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  • Return a list of imported Python modules used in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • Set fields with instrospection - Problem with String.valueOf(String)

    - by fabb
    Hey there! I'm setting public fields of the Object 'this' via reflection. Both the field name and the value are given as String. I use several various field types: Boolean, Integer, Float, Double, an own enum, and a String. It works with all of them except with a String. The exception that gets thrown is that no method with the Signature String.valueOf(String) exists... Now I use a dirty instanceof workaround to detect if each field is a String and in that case just copy the value to the field. private void setField(String field, String value) throws Exception { Field wField = this.getClass().getField(field); if(wField.get(this) instanceof String){ //TODO dirrrrty hack //stupid workaround as java.lang.String.valueOf(java.lang.String) fails... wField.set(this, value); }else{ Method parseMethod = wField.getType().getMethod("valueOf", new Class[]{String.class}); wField.set(this, parseMethod.invoke(wField, value)); } } Any ideas how to avoid that workaround? Do you think java.lang.String should support the method valueOf(String)? thanks, fabb

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  • Help understanding .NET delegates, events, and eventhandlers

    - by Seth Spearman
    Hello, In the last couple of days I asked a couple of questions about delegates HERE and HERE. I confess...I don't really understand delegates. And I REALLY REALLY REALLY want to understand and master them. (I can define them--type safe function pointers--but since I have little experience with C type languages it is not really helpful.) Can anyone recommend some online resource(s) that will explain delegates in a way that presumes nothing? This is one of those moments where I suspect that VB actually handicaps me because it does some wiring for me behind the scenes. The ideal resource would just explain what delegates are, without reference to anything else like (events and eventhandlers), would show me how all everything is wired up, explain (as I just learned) that delegates are types and what makes them unique as a type (perhaps using a little ildasm magic)). That foundation would then expand to explain how delegates are related to events and eventhandlers which would need a pretty good explanation in there own right. Finally this resource could tie it all together using real examples and explain what wiring DOES happen automatically by the compiler, how to use them, etc. And, oh yeah, when you should and should not use delegates, in other words, downsides and alternatives to using delegates. What say ye? Can any of you point me to resource(s) that can help me begin my journey to mastery? EDIT One last thing. The ideal resource will explain how you can and cannot use delegates in an interface declaration. That is something that really tripped me up. Thanks for your help. Seth

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  • Falling Sand simulation

    - by Erik Forbes
    I'm trying to re-create a 'falling sand' simulation, similar to those various web toys that are out there doing the same thing - and I'm failing pretty hard. I'm not really sure where to begin. I'm trying to use cellular automata to model the behavior of the sand particles, but I'm having trouble figuring out how to make the direction in which I update the 'world' not matter... For example, one of the particle types I'd like to have is Plant. When Plant comes in contact with Water, Plant turns that Water particle into another Plant particle. The problem here though is that if I'm updating the game world from top to bottom and left to right, then a Plant particle placed in the middle of a sea of Water particles will immediately cause all of the Water particles to the right and below that new Plant particle to turn into Plants. This is not the behavior I am expecting. =( I'm having difficulty explaining exactly my difficulty, so I'll try to add more information as best I can as I go along. Suffice it to say that this is very much outside my box, as it were, and I don't even know what to search for.

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  • Strange Behaviour in Swift: constant defined with LET but behaving like a variable defined with VAR

