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  • Efficient way to store tuples in the datastore

    - by Drew Sears
    If I have a pair of floats, is it any more efficient (computationally or storage-wise) to store them as a GeoPtProperty than it would be pickle the tuple and store it as a BlobProperty? If GeoPt is doing something more clever to keep multiple values in a single property, can it be leveraged for arbitrary data? Can I store the tuple ("Johnny", 5) in a single entity property in a similarly efficient manner?

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  • How to convert string "0671" or "0x45" into integer form with 0 and 0x in the beginning.

    - by Harshit Sharma
    I wanted to make my own encryption algorithm and decryption algorithm , encryption algorithm works fine and converts ascii value of the characters into alternate hexadecimal and octal representations. But when I tried decryption, problem occured as it return int('0671') = 671, as 0671 is string type in the following code. Is there a method to convert "ox56" into integer form?????? NOTE: Following string is alternate octal and hexa of ascii value of char. ///////////////DECRYPTION/////// l="01630x7401620x6901560x67" f=len(l) k=0 d=0 x=[] for i in range(0,f,4): g=l[i:i+4] print g k=k+1 if(k%2==0): p=g print p else: p=int(g) print p

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  • sqlite3 'database is locked' won't go away with retries

    - by Azarias
    I have a sqlite3 database that is accessed by a few threads (3-4). I am aware of the general limitations of sqlite3 with regards to concurrency as stated http://www.sqlite.org/faq.html#q6 , but I am convinced that is not the problem. All of the threads both read and write from this database. Whenever I do a write, I have the following construct: try: Cursor.execute(q, params) Connection.commit() except sqlite3.IntegrityError: Notify except sqlite3.OperationalError: print sys.exc_info() print("DATABASE LOCKED; sleeping for 3 seconds and trying again") time.sleep(3) Retry On some runs, I won't even hit this block, but when I do, it never comes out of it (keeps retrying, but I keep getting the 'database is locked' error from exc_info. If I understand the reader/writer lock usage correctly, some amount of waiting should help with the contention. What this sounds like is deadlock, but I do not use any transactions in my code, and every SELECT or INSERT is simply a one off. Some threads, however, keep the same connection when they do their operation (which includes a mix of SELECTS and INSERTS and other modifiers). I would appericiate it if you could shade a light on this, and also ways around fixing it (besides using a different database engine.)

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  • Setting up relations/mappings for a SQLAlchemy many-to-many database

    - by Brent Ramerth
    I'm new to SQLAlchemy and relational databases, and I'm trying to set up a model for an annotated lexicon. I want to support an arbitrary number of key-value annotations for the words which can be added or removed at runtime. Since there will be a lot of repetition in the names of the keys, I don't want to use this solution directly, although the code is similar. My design has word objects and property objects. The words and properties are stored in separate tables with a property_values table that links the two. Here's the code: from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Table, create_engine from sqlalchemy import MetaData, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import relation, mapper, sessionmaker from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base engine = create_engine('sqlite:///test.db', echo=True) meta = MetaData(bind=engine) property_values = Table('property_values', meta, Column('word_id', Integer, ForeignKey('words.id')), Column('property_id', Integer, ForeignKey('properties.id')), Column('value', String(20)) ) words = Table('words', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), Column('freq', Integer) ) properties = Table('properties', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20), nullable=False, unique=True) ) meta.create_all() class Word(object): def __init__(self, name, freq=1): self.name = name self.freq = freq class Property(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name mapper(Property, properties) Now I'd like to be able to do the following: Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) s = Session() word = Word('foo', 42) word['bar'] = 'yes' # or word.bar = 'yes' ? s.add(word) s.commit() Ideally this should add 1|foo|42 to the words table, add 1|bar to the properties table, and add 1|1|yes to the property_values table. However, I don't have the right mappings and relations in place to make this happen. I get the sense from reading the documentation at http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/05/mappers.html#association-pattern that I want to use an association proxy or something of that sort here, but the syntax is unclear to me. I experimented with this: mapper(Word, words, properties={ 'properties': relation(Property, secondary=property_values) }) but this mapper only fills in the foreign key values, and I need to fill in the other value as well. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Efficiently generate a 16-character, alphanumeric string

