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  • Using OpenGL vertex buffers in C++.

    - by Ren
    I've loaded a Wavefront .obj file and drawn it in immediate mode, and it works fine. I'm now trying to draw the same model with a vertex buffer, but I have a question. My model data is organized in the following structures: struct Vert { double x; double y; double z; }; struct Norm { double x; double y; double z; }; struct Texcoord { double u; double v; double w; }; struct Face { unsigned int v[3]; unsigned int n[3]; unsigned int t[3]; }; struct Model { unsigned int vertNumber; unsigned int normNumber; unsigned int texcoordNumber; unsigned int faceNumber; Vert * vertArray; Norm * normArray; Texcoord * texcoordArray; Face * faceArray; }; As it is now, I don't think there is any redundant data, since multiple face structures can point to the same vertex, normal, or texture coordinate. When I make vbo's for the vertex positions, normals, and texture coordinates, and assign data to them with glBufferData, do I have to have make arrays with redundant data so that they will all have the same number of elements in the same order? I'd like to know if there is a simpler way to fill the buffers with the way I already have the model's data organized.

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  • XNA shield effect with a Primative sphere problem

    - by Sparky41
    I'm having issue with a shield effect i'm trying to develop. I want to do a shield effect that surrounds part of a model like this: http://i.imgur.com/jPvrf.png I currently got this: http://i.imgur.com/Jdin7.png (The red likes are a simple texture a black background with a red cross in it, for testing purposes: http://i.imgur.com/ODtzk.png where the smaller cross in the middle shows the contact point) This sphere is drawn via a primitive (DrawIndexedPrimitives) This is how i calculate the pieces of the sphere using a class i've called Sphere (this class is based off the code here: http://xbox.create.msdn.com/en-US/education/catalog/sample/primitives_3d) public class Sphere { // During the process of constructing a primitive model, vertex // and index data is stored on the CPU in these managed lists. List vertices = new List(); List indices = new List(); // Once all the geometry has been specified, the InitializePrimitive // method copies the vertex and index data into these buffers, which // store it on the GPU ready for efficient rendering. VertexBuffer vertexBuffer; IndexBuffer indexBuffer; BasicEffect basicEffect; public Vector3 position = Vector3.Zero; public Matrix RotationMatrix = Matrix.Identity; public Texture2D texture; /// <summary> /// Constructs a new sphere primitive, /// with the specified size and tessellation level. /// </summary> public Sphere(float diameter, int tessellation, Texture2D text, float up, float down, float portstar, float frontback) { texture = text; if (tessellation < 3) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("tessellation"); int verticalSegments = tessellation; int horizontalSegments = tessellation * 2; float radius = diameter / 2; // Start with a single vertex at the bottom of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Down * ((radius / up) + 1), Vector3.Down, Vector2.Zero);//bottom position5 // Create rings of vertices at progressively higher latitudes. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 1; i++) { float latitude = ((i + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude / up);//(up)5 float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); // Create a single ring of vertices at this latitude. for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { float longitude = j * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)(Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz) / portstar;//port and starboard (right)2 float dz = (float)(Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz) * frontback;//front and back1.4 Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); AddVertex(normal * radius, normal, new Vector2(j, i)); } } // Finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Up * ((radius / down) + 1), Vector3.Up, Vector2.One);//top position5 // Create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(0); AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(1 + i); } // Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } // Create a fan connecting the top vertex to the top latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 1); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } //InitializePrimitive(graphicsDevice); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new vertex to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddVertex(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 texturecoordinate) { vertices.Add(new VertexPositionNormal(position, normal, texturecoordinate)); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new index to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddIndex(int index) { if (index > ushort.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index"); indices.Add((ushort)index); } /// <summary> /// Queries the index of the current vertex. This starts at /// zero, and increments every time AddVertex is called. /// </summary> protected int CurrentVertex { get { return vertices.Count; } } public void InitializePrimitive(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) { // Create a vertex declaration, describing the format of our vertex data. // Create a vertex buffer, and copy our vertex data into it. vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionNormal), vertices.Count, BufferUsage.None); vertexBuffer.SetData(vertices.ToArray()); // Create an index buffer, and copy our index data into it. indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(ushort), indices.Count, BufferUsage.None); indexBuffer.SetData(indices.ToArray()); // Create a BasicEffect, which will be used to render the primitive. basicEffect = new BasicEffect(graphicsDevice); //basicEffect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using the specified effect. Unlike the other /// Draw overload where you just specify the world/view/projection matrices /// and color, this method does not set any renderstates, so you must make /// sure all states are set to sensible values before you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Effect effect) { GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice = effect.GraphicsDevice; // Set our vertex declaration, vertex buffer, and index buffer. graphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); graphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Additive; foreach (EffectPass effectPass in effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { effectPass.Apply(); int primitiveCount = indices.Count / 3; graphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertices.Count, 0, primitiveCount); } graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using a BasicEffect shader with default /// lighting. Unlike the other Draw overload where you specify a custom /// effect, this method sets important renderstates to sensible values /// for 3D model rendering, so you do not need to set these states before /// you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Camera camera, Color color) { // Set BasicEffect parameters. basicEffect.World = GetWorld(); basicEffect.View = camera.view; basicEffect.Projection = camera.projection; basicEffect.DiffuseColor = color.ToVector3(); basicEffect.TextureEnabled = true; basicEffect.Texture = texture; GraphicsDevice device = basicEffect.GraphicsDevice; device.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; if (color.A < 255) { // Set renderstates for alpha blended rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; } else { // Set renderstates for opaque rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } // Draw the model, using BasicEffect. Draw(basicEffect); } public virtual Matrix GetWorld() { return /*world */ Matrix.CreateScale(1f) * RotationMatrix * Matrix.CreateTranslation(position); } } public struct VertexPositionNormal : IVertexType { public Vector3 Position; public Vector3 Normal; public Vector2 TextureCoordinate; /// <summary> /// Constructor. /// </summary> public VertexPositionNormal(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 textCoor) { Position = position; Normal = normal; TextureCoordinate = textCoor; } /// <summary> /// A VertexDeclaration object, which contains information about the vertex /// elements contained within this struct. /// </summary> public static readonly VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration ( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(12, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0), new VertexElement(24, VertexElementFormat.Vector2, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 0) ); VertexDeclaration IVertexType.VertexDeclaration { get { return VertexPositionNormal.VertexDeclaration; } } } A simple call to the class to initialise it. The Draw method is called in the master draw method in the Gamecomponent. My current thoughts on this are: The direction of the weapon hitting the ship is used to get the middle position for the texture Wrap a texture around the drawn sphere based on this point of contact Problem is i'm not sure how to do this. Can anyone help or if you have a better idea please tell me i'm open for opinion? :-) Thanks.