    - by Sam
    Stuck on the below for a day! Any insight would be greatly appreciated. The constant in the first block match0 behaves as expected. The constant defined in the second block does not behave as nicely in the face of a change to its "source": var str = "+y+z*1.0*sum(A1:A3)" if let range0 = str.rangeOfString("^\\+|^\\-|^\\*|^\\/", options: NSStringCompareOptions.RegularExpressionSearch){ let match0 = str[range0] println(match0) //yields "+" - as expexted str.removeRange(range0) println(match0) //yields "+" - as expected str.removeRange(range0) println(match0) //yields "+" - as expected } if let range1 = str.rangeOfString("^\\+|^\\-|^\\*|^\\/", options: NSStringCompareOptions.RegularExpressionSearch){ let match1 = str[range1] println(match1) //yields "+" as expected str.removeRange(range1) println(match1) //!@#$ OMG!!!!!!!!!!! a constant variable has changed! This prints "z" } The following are the options I can see: match1 has somehow obtained a reference to its source instead of being copied by value [Problem: Strings are value types in Swift] match1 has somehow obtained a closure to its source instead of just being a normal constant/variable? [Problem: sounds like science fiction & then why does match0 behave so well?] Could there be a bug in the Swift compiler? [Problem: Experience has taught me that this is very very very rarely the solution to your problem...but it is still in beta]

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  • How do I define a Calculated Measure in MDX based on a Dimension Attribute?

    - by ShaneD
    I would like to create a calculated measure that sums up only a specific subset of records in my fact table based on a dimension attribute. Given: Dimension Date LedgerLineItem {Charge, Payment, Write-Off, Copay, Credit} Measures LedgerAmount Relationships * LedgerLineItem is a degenerate dimension of FactLedger If I break down LedgerAmount by LedgerLineItem.Type I can easily see how much is charged, paid, credit, etc, but when I do not break it down by LedgerLineItem.Type I cannot easily add the credit, paid, credit, etc into a pivot table. I would like to create separate calculated measures that sum only specific type (or multiple types) of ledger facts. An example of the desired output would be: | Year | Charged | Total Paid | Amount - Ledger | | 2008 | $1000 | $600 | -$400 | | 2009 | $2000 | $1500 | -$500 | | Total | $3000 | $2100 | -$900 | I have tried to create the calculated measure a couple of ways and each one works in some circumstances but not in others. Now before anyone says do this in ETL, I have already done it in ETL and it works just fine. What I am trying to do as part of learning to understand MDX better is to figure out how to duplicate what I have done in the ETL in MDX as so far I am unable to do that. Here are two attempts I have made and the problems with them. This works only when ledger type is in the pivot table. It returns the correct amount of the ledger entries (although in this case it is identical to [amount - ledger] but when I try to remove type and just get the sum of all ledger entries it returns unknown. CASE WHEN ([Ledger].[Type].currentMember = [Ledger].[Type].&[Credit]) OR ([Ledger].[Type].currentMember = [Ledger].[Type].&[Paid]) OR ([Ledger].[Type].currentMember = [Ledger].[Type].&[Held Money: Copay]) THEN [Measures].[Amount - ledger] ELSE 0 END This works only when ledger type is not in the pivot table. It always returns the total payment amount, which is incorrect when I am slicing by type as I would only expect to see the credit portion under credit, the paid portion, under paid, $0 under charge, etc. sum({([Ledger].[Type].&[Credit]), ([Ledger].[Type].&[Paid]), ([Ledger].[Type].&[Held Money: Copay])}, [Measures].[Amount - ledger]) Is there any way to make this return the correct numbers regardless of whether Ledger.Type is included in my pivot table or not?

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  • sqlalchemy relation through another (declarative)