    - by ensnare
    I'm looking for a very quick way to generate an alphanumeric unique id for a primary key in a table. Would something like this work? def genKey(): hash = hashlib.md5(RANDOM_NUMBER).digest().encode("base64") alnum_hash = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9]', "", hash) return alnum_hash[:16] What would be a good way to generate random numbers? If I base it on microtime, I have to account for the possibility of several calls of genKey() at the same time from different instances. Or is there a better way to do all this? Thanks.

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  • Is django orm & templates thread safe?

    - by Piotr Czapla
    I'm using django orm and templates to create a background service that is ran as management command. Do you know if django is thread safe? I'd like to use threads to speed up processing. The processing is blocked by I/O not CPU so I don't care about performance hit caused by GIL.

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  • methods of metaclasses on class instances.

    - by Stefano Borini
    I was wondering what happens to methods declared on a metaclass. I expected that if you declare a method on a metaclass, it will end up being a classmethod, however, the behavior is different. Example >>> class A(object): ... @classmethod ... def foo(cls): ... print "foo" ... >>> a=A() >>> a.foo() foo >>> A.foo() foo However, if I try to define a metaclass and give it a method foo, it seems to work the same for the class, not for the instance. >>> class Meta(type): ... def foo(self): ... print "foo" ... >>> class A(object): ... __metaclass__=Meta ... def __init__(self): ... print "hello" ... >>> >>> a=A() hello >>> A.foo() foo >>> a.foo() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'foo' What's going on here exactly ? edit: bumping the question

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  • Clean Method for a ModelForm in a ModelFormSet made by modelformset_factory

    - by Salyangoz
    I was wondering if my approach is right or not. Assuming the Restaurant model has only a name. forms.py class BaseRestaurantOpinionForm(forms.ModelForm): opinion = forms.ChoiceField(choices=(('yes', 'yes'), ('no', 'no'), ('meh', 'meh')), required=False, )) class Meta: model = Restaurant fields = ['opinion'] views.py class RestaurantVoteListView(ListView): queryset = Restaurant.objects.all() template_name = "restaurants/list.html" def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): if request.POST: queryset = self.request.POST.dict() #clean here return HttpResponse(json.dumps(queryset), content_type="application/json") def get_context_data(self, **kwargs): context = super(EligibleRestaurantsListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs) RestaurantFormSet = modelformset_factory( Restaurant,form=BaseRestaurantOpinionForm ) extra_context = { 'eligible_restaurants' : self.get_eligible_restaurants(), 'forms' : RestaurantFormSet(), } context.update(extra_context) return context Basically I'll be getting 3 voting buttons for each restaurant and then I want to read the votes. I was wondering from where/which clean function do I need to call to get something like: { ('3' : 'yes'), ('2' : 'no') } #{ 'restaurant_id' : 'vote' } This is my second/third question so tell me if I'm being unclear. Thanks.

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  • How do I relate two models/tables in Django based on non primary non unique keys?

    - by wizard
    I've got two tables that I need to relate on a single field po_num. The data is imported from another source so while I have a little bit of control over what the tables look like but I can't change them too much. What I want to do is relate these two models so I can look up one from the other based on the po_num fields. What I really need to do is join the two tables so I can do a where on a count of the related table. I would like to do filter for all Order objects that have 0 related EDI856 objects. I tried adding a foreign key to the Order model and specified the db_column and to_fields as po_num but django didn't like that the fact that Edi856.po_num wasn't unique. Here are the important fields of my current models that let me display but not filter for the data that I want. class Edi856(models.Model): po_num = models.CharField(max_length=90, db_index=True ) class Order(models.Model): po_num = models.CharField(max_length=90, db_index=True) def in_edi(self): '''Has the edi been processed?''' return Edi856.objects.filter(po_num = self.po_num).count() Thanks for taking the time to read about my problem. I'm not sure what to do from here.