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  • Formula needed: Sort array to array-"snaked"

    - by aw
    After the you guys helped me out so gracefully last time, here is another tricky array sorter for you. I have the following array: a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] I use it for some visual stuff and render it like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Now I want to sort the array to have a "snake" later: // rearrange the array according to this schema 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 5 11 16 15 6 10 9 8 7 // the original array should look like this a = [1,2,3,4,12,13,14,5,11,16,15,6,10,9,8,7] Now I'm looking for a smart formula / smart loop to do that ticker = 0; rows = 4; // can be n cols = 4; // can be n originalArray = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]; newArray = []; while(ticker < originalArray.length) { //do the magic here ticker++; } Thanks again for the help.

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  • Finding position of each word in a sub-array of a multidimensional array

    - by Shreyas Satish
    I have an array: tokens = [["hello","world"],["hello","ruby"]] all_tokens = tokens.flatten.uniq # all_tokens=["hello","world","ruby"] Now I need to create two arrays corresponding to all_tokens, where the first array will contain the position of each word in sub-array of tokens. I.E Output: [[0,0],[1],[1]] # (w.r.t all_tokens) To make it clear it reads, The index of "hello" is 0 and 0 in the 2 sub-arrays of tokens. And second array contains index of each word w.r.t tokens.I.E Output: [[0,1],[0],[1]] To make it clear it reads,the index of hello 0,1. I.E "hello" is in index 0 and 1 of tokens array. Cheers!

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  • Converting array to Drupal format

    - by theo
    Hi all, This statement gives me the value I want in Drupal (namely the last user role): global $user; return (end($user->roles)); however I need to convert it to this format: return array( 0 => array('value' => value for value), // You'll usually want to stop here. Provide more values // if you want your 'default value' to be multi-valued: 1 => array('value' => value for value), 2 => ... ); and I've got no idea how to (also, is this format a multidimensional array?)... Any ideas? Thanks for any help, Theo.

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  • Prototype.js: How can i return an array without all the methods Prototypes extends Array with?

