping on the dynamic, non-compiled bandwagon lately. I've mostly only worked in compiled, static typed languages (C, Java, .Net). The experience I have with dynamic languages is stuff like ASP (Vb Script), JavaScript, and PHP. Using these technologies has left a bad taste in my mouth when thinking about dynamic languages. Things that usually would have been caught by the compiler such as misspelled variable names and assigning an value of the wrong type to a variable don't occur until runtime. And even then, you may not notice an error, as it just creates a new variable, and assigns some default value. I've also never seen intellisense work well in a dynamic language, since, well, variables don't have any explicit type. What I want to know is, what people find so appealing about dynamic languages? What are the main advantages in terms of things that dynamic languages allow you to do that can't be done, or are difficult to do in compiled languages. It seems to me that we decided a long time ago, that things like uncompiled asp pages throwing runtime exceptions was a bad idea. Why is there is a resurgence of this type of code? And why does it seem to me at least, that Ruby on Rails doesn't really look like anything you couldn't have done with ASP 10 years ago?

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• Multiple input languages, switch between two

  - by Mikhail Sayapin

  Hi all, How could I have three or more input languages active (namely English/Russian/Chinese), but cycle with Alt+Shift only between two of them (English/Russian)? Punto Switcher handles this task only with custom shortcuts like Caps Lock or right Ctrl.

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• Advice on selecting programming languages to concentrate on? (2nd year IT security student)

  - by Tyler J Fisher

  I'm in the process of considering which programming languages I should devote the majority of my coding studies to. I'm a 2nd year CS student, majoring in IT security. What I want to do/work with: Intelligence gathering Relational databases Virus design Snort network IPS Current coding experience (what I'm going to keep): Java - intermediate HTML5 - intermediate SQL (MySQL, Oracle 11g) - basic BASH - basic I'm going to need to learn (at least) one of the following languages in order to be successful in my field. Languages to add (at least 1): Ruby (+Metasploit) C++ (virus design, low-level driver interaction, computationally intensive applications) Python (import ALL the things) My dilemma: If I diversify too broadly, I won't be able to focus on, and improve in a specific niche. Does anyone have any advice as to how I should select a language? What I'm considering + why I'm leaning towards Ruby because of Metasploit support, despite lower efficiency when compared to Python. Any suggestions based on real-world experience? Should I focus on Ruby, Python, or C++? Both Ruby, and Python have been regarded as syntactically similar to Java which my degree is based around. I'm going to be studying C++ in two years as a component of my malicious code class. Thanks, Tyler

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• What triggered the popularity of lambda functions in modern mainstream programming languages?

  - by Giorgio

  In the last few years anonymous functions (AKA lambda functions) have become a very popular language construct and almost every major / mainstream programming language has introduced them or is planned to introduce them in an upcoming revision of the standard. Yet, anonymous functions are a very old and very well-known concept in Mathematics and Computer Science (invented by the mathematician Alonzo Church around 1936, and used by the Lisp programming language since 1958, see e.g. here). So why didn't today's mainstream programming languages (many of which originated 15 to 20 years ago) support lambda functions from the very beginning and only introduced them later? And what triggered the massive adoption of anonymous functions in the last few years? Is there some specific event, new requirement or programming technique that started this phenomenon? IMPORTANT NOTE The focus of this question is the introduction of anonymous functions in modern, main-stream (and therefore, maybe with a few exceptions, non functional) languages. Also, note that anonymous functions (blocks) are present in Smalltalk, which is not a functional language, and that normal named functions have been present even in procedural languages like C and Pascal for a long time. Please do not overgeneralize your answers by speaking about "the adoption of the functional paradigm and its benefits", because this is not the topic of the question.

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• What kinds of languages would be most useful for this kind of webapp?