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  • Parsing html for domain links

    - by Hallik
    I have a script that parses an html page for all the links within it. I am getting all of them fine, but I have a list of domains I want to compare it against. So a sample list contains list=['www.domain.com', 'sub.domain.com'] But I may have a list of links that look like http://domain.com http://sub.domain.com/some/other/page I can strip off the http:// just fine, but in the two example links I just posted, they both should match. The first I would like to match against the www.domain.com, and the second, I would like to match against the subdomain in the list. Right now I am using url2lib for parsing the html. What are my options in completely this task?

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  • Making all variables accessible to namespace

    - by Gökhan Sever
    Hello, Say I have a simple function: def myfunc(): a = 4.2 b = 5.5 ... many similar variables ... I use this function one time only and I am wondering what is the easiest way to make all the variables inside the function accessible to my main name-space. Do I have to declare global for each item? or any other suggested methods? Thanks.

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  • Iterate with binary structure over numpy array to get cell sums

    - by Curlew
    In the package scipy there is the function to define a binary structure (such as a taxicab (2,1) or a chessboard (2,2)). import numpy from scipy import ndimage a = numpy.zeros((6,6), dtype=numpy.int) a[1:5, 1:5] = 1;a[3,3] = 0 ; a[2,2] = 2 s = ndimage.generate_binary_structure(2,2) # Binary structure #.... Calculate Sum of result_array = numpy.zeros_like(a) What i want is to iterate over all cells of this array with the given structure s. Then i want to append a function to the current cell value indexed in a empty array (example function sum), which uses the values of all cells in the binary structure. For example: array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]) # The array a. The value in cell 1,2 is currently one. Given the structure s and an example function such as sum the value in the resulting array (result_array) becomes 7 (or 6 if the current cell value is excluded). Someone got an idea?

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  • Non standard interaction among two tables to avoid very large merge

    - by riko
    Suppose I have two tables A and B. Table A has a multi-level index (a, b) and one column (ts). b determines univocally ts. A = pd.DataFrame( [('a', 'x', 4), ('a', 'y', 6), ('a', 'z', 5), ('b', 'x', 4), ('b', 'z', 5), ('c', 'y', 6)], columns=['a', 'b', 'ts']).set_index(['a', 'b']) AA = A.reset_index() Table B is another one-column (ts) table with non-unique index (a). The ts's are sorted "inside" each group, i.e., B.ix[x] is sorted for each x. Moreover, there is always a value in B.ix[x] that is greater than or equal to the values in A. B = pd.DataFrame( dict(a=list('aaaaabbcccccc'), ts=[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9])).set_index('a') The semantics in this is that B contains observations of occurrences of an event of type indicated by the index. I would like to find from B the timestamp of the first occurrence of each event type after the timestamp specified in A for each value of b. In other words, I would like to get a table with the same shape of A, that instead of ts contains the "minimum value occurring after ts" as specified by table B. So, my goal would be: C: ('a', 'x') 4 ('a', 'y') 7 ('a', 'z') 5 ('b', 'x') 7 ('b', 'z') 7 ('c', 'y') 8 I have some working code, but is terribly slow. C = AA.apply(lambda row: ( row[0], row[1], B.ix[row[0]].irow(np.searchsorted(B.ts[row[0]], row[2]))), axis=1).set_index(['a', 'b']) Profiling shows the culprit is obviously B.ix[row[0]].irow(np.searchsorted(B.ts[row[0]], row[2]))). However, standard solutions using merge/join would take too much RAM in the long run. Consider that now I have 1000 a's, assume constant the average number of b's per a (probably 100-200), and consider that the number of observations per a is probably in the order of 300. In production I will have 1000 more a's. 1,000,000 x 200 x 300 = 60,000,000,000 rows may be a bit too much to keep in RAM, especially considering that the data I need is perfectly described by a C like the one I discussed above. How would I improve the performance?