    - by Morten
    Hi! Is there a way to return a new version of an array/hash that does not contain all the methods/functions that prototype extends the array object with? Example: var myArray = $A(); myArray['test'] = '1'; myArray['test2'] = '2'; var myVariableToPassToAjax = myArray; If I debug myVariableToPassToAjax it looks like this: Array ( [test] = 1 [test2] = 2 [each] = function each(iterator, context) { .......... .......... } ...and all the other extended array functions ); Is there a way to solve this? :-/ Morten

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  • OpenGL ES Polygon with Normals rendering (Note the 'ES!')

    - by MarqueIV
    Ok... imagine I have a relatively simple solid that has six distinct normals but actually has close to 48 faces (8 faces per direction) and there are a LOT of shared vertices between faces. What's the most efficient way to render that in OpenGL? I know I can place the vertices in an array, then use an index array to render them, but I have to keep breaking my rendering steps down to change the normals (i.e. set normal 1... render 8 faces... set normal 2... render 8 faces, etc.) Because of that I have to maintain an array of index arrays... one for each normal! Not good! The other way I can do it is to use separate normal and vertex arrays (or even interleave them) but that means I need to have a one-to-one ratio for normals to vertices and that means the normals would be duplicated 8 times more than they need to be! On something with a spherical or even curved surface, every normal most likely is different, but for this, it really seems like a waste of memory. In a perfect world I'd like to have my vertex and normal arrays have different lengths, then when I go to draw my triangles or quads To specify the index to each array for that vertex. Now the OBJ file format lets you specify exactly that... a vertex array and a normal array of different lengths, then when you specify the face you are rendering, you specify a vertex and a normal index (as well as a UV coord if you are using textures too) which seems like the perfect solution! 48 vertices but only 8 normals, then pairs of indexes defining the shapes' faces. But I'm not sure how to render that in OpenGL ES (again, note the 'ES'.) Currently I have to 'denormalize' (sorry for the SQL pun there) the normals back to a 1-to-1 with the vertex array, then render. Just wastes memory to me. Anyone help? I hope I'm missing something very simple here. Mark

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  • display an array in html table

    - by Davi
    I have this array: Array ( [page] => Array ( [0] => add [1] => edit [2] => delete [3] => search ) [category] => Array ( [0] => add [1] => edit [2] => export ) ) And I want it to be displayed as a html table like this: Page - Category add - add edit - edit delete - export search search I tryed in many ways but didn't work, any solutions? Thank you

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  • extract associative array within an array in php

    - by I Like PHP
    i have an array like this Array ( [0] => Array ( [s_id] => 4 [si_id] => sec_1 [d_id] => dep_4 [s_name] => sec1 [s_location] => LA [s_visibility] => yes [s_created_date] => 1273639343 [s_last_updated_date] => 1273639343 [s_created_by] => someone [s_last_updated_by] => everyone ) ) now i want to extract array[0] into an array... means i want this Array ( [s_id] => 4 [si_id] => sec_1 [d_id] => dep_4 [s_name] => sec1 [s_location] => LA [s_visibility] => yes [s_created_date] => 1273639343 [s_last_updated_date] => 1273639343 [s_created_by] => someone [s_last_updated_by] => everyone ) how do i get above results?

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  • Populate array from vector

    - by Zag zag..
    Hi, I would like to populate an 2 dimensional array, from a vector. I think the best way to explain myself is to put some examples (with a array of [3,5] length). When vector is: [1, 0] [ [4, 3, 2, 1, 0], [4, 3, 2, 1, 0], [4, 3, 2, 1, 0] ] When vector is: [-1, 0] [ [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] ] When vector is: [-2, 0] [ [0, 0, 1, 1, 2], [0, 0, 1, 1, 2], [0, 0, 1, 1, 2] ] When vector is: [1, 1] [ [2, 2, 2, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0] ] When vector is: [0, 1] [ [2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0] ] Have you got any ideas, a good library or a plan? Any comments are welcome. Thanks. Note: I consulted Ruby "Matrix" and "Vector" classes, but I don't see any way to use it in my way... Edit: In fact, each value is the number of cells (from the current cell to the last cell) according to the given vector. If we take the example where the vector is [-2, 0], with the value *1* (at array[2, 3]): array = [ [<0>, <0>, <1>, <1>, <2>], [<0>, <0>, <1>, <1>, <2>], [<0>, <0>, <1>, *1*, <2>] ] ... we could think such as: The vector [-2, 0] means that -2 is for cols and 0 is for rows. So if we are in array[2, 3], we can move 1 time on the left (left because 2 is negative) with 2 length (because -2.abs == 2). And we don't move on the top or bottom, because of 0 for rows.