    - by clayg
    Is anyone familiar with ActiveRecord's "has_many :through" relations for models? I'm not really a Rails guy, but that's basically what I'm trying to do. As a contrived example consider Projects, Programmers, and Assignments: from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.types import Integer, String, Text from sqlalchemy.orm import relation from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base() class Assignment(Base): __tablename__ = 'assignment' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) description = Column(Text) programmer_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('programmer.id')) project_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('project.id')) def __init__(self, description=description): self.description = description def __repr__(self): return '<Assignment("%s")>' % self.description class Programmer(Base): __tablename__ = 'programmer' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64)) assignments = relation("Assignment", backref='programmer') def __init__(self, name=name): self.name = name def __repr__(self): return '<Programmer("%s")>' % self.name class Project(Base): __tablename__ = 'project' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64)) description = Column(Text) assignments = relation("Assignment", backref='project') def __init__(self, name=name, description=description): self.name = name self.description = description def __repr__(self): return '<Project("%s", "%s...")>' % (self.name, self.description[:10]) engine = create_engine('sqlite://') Base.metadata.create_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() Projects have many Assignments. Programmers have many Assignments. (understatement?) But in my office at least, Programmers also have many Projects - I'd like this relationship to be inferred through the Assignments assigned to the Programmer. I'd like the Programmer model to have a attribute "projects" which will return a list of Projects associated to the Programmer through the Assignment model. me = session.query(Programmer).filter_by(name='clay').one() projects = session.query(Project).\ join(Project.assignments).\ join(Assignment.programmer).\ filter(Programmer.id==me.id).all() How can I describe this relationship clearly and simply using the sqlalchemy declarative syntax? Thanks!

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  • Writing a JavaScript zip code validation function

    - by mkoryak
    I would like to write a JavaScript function that validates a zip code, by checking if the zip code actually exists. Here is a list of all zip codes: http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/zips.txt (I only care about the 2nd column) This is really a compression problem. I would like to do this for fun. OK, now that's out of the way, here is a list of optimizations over a straight hashtable that I can think of, feel free to add anything I have not thought of: Break zipcode into 2 parts, first 2 digits and last 3 digits. Make a giant if-else statement first checking the first 2 digits, then checking ranges within the last 3 digits. Or, covert the zips into hex, and see if I can do the same thing using smaller groups. Find out if within the range of all valid zip codes there are more valid zip codes vs invalid zip codes. Write the above code targeting the smaller group. Break up the hash into separate files, and load them via Ajax as user types in the zipcode. So perhaps break into 2 parts, first for first 2 digits, second for last 3. Lastly, I plan to generate the JavaScript files using another program, not by hand. Edit: performance matters here. I do want to use this, if it doesn't suck. Performance of the JavaScript code execution + download time. Edit 2: JavaScript only solutions please. I don't have access to the application server, plus, that would make this into a whole other problem =)

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  • Java Iterators - Trying to get a for each loop to work

    - by CS Student
    So I have a Tree<E> class where E is the datatype held and organized by the tree. I'd like to iterate through the Tree like this, or in a way similar to this: 1. Tree<String> tree=new Tree<String>(); 2. ...add some nodes... 3. for (String s : tree) 4. System.out.println(s); It gives me an error on line 3 though. Incompatible types required: java.lang.String found: java.lang.Object The following works fine and as expected though, performing a proper in-order traversal of the tree and printing each node out as it should: for (TreeIterator<String> i = tree.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) System.out.println(i.next()); Any idea what I'm doing wrong? Do you need to see more of the code?

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  • nginx error: (99: Cannot assign requested address)

    - by k-g-f
    I am running Ubuntu Hardy 8.04 and nginx 0.7.65, and when I try starting my nginx server: $ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start I get the following error: Starting nginx: [emerg]: bind() to IP failed (99: Cannot assign requested address) where "IP" is a placeholder for my IP address. Does anybody know why that error might be happening? This is running on EC2. My nginx.conf file looks like this: user www-data www-data; worker_processes 4; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 3; gzip on; gzip_comp_level 2; gzip_proxied any; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; include /usr/local/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } and my /usr/local/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com looks like: server { listen IP:80; server_name example.com; rewrite ^/(.*) https://example.com/$1 permanent; } server { listen IP:443 default ssl; ssl on; ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/myssl.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/myssl.key; ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1; ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:-LOW:-SSLv2:-EXP; server_name example.com; access_log /home/example/example.com/log/access.log; error_log /home/example/example.com/log/error.log; }

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  • ProtoInclude for fields ?