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  • Extend argparse to write set names in the help text for optional argument choices and define those sets once at the end

    - by Kent
    Example of the problem If I have a list of valid option strings which is shared between several arguments, the list is written in multiple places in the help string. Making it harder to read: def main(): elements = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument( '-i', nargs='*', choices=elements, default=elements, help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names.') parser.add_argument( '-e', nargs='*', choices=elements, default=[], help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names to ' 'exclude from processing') parser.parse_args() When running the above function with the command line argument --help it shows: usage: arguments.py [-h] [-i [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]]] [-e [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]]] optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -i [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names. -e [{a,b,c,d,e,f} [{a,b,c,d,e,f} ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names to exclude from processing What would be nice It would be nice if one could define an option list name, and in the help output write the option list name in multiple places and define it last of all. In theory it would work like this: def main_optionlist(): elements = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] # Two instances of OptionList are equal if and only if they # have the same name (ALFA in this case) ol = OptionList('ALFA', elements) parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument( '-i', nargs='*', choices=ol, default=ol, help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names.') parser.add_argument( '-e', nargs='*', choices=ol, default=[], help='Space separated list of case sensitive element names to ' 'exclude from processing') parser.parse_args() And when running the above function with the command line argument --help it would show something similar to: usage: arguments.py [-h] [-i [ALFA [ALFA ...]]] [-e [ALFA [ALFA ...]]] optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -i [ALFA [ALFA ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names. -e [ALFA [ALFA ...]] Space separated list of case sensitive element names to exclude from processing sets in optional arguments: ALFA {a,b,c,d,e,f} Question I need to: Replace the {'l', 'i', 's', 't', 's'} shown with the option name, in the optional arguments. At the end of the help text show a section explaining which elements each option name consists of. So I ask: Is this possible using argparse? Which classes would I have to inherit from and which methods would I need to override? I have tried looking at the source for argparse, but as this modification feels pretty advanced I don´t know how to get going.

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  • beautifulsoup can't find exist href in file

    - by young001
    I have a html file like following: <form action="/2811457/follow?gsid=3_5bce9b871484d3af90c89f37" method="post"> <div> <a href="/2811457/follow?page=2&amp;gsid=3_5bce9b871484d3af90c89f37">next_page</a> &nbsp;<input name="mp" type="hidden" value="3" /> <input type="text" name="page" size="2" style='-wap-input-format: "*N"' /> <input type="submit" value="jump" />&nbsp;1/3 </div> </form> how to extract the "1/3" from the file? It is a part of html,I intend to make it clear. When I use beautifulsoup, I'm new to beautifulsoup,and I have look the document,but still confused. how to extract"1/3" from the html file? total_urls_num = soup.find(re.compile('.*/d\//d.*')) doesn't work As JBernardo said,\d should be a number,When I change to .*\d/\d.*,it doesn't work too. my code: from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup import re with open("html.txt","r") as f: response = f.read() print response soup = BeautifulSoup(response) delete_urls = soup.findAll('a', href=re.compile('follow\?page')) #works print delete_urls #total_urls_num = soup.find(re.compile('.*\d/\d.*')) total_urls_num = soup.find('input',style='submit') #can't work print total_urls_num

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  • pyramid traversal resource url no attribute __name__

    - by Santana
    So I have: resources.py: def _add(obj, name, parent): obj.__name__ = name obj.__parent__ = parent return obj class Root(object): __parent__ = __name__ = None def __init__(self, request): super(Root, self).__init__() self.request = request self.collection = request.db.post def __getitem__(self, key): if u'profile' in key: return Profile(self.request) class Profile(dict): def __init__(self, request): super(Profile, self).__init__() self.__name__ = u'profile' self.__parent__ = Root self.collection = request.db.posts def __getitem__(self, name): post = Dummy(self.collection.find_one(dict(username=name))) return _add(post, name, self) and I'm using MongoDB and pyramid_mongodb views.py: @view_config(context = Profile, renderer = 'templates/mytemplate.pt') def test_view(request): return {} and in mytemplate.pt: <p tal:repeat='item request.context'> ${item} </p> I can echo what's in the database (I'm using mongodb), but when I provided a URL for each item using resource_url() <p tal:repeat='item request.context'> <a href='${request.resource_url(item)}'>${item}</a> </p> I got an error: 'dict' object has no attribute '__name__', can someone help me?