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  • Passing multiple Vertex Attributes in GLSL 130

    - by Roy T.
    (note this question is closely related to this one however I didn't fully understand the accepted answer) To support videocards in laptops I have to rewrite my GLSL 330 shaders to GLSL 130. I'm trying to do this but somehow I don't get vertex attributes to work properly. My 330 shaders look like this: #version 330 layout(location = 0) in vec4 position; layout(location = 3) in vec4 color; smooth out vec4 theColor; void main() { gl_Position = position; theColor = color; } Now this explicit layout is not allowed in GLSL 130 so I referenced this page to see what the default layouts for some values would be. As you can see position should be the 0th vertex attribute and color should be the 3rd vertex attribute. Because this is a test case I had already configured my explicit layouts in the same way, which worked, so I now simply rewrote my shader to this and expected it to work: #version 130 smooth out vec4 theColor; void main() { gl_Position = gl_Vertex; theColor = gl_Color; } However this doesn't work, the value of gl_Color is always (1,1,1,1). So how should I pass multiple vertex attributes to my GLSL 130 shaders? For reference, this is how I set my vertex buffer object and attributes (I've just adapted this tutorial to JAVA+JOGL) gl.glBindBuffer(GL3.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertex_buffer_id); gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); gl.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4 , GL3.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0); gl.glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL3.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 4*4*4); gl.glDrawArrays(GL3.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0); gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(3); EDIT I solved the problem by querying for the layout locations of position an color using glGetAttribLocation however I still don't understand why the 'hardcoded' values like gl_Color didn't work, can't I upload data in there as normal? Shouldn't they be used?

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  • How to control in the vertex shader where pixel ends up in the renderTarget?

    - by cubrman
    What if I have an arbitrary renderTarget, that is smaller than the screen (say it is 1x1 pixel) and I want to make sure in the VertexShaderFunction that all my pixels end up exactly in that 1 pixel region? No matter what I do, they all seem to get culled at some point, though GraphicDevise.Clear() works OK. Where is the top left corner of the renderTarget Vertex-shader-vise? I tried output.Position = (0,0,0,0)/(0,0,0,1)/(1,1,1,1)/(-0.5,0.5,0,1) NOTHING works! Fullscreen quad is not an option 'cause I actually need to process geometry in the shaders to get the results I need.

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  • perl comparing 2 data file as array 2D for finding match one to one [migrated]

    - by roman serpa
    I'm doing a program that uses combinations of variables ( combiData.txt 63 rows x different number of columns) for analysing a data table ( j1j2_1.csv, 1000filas x 19 columns ) , to choose how many times each combination is repeated in data table and which rows come from (for instance, tableData[row][4]). I have tried to compile it , however I get the following message : Use of uninitialized value $val in numeric eq (==) at rowInData.pl line 34. Use of reference "ARRAY(0x1a2eae4)" as array index at rowInData.pl line 56. Use of reference "ARRAY(0x1a1334c)" as array index at rowInData.pl line 56. Use of uninitialized value in subtraction (-) at rowInData.pl line 56. Modification of non-creatable array value attempted, subscript -1 at rowInData.pl line 56. nothing This is my code: #!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $line_match; my $countTrue; open (FILE1, "<combiData.txt") or die "can't open file text1.txt\n"; my @tableCombi; while(<FILE1>) { my @row = split(' ', $_); push(@tableCombi, \@row); } close FILE1 || die $!; open (FILE2, "<j1j2_1.csv") or die "can't open file text1.txt\n"; my @tableData; while(<FILE2>) { my @row2 = split(/\s*,\s*/, $_); push(@tableData, \@row2); } close FILE2 || die $!; #function transform combiData.txt variable (position ) to the real value that i have to find in the data table. sub trueVal($){ my ($val) = $_[0]; if($val == 7){ return ('nonsynonymous_SNV'); } elsif( $val == 14) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 15) { return '1';} elsif( $val == 16) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 17) { return '1'; } elsif( $val == 18) { return '1';} elsif( $val == 19) { return '1';} else { print 'nothing'; } } #function IntToStr ( ) , i'm not sure if it is necessary) that transforms $ to strings , to use the function <eq> in the third loop for the array of combinations compared with the data array . sub IntToStr { return "$_[0]"; } for my $combi (@tableCombi) { $line_match = 0; for my $sheetData (@tableData) { $countTrue=0; for my $cell ( @$combi) { #my $temp =\$tableCombi[$combi][$cell] ; #if ( trueVal($tableCombi[$combi][$cell] ) eq $tableData[$sheetData][ $tableCombi[$combi][$cell] - 1 ] ){ #if ( IntToStr(trueVal($$temp )) eq IntToStr( $tableData[$sheetData][ $$temp-1] ) ){ if ( IntToStr(trueVal($tableCombi[$combi][$cell]) ) eq IntToStr($tableData[$sheetData][ $tableCombi[$combi][$cell] -1]) ){ $countTrue++;} if ($countTrue==@$combi){ $line_match++; #if ($line_match < 50){ print $tableData[$sheetData][4]." "; #} } } } print $line_match." \n"; }