  - by Caedar

  I've had some experience with programming in the past (2-3 years of C++ self-teaching), so I'm no stranger to the programming process, but there are so many languages out there that I'm lost when thinking about this project idea that's been floating around my head: I would like to create a webapp that would be used for helping somebody figure out what kinds of productivity tools would suit them. The first part of the app would basically be a survey with a variety of questions that would help weed out tools that wouldn't be useful for them. (Slider bar between minimalist and maximizer, slider bar between all free apps and no cost limit, checkboxes on what platforms are required, etc.) While the person is filling out the survey, they will see a web of applications, webapps, and other tools forming on the screen with links showing the relationships the programs have with eachother (syncing supported, good combinations of apps, etc.), along with a list of applications below sorted by general use (notetaking, document organization, storage, etc.) I would imagine that each program entered into the database that will be accessed would have a certain set of characteristics, ie. price, user friendliness, platforms supported, general uses, etc. and the survey would be designed to correlate to those elements and remove programs that don't match the criteria set. The difficult part of this entire process would be getting the web of applications to arrange itself and render properly. Now that I've finished mind-dumping, onto my question: What kinds/combinations of programming languages would you imagine being useful for this kind of project, and why? I learn best by setting up a project for myself like this one and tinkering with the languages, so I don't mind if the end product is out of reach from my current skill level. I'd just like some guidance so I don't fumble in the dark for too long.

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• What programming languages should every computer science student be taught?

  - by Anto

  What languages (or classes (as in paradigms) of programming languages, plus a recommended language of that class) should every computer science student be taught in college according to you? Motivate your answers; why that language? What use will one have from it? What concepts does it teach (better than language X does)? Note/clarification: This question is about computer science with heavy focus on software engineering, not pure computer science. It is still computer science education and not software engineering education which is the focus.

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• Are there programming languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types?

  - by Will Brown

  Out of curiosity, are there languages that allow you to do set arithmetic on types to create new types? Something like: interface A { void a(); void b(); } interface B { void b(); void c(); } interface C = A & B; // has b() interface D = A | B; // has a(), b() and c() interface E = (A & B) ^ B; // has c() I know that in some languages these ideas can be expressed (i.e., Java has List<Comparable & Serializable> for the union of the interfaces) but I've never heard of a language that supports type arithmetic. Thanks!

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• List of web-based interpreters of various programming languages

  - by Bolo

  Let's say you're away from your computer and all you've got is a web browser. You'd still like to run a piece of code (e.g. to check an answer on SO). What are your options? Let's create a list of on-line interpreters of various programming languages. Here are some examples: Python: http://try-python.mired.org/ Haskell: http://tryhaskell.org/ Scala: http://www.simplyscala.com/ Many languages: http://ideone.com/ Many languages: http://codepad.org/

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• Is it Advisable to learn multiple programming languages at the same time? [closed]

  - by adietan63

  Possible Duplicate: Learning Multiple Languages Simultaneously Im self-taught programmer and I studying PHP, Ruby and C++ at the same time. Is it advisable to do what Im doing? can you give me advice on what i should do first to enhance my learning curve? I want to become all around programmer that's why I want to study different languages at the same time. I want to feel comfortable in any of software applications even in web or desktop application Im just trying to make my skills more valuable and maximize the technology that we have today.

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• What programming languages are good for statistics?

  - by Jason Baker

  I'm doing a bit more statistical analysis on some things lately, and I'm curious if there are any programming languages that are particularly good for this purpose. I know about R, but I'd kind of prefer something a bit more general-purpose (or is R pretty general-purpose?). What suggestions do you guys have? Are there any languages out there whose syntax/semantics are particularly oriented towards this? Or are there any languages that have exceptionally good libraries?