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  • Numpy Matrix keeps giving me an Error,

    - by uberjumper
    Okay this is werid, i keep getting the error, randomly. ValueError: matrix must be 2-dimensional So i tracked it down, and cornered it to basically something like this: a_list = [[(1,100) for _ in range(32)] for _ in range(32)] numpy.matrix(a_list) Whats wrong with this? If i print a_list it is clearly a 2d matrix of tuples, however numpy does not believe so.

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  • Estimating the boundary of arbitrarily distributed data

    - by Dave
    I have two dimensional discrete spatial data. I would like to make an approximation of the spatial boundaries of this data so that I can produce a plot with another dataset on top of it. Ideally, this would be an ordered set of (x,y) points that matplotlib can plot with the plt.Polygon() patch. My initial attempt is very inelegant: I place a fine grid over the data, and where data is found in a cell, a square matplotlib patch is created of that cell. The resolution of the boundary thus depends on the sampling frequency of the grid. Here is an example, where the grey region are the cells containing data, black where no data exists. OK, problem solved - why am I still here? Well.... I'd like a more "elegant" solution, or at least one that is faster (ie. I don't want to get on with "real" work, I'd like to have some fun with this!). The best way I can think of is a ray-tracing approach - eg: from xmin to xmax, at y=ymin, check if data boundary crossed in intervals dx y=ymin+dy, do 1 do 1-2, but now sample in y An alternative is defining a centre, and sampling in r-theta space - ie radial spokes in dtheta increments. Both would produce a set of (x,y) points, but then how do I order/link neighbouring points them to create the boundary? A nearest neighbour approach is not appropriate as, for example (to borrow from Geography), an isthmus (think of Panama connecting N&S America) could then close off and isolate regions. This also might not deal very well with the holes seen in the data, which I would like to represent as a different plt.Polygon. The solution perhaps comes from solving an area maximisation problem. For a set of points defining the data limits, what is the maximum contiguous area contained within those points To form the enclosed area, what are the neighbouring points for the nth point? How will the holes be treated in this scheme - is this erring into topology now? Apologies, much of this is me thinking out loud. I'd be grateful for some hints, suggestions or solutions. I suspect this is an oft-studied problem with many solution techniques, but I'm looking for something simple to code and quick to run... I guess everyone is, really! Cheers, David

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  • Creating a Group of Groups in Django

    - by Greg
    I'm creating my own Group model; I'm not referring to the builtin Group model. I want each hroup to be a member of another group (it's parent), but there is the one "top" group that doesn't have a parent group. The admin interface won't let me create a group without entering a parent. I get the error personnel_group.parent_id may not be NULL. My Group model looks like this: class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True) order = models.IntegerField() icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='groups', blank=True, null=True) description = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) How can I accomplish this? Thanks.

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  • Accessing CSR extension stack in M2Crypto

    - by Charles Duffy
    Howdy! I have a certificate signing request with an extension stack added. When building a certificate based on this request, I would like to be able to access that stack to use in creating the final certificate. However, while M2Crypto.X509.X509 has a number of helpers for accessing extensions (get_ext, get_ext_at and the like), M2Crypto.X509.Request appears to provide only a member for adding extensions, but no way to inspect the extensions already associated with a given object. Am I missing something here?

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  • Validating key/certificate pairs with M2Crypto when a certificate chain is needed

    - by Charles Duffy
    M2Crypto.X509.X509 objects have a verify(pkey) method, which provide a means of testing that a given certificate does in fact sign a specified key. This is a good and useful thing -- except that sometimes the certificate I want to verify in this way is invalid without the use of an intermediate certificate, which this API does not appear to allow a way to specify. Is there an alternate means of validating a certificate / private key pair which will work even when the certificate is unable to stand alone?

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