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  • Vertex Array Object (OpenGL)

    - by Shin
    I've just started out with OpenGL I still haven't really understood what Vertex Array Objects are and how they can be employed. If Vertex Buffer Object are used to store vertex data (such as their positions and texture coordinates) and the VAOs only contain status flags, where can they be used? What's their purpose? As far as I understood from the (very incomplete and unclear) GL Wiki, VAOs are used to set the flags/status for every vertex, following the order described in the Element Array Buffer, but the wiki was really ambiguous about it and I'm not really sure about what VAOs really do and how I could employ them.

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  • Multiple Vertex Buffers per Mesh

    - by Daniel
    I've run into the situation where the size of my mesh with all its vertices and indices, is larger than the (optimal) vertex buffer object upper limit (~8MB). I was wondering if I can sub-divide the mesh across multiple vertex buffers, and somehow retain validity of the indices. Ie a triangle with a indice at the first vertex, and an indice at the last (ie in seperate VBOs). All the while maintaining this within Vertex Array Objects. My thoughts are, save myself the hassle, and for meshes (messes :P) such as this, just use the necessary size ( 8MB); which is what I do at the moment. But ideally my buffer manager (wip) at the moment is using optimal sizes; I may just have to make a special case then... Any ideas? If necessary, a simple C++ code example is appreciated. Note: I have also cross-posted this on stackoverflow, as I was not sure as to which it would be more suitable (its partly a design question).

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  • How do I pass an object location into a vertex shader?

    - by Greg Kassapidis
    I am using Blender Game Engine. I want to create a large flat plane, and deform it locally near a moving object. So far (despite being a beginner at shaders) I've written a vertex shader for the plane which moves the vertices to their correct positions (constant positions, for now). I cannot find a way to swap that constant location with an object's location updated every frame, while the shader is running. I am not even sure if it's possible. I only want to access a specific object's center from the shader.

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  • Create an array from mysql with column names and values [on hold]

    - by ScaZ
    i'm trying to create an array with PHP and MySQL, but i always get errors. The code i'm using function db_listar_usuarios(){ $link=db_connect(); $query = "select * from usuarios" or die("Problemas en el select: " . mysqli_error($link)); $result = $link->query($query); while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) { $row['nombre'] . array(; foreach ($row as $col => $val) { $col => $val; } } } And what I want to create with this code is: array( 'john' => array('address' => 'st 123', 'age' => '25', 'surname' => 'doe'), 'ane' => array('address' => 'av 456', 'age'=> '32', 'surname' => 'smith'), ); To use then like something like this: private $contacts = db_listar_usuarios(); I use 2 files: functions.php and server.php server.php is a downloaded file example to do a REST API. Here are both of them. server.php - pastebin.com/5j54m1Mz functions.php - pastebin.com/N7jMhSBa Thank you in advance!

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  • OpenGL - Rendering from part of an index and vertex array depending on an element count