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• Objective-measures of the expressiveness of programming languages [closed]

  - by Casebash

  I am very interested in the expressiveness of different languages. Everyone who has programmed in multiple languages knows that sometimes a language allows you to express concepts which you can't express in other languages. You can have all kinds of subjective discussion about this, but naturally it would be better to have an objective measure. There do actually exist objective measures. One is Turing-Completeness, which means that a language is capable of generating any output that could be generated by following a sequential set of steps. There are also other lesser levels of expressiveness such as Finite State Automata. Now, except for domain specific languages, pretty much all modern languages are Turing complete. It is therefore natural to ask the following question: Can we can define any other formal measures of expressiveness which are greater than Turing completeness? Now of course we can't define this by considering the output that a program can generate, as Turing machines can already produce the same output that any other program can. But there are definitely different levels in what concepts can be expressed - surely no-one would argue that assembly language is as powerful as a modern object oriented language like Python. You could use your assembly to write a Python interpreter, so clearly any accurate objective measure would have to exclude this possibility. This also causes a problem with trying to define the expressiveness using the minimum number of symbols. How exactly to do so is not clear and indeed appears extremely difficult, but we can't assume that just because we don't know how to solve a problem, that nobody know how to. It is also doesn't really make sense to demand a definition of expressiveness before answering the question - after all the whole point of this question is to obtain such a definition. I think that my explanation will be clear enough for anyone with a strong theoretical background in computer science to understand what I am looking for. If you do have such a background and you disagree, please comment why, but if you don't thats probably why you don't understand the question.

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• Scripting Languages vs. Compiled Languages for web development

  - by Austin Hyde

  Though I come from a purely PHP background on the web development side of programming, I have also spent much time with C# and C++ on the desktop. I don't really want to spark any flame wars, but: When should you use scripting languages over compiled languages for website development? (and vice versa) Just to clarify, for the sake of this question, I define a "scripting language" to mean an interpreted language like PHP, Python, or Ruby, and a "compiled language" to mean a strongly typed, compiled language like C#, C++, Java, or VB.

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• what languages are good selling points on resume? [closed]

  - by Thomas Galvin

  I have a good amount of experience with C# and Java at the moment but after education and whatnot I wish to be able in more than just 2 high-level, comparatively limited languages, and from what I've seen languages like C(++) or PHP are in demand at the moment. I've thought about learning the following: C. Very standard, lightweight and available on everything. However very old and mostly procedural. C++. Standard like C but I've read in some places that it encourages bad programming design and use of dodgy libraries - but similar things have been said about C too so I'll take that with a grain of salt. D. Quite new but looks promising, but will it be relevant or applicable in the future though? PHP. With the internet becoming ever more important I think this might be the one to go with, but the code itself isn't very intuitive. CoffeeScript (or plain JavaScript). With Microsoft's new idea of HTML5+JS for everything under the sun this doesn't look like a bad choice. However things do change and I wish to be primarily a software dev, not web dev. So out of the above list, or any others that you could suggest, what would you say I should begin to focus on? What is your opinion on staying with C#?

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• Is there any evidence that one of the current alternate JVM languages might catch on?

  - by FarmBoy

  There's been a lot of enthusiasm about JRuby, Jython, Groovy, and now Scala and Clojure as the language to be the successor to Java on the JVM. But currently only Groovy and Scala are in the TIOBE top 100, and none are in the top 50. Is there any reason to think that any of this bunch will ever gain significant adoption? My question is not primarily about TIOBE, but about any evidence that you might see that could indicate that one of these languages could get significant backing that goes beyond the enthusiasts.

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• What are the canonical problem sets or problem domains for the different types of languages?

  - by SnOrfus

  I'm just wondering what some of the canonical problem sets are for certain types of languages? ie. Fill in the blanks: __ is the perfect language to use for solving __. The question was arrived at reading or hearing people say statements like such and such module in our codebase would be much easier to implement using a functional language. Fee free to include examples that would seem obvious to you.

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• Something similar to Objective-C categories in other languages?

  - by adig

  I understand Objective-C categories and how they become useful, but I always have a hard time explaining the concept to other programmers that are not familiar with Objective C. Maybe I'm just bad at explaining things, but I was thinking at another way to explain it by comparing to similar features offered by other (more popular) languages. (ex : I can explain the similarities between Objective C protocols and Java Interfaces) Any examples similar to Categories ?

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