    - by user1423893
    I'm currently drawing my shapes as lines by using a VAO and then assigning the dynamic vertices and indices each frame. // Bind VAO glBindVertexArray(m_vao); // Update the vertex buffer with the new data (Copy data into the vertex buffer object) glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, numVertices * sizeof(VertexPosition), m_vertices.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW); // Update the index buffer with the new data (Copy data into the index buffer object) glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, numIndices * sizeof(unsigned short), indices.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW); glDrawElements(GL_LINES, numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, BUFFER_OFFSET(0)); // Unbind VAO glBindVertexArray(0); What I would like to do is draw the lines using only part of the data stored in the index and vertex buffer objects. The vertex buffer has its vertices set from an array of defined maximum size: std::array<VertexPosition, maxVertices> m_vertices; The index buffer has its elements set from an array of defined maximum size: std::array<unsigned short, maxIndices> indices = { 0 }; A running total is kept of the number of vertices and indices needed for each draw call numVertices numIndices Can I not specify that the buffer data contain the entire array and only read from part of it when drawing? For example using the vertex buffer object glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, numVertices * sizeof(VertexPosition), m_vertices.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW); m_vertices.data() = Entire array is stored numVertices * sizeof(VertexPosition) = Amount of data to read from the entire array Is this not the correct way to approach this? I do not wish to use std::vector if possible.

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  • What is the name of this array transformation?

    - by Brandon Tilley
    Start with an array of arrays; in this case, they are different lengths in order to demonstrate the technique, but they do not have to be. [[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7], [8,9,10], [11,12,13,14,15]] At the other end of the transformation, you have an array of arrays where the first array contains the first element from each of the original arrays, the second array contains the second element from each of the original arrays, and so on. [[1,5,8,11], [2,6,9,12], [3,7,10,13], [4,14], [15]] Is there a mathematical or CS term for this operation?

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  • have a problem with my 2nd quad bottom left vertex position ? weirdd

    - by RubyKing
    Hey all I'm just trying to add another quad to my frustum and when doing so I get this weird little error. What happens is the bottom left side of my quad seems to stick to the center point for no apparent reason that I can think of and or figure out from. has anyone else experienced this issue and knows a solution or would you like more information please do ask. here is my main.cpp file http://pastebin.com/g9q8uAsd I think its because of 2 different quad vertex array data is in the same array.

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  • Vertex Array Object (OpenGL)

    - by user5140
    I've just started out with OpenGL I still haven't really understood what Vertex Array Objects are and how they can be employed. If Vertex Buffer Object are used to store vertex data (such as their positions and texture coordinates) and the VAOs only contain status flags, where can they be used? What's their purpose? As far as I understood from the (very incomplete and unclear) GL Wiki, VAOs are used to set the flags/status for every vertex, following the order described in the Element Array Buffer, but the wiki was really ambiguous about it and I'm not really sure about what VAOs really do and how I could employ them.

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  • OpenGL Mapping Textures to a Grid Stored Inside Vertex Array

    - by Matthew Hoggan
    I am writing a test to verify something. This is not production code, just verification code. So I would appreciate it if the specific question was answered. I have code that uses indices and vertices to draw a set of triangles in the shape of a grid. All the vertices are drawn using glDrawElements(). Now for each vertex I will set its corresponding Texture Coordinates to 0 or 1 for each set of triangles that form a square in the grid. Basically I want to draw a collage of random textures in each one of the "squares" (consisting of two triangles). I can do this using the glBegin() and glEnd() method calls inside a for loop using the fixed functional pipeline, but I would like to know how to do this using Vertex Arrays.

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  • Recursing data into a 2 dimensional array in PHP 5

    - by user315699
    I'm getting bamboozled by "for each" loops and two dimensional arrays, and I'm a php newb so please bear with me (and ignore any variables with the word "image" - it's all about the mp3s, I just didn't change it from the xml tutorial) I found a php function on the net that list files in a directory, the output of which is: Array ( [0] = audio/1.mp3 [1] = audio/2.mp3 [2] = audio/3.mp3 [3] = audio/4.mp3 [4] = audio/5.mp3 ) As expected. And another that lists some info about mp3 files. $mp3datafile = 'audio/1.mp3'; $m = new mp3file($mp3datafile); $mp3dataArray = $m-get_metadata(); print_r($mp3dataArray); unset($mp3dataArray); The output of which is Array ( [Filesize] = 31972 [Encoding] = CBR [etc] ) In order to automatically build RSS for a podcast, I need to generate XML for each item. So far so good. This is how I'm making the xml foreach ($imagearray as $key = $val) { $tnsoundfile = $xml_generator-addChild('item'); $tnsoundfile-addChild('title', $podcasttitle); $enclosure = $tnsoundfile-addChild('enclosure'); $enclosure-addAttribute('url', $val); // that's the filename $enclosure-addAttribute('length', $mp3dataArray[Filesize]); // << Length is file length, not time. But later I also need $mp3dataArray[Length mm:ss] for duration tag. $enclosure-addAttribute('type', 'audio/mpeg'); $tnsoundfile-addChild('guid', $path_to_image_dir.'/'.$val); } (The above has been truncated, I realise it's not proper xml right now, but it was just to show what was going on). Perfect. But I need to do it for as many files as there are in the directory. So, I have an array of the names of the files in the directory in $mp3data And, I have an array of mp3 data in $mp3dataArray from one iteration of the get_metadata() function. If I do the following, then I get a nice list of the mp3 data of the 5 files in the directory: foreach ($mp3data as $key = $val) { $mp3datafile = $val; $m = new mp3file($mp3datafile); $mp3dataArray = $m-get_metadata(); print_r($mp3dataArray); unset($mp3dataArray); } As expected. Where I'm struggling, and have been for most of the day in spite of reading many forums and tutorials, is how to populate the "second dimension" of the array, so that it goes through 1,2,3,4 and 5.mp3 (or however many there are), extracts the metadata, then allows me to use it in the xml section above. Here's what I have foreach ($mp3data as $key = $val) { $mp3datafile = $val; $m = new mp3file($mp3datafile); $mp3dataArray = $m-get_metadata(); $mp3testarray = array($mp3dataArray); } print_r($mp3dataArray); Shouldn't that line print_r($mp3dataArray); give me a nice list of 5 lots of mp3 data, in the way it did when I recursed through the loop as before? Cos this is driving me nuts! It must be something so simple, and any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance.

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  • LWJGL Voxel game, glDrawArrays

    - by user22015
    I've been learning about 3D for a couple days now. I managed to create a chunk (8x8x8). Add optimization so it only renders the active and visible blocks. Then I added so it only draws the faces which don't have a neighbor. Next what I found from online research was that it is better to use glDrawArrays to increase performance. So I restarted my little project. Render an entire chunck, add optimization so it only renders active and visible blocks. But now I want to add so it only draws the visible faces while using glDrawArrays. This is giving me some trouble with calling glDrawArrays because I'm passing a wrong count parameter. > # A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment: > # > # EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x0000000006e31a03, pid=1032, tid=3184 > # Stack: [0x00000000023a0000,0x00000000024a0000], sp=0x000000000249ef70, free space=1019k Native frames: (J=compiled Java code, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code, C=native code) C [ig4icd64.dll+0xa1a03] Java frames: (J=compiled Java code, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code) j org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.nglDrawArrays(IIIJ)V+0 j org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.glDrawArrays(III)V+20 j com.vox.block.Chunk.render()V+410 j com.vox.ChunkManager.render()V+30 j com.vox.Game.render()V+11 j com.vox.GameHandler.render()V+12 j com.vox.GameHandler.gameLoop()V+15 j com.vox.Main.main([Ljava/lang/StringV+13 v ~StubRoutines::call_stub public class Chunk { public final static int[] DIM = { 8, 8, 8}; public final static int CHUNK_SIZE = (DIM[0] * DIM[1] * DIM[2]); Block[][][] blocks; private int index; private int vBOVertexHandle; private int vBOColorHandle; public Chunk(int index) { this.index = index; vBOColorHandle = GL15.glGenBuffers(); vBOVertexHandle = GL15.glGenBuffers(); blocks = new Block[DIM[0]][DIM[1]][DIM[2]]; for(int x = 0; x < DIM[0]; x++){ for(int y = 0; y < DIM[1]; y++){ for(int z = 0; z < DIM[2]; z++){ blocks[x][y][z] = new Block(); } } } } public void render(){ Block curr; FloatBuffer vertexPositionData2 = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(CHUNK_SIZE * 6 * 12); FloatBuffer vertexColorData2 = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(CHUNK_SIZE * 6 * 12); int counter = 0; for(int x = 0; x < DIM[0]; x++){ for(int y = 0; y < DIM[1]; y++){ for(int z = 0; z < DIM[2]; z++){ curr = blocks[x][y][z]; boolean[] neightbours = validateNeightbours(x, y, z); if(curr.isActive() && !neightbours[6]) { float[] arr = curr.createCube((index*DIM[0]*Block.BLOCK_SIZE*2) + x*2, y*2, z*2, neightbours); counter += arr.length; vertexPositionData2.put(arr); vertexColorData2.put(createCubeVertexCol(curr.getCubeColor())); } } } } vertexPositionData2.flip(); vertexPositionData2.flip(); FloatBuffer vertexPositionData = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(vertexColorData2.position()); FloatBuffer vertexColorData = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(vertexColorData2.position()); for(int i = 0; i < vertexPositionData2.position(); i++) vertexPositionData.put(vertexPositionData2.get(i)); for(int i = 0; i < vertexColorData2.position(); i++) vertexColorData.put(vertexColorData2.get(i)); vertexColorData.flip(); vertexPositionData.flip(); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vBOVertexHandle); GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexPositionData, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vBOColorHandle); GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexColorData, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); GL11.glPushMatrix(); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vBOVertexHandle); GL11.glVertexPointer(3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, 0, 0L); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vBOColorHandle); GL11.glColorPointer(3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, 0, 0L); System.out.println("Counter " + counter); GL11.glDrawArrays(GL11.GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, counter); GL11.glPopMatrix(); //blocks[r.nextInt(DIM[0])][2][r.nextInt(DIM[2])].setActive(false); } //Random r = new Random(); private float[] createCubeVertexCol(float[] CubeColorArray) { float[] cubeColors = new float[CubeColorArray.length * 4 * 6]; for (int i = 0; i < cubeColors.length; i++) { cubeColors[i] = CubeColorArray[i % CubeColorArray.length]; } return cubeColors; } private boolean[] validateNeightbours(int x, int y, int z) { boolean[] bools = new boolean[7]; bools[6] = true; bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[0] = y > 0 && y < DIM[1]-1 && blocks[x][y+1][z].isActive());//top bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[1] = y > 0 && y < DIM[1]-1 && blocks[x][y-1][z].isActive());//bottom bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[2] = z > 0 && z < DIM[2]-1 && blocks[x][y][z+1].isActive());//front bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[3] = z > 0 && z < DIM[2]-1 && blocks[x][y][z-1].isActive());//back bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[4] = x > 0 && x < DIM[0]-1 && blocks[x+1][y][z].isActive());//left bools[6] = bools[6] && (bools[5] = x > 0 && x < DIM[0]-1 && blocks[x-1][y][z].isActive());//right return bools; } } public class Block { public static final float BLOCK_SIZE = 1f; public enum BlockType { Default(0), Grass(1), Dirt(2), Water(3), Stone(4), Wood(5), Sand(6), LAVA(7); int BlockID; BlockType(int i) { BlockID=i; } } private boolean active; private BlockType type; public Block() { this(BlockType.Default); } public Block(BlockType type){ active = true; this.type = type; } public float[] getCubeColor() { switch (type.BlockID) { case 1: return new float[] { 1, 1, 0 }; case 2: return new float[] { 1, 0.5f, 0 }; case 3: return new float[] { 0, 0f, 1f }; default: return new float[] {0.5f, 0.5f, 1f}; } } public float[] createCube(float x, float y, float z, boolean[] neightbours){ int counter = 0; for(boolean b : neightbours) if(!b) counter++; float[] array = new float[counter*12]; int offset = 0; if(!neightbours[0]){//top array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; } if(!neightbours[1]){//bottom array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; } if(!neightbours[2]){//front array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; } if(!neightbours[3]){//back array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; } if(!neightbours[4]){//left array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; } if(!neightbours[5]){//right array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = x*BLOCK_SIZE + BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = y*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; array[offset++] = z*BLOCK_SIZE - BLOCK_SIZE; } return Arrays.copyOf(array, offset); } public boolean isActive() { return active; } public void setActive(boolean active) { this.active = active; } public BlockType getType() { return type; } public void setType(BlockType type) { this.type = type; } } I highlighted the code I'm concerned about in this following screenshot: - http://imageshack.us/a/img820/7606/18626782.png - (Not allowed to upload images yet) I know the code is a mess but I'm just testing stuff so I wasn't really thinking about it.

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  • Decode sparse json array to php array

    - by Isaac Sutherland
    I can create a sparse php array (or map) using the command: $myarray = array(10=>'hi','test20'=>'howdy'); I want to serialize/deserialize this as JSON. I can serialize it using the command: $json = json_encode($myarray); which results in the string {"10":"hi","test20":"howdy"}. However, when I deserialize this and cast it to an array using the command: $mynewarray = (array)json_decode($json); I seem to lose any mappings with keys which were not valid php identifiers. That is, mynewarray has mapping 'test20'=>'howdy', but not 10=>'hi' nor '10'=>'hi'. Is there a way to preserve the numerical keys in a php map when converting to and back from json using the standard json_encode / json_decode functions?

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