    - by Big
    I have a simple object [ProtoContract] public class DataChangedEventArgs<T> : EventArgs { private readonly object key; private readonly T data; private readonly DataChangeType changeType; ///<summary> /// Key to identify the data item ///</summary> public object Key { get { return key; } } [ProtoMember(2, IsRequired = true)] public T Data { get { return data; } } [ProtoMember(3, IsRequired = true)] public DataChangeType ChangeType { get { return changeType; } } and I have a problem with the key. Its type is object, but it can be either int, long or string. I would intuitively use a ProtoInclude attribute to say "expect these types" but unfortunately they are class only attribute. Does anybody has any idea how I could work around this ? For background, the public object Key is here for historical reasons (and all over the place) so I would very much like to avoid the mother of all refactorings ;-) Any chance I could get this to Serialize, even force it to Serialize as a string ?

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  • What kinds of problems are most likely to occur? (question rewritten)

    - by ChrisC
    If I wrote 1) a C# SQL db app (a simple program consisting of a gui over some forms with logic for interfacing with the sql db) 2) for home use, that doesn't do any network communication 3) that uses a simple, reliable, and appropriate sql db 4) whose gui is properly separated from the logic 5) that has complete and dependable input data validation 6) that has been completely tested so that 100% of logic bugs were eliminated ... and then if the program was installed and run by random users on their random Windows computers Q1) What types of technical (non-procedural) problems and support situations are most likely to occur, and how likely are they? Q2) Are there more/other things I could do in the first place to prevent those problems and also minimize the amount of user support required? I know some answers will apply to my specific platforms (C#, SQL, Windows, etc) and some won't. Please be as specific as is possible. Mitch Wheat gave me some very valuable advice below, but I'm now offering the bounty because I am hoping to get a better picture of the kinds of things that I'm most reasonably likely to encounter. Thanks.

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  • Getting hibernate to log clob parameters

    - by SCdF
    (see here for the problem I'm trying to solve) How do you get hibernate to log clob values it's going to insert. It is logging other value types, such as Integer etc. I have the following in my log4j config: log4j.logger.net.sf.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG log4j.logger.org.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG log4j.logger.net.sf.hibernate.type=DEBUG log4j.logger.org.hibernate.type=DEBUG Which produces output such as: (org.hibernate.SQL) insert into NoteSubstitutions (note, listIndex, substitution) values (?, ?, ?) (org.hibernate.type.LongType) binding '170650' to parameter: 1 (org.hibernate.type.IntegerType) binding '0' to parameter: 2 (org.hibernate.SQL) insert into NoteSubstitutions (note, listIndex, substitution) values (?, ?, ?) (org.hibernate.type.LongType) binding '170650' to parameter: 1 (org.hibernate.type.IntegerType) binding '1' to parameter: 2 However you'll note that it never displays parameter: 3 which is our clob. What I would really want is something like: (org.hibernate.SQL) insert into NoteSubstitutions (note, listIndex, substitution) values (?, ?, ?) (org.hibernate.type.LongType) binding '170650' to parameter: 1 (org.hibernate.type.IntegerType) binding '0' to parameter: 2 (org.hibernate.type.ClobType) binding 'something' to parameter: 3 (org.hibernate.SQL) insert into NoteSubstitutions (note, listIndex, substitution) values (?, ?, ?) (org.hibernate.type.LongType) binding '170650' to parameter: 1 (org.hibernate.type.IntegerType) binding '1' to parameter: 2 (org.hibernate.type.ClobType) binding 'something else' to parameter: 3 How do I get it to show this in the log?

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  • Return a list of important Python modules in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • jQuery Character Counter Inside Newly Created Tooltip

    - by Dodinas
    Hello all, I'm having a difficult time figuring this one out. I'm attempting to have a user open a tooltip (using jQuery qTip). What this does is create a "new" tooltip element on the page; it takes it from an existing hidden HTML div on the webpage. Once this new tooltip is created, it has a character counter that is supposed to dynamically update as the user types in the textbox (which is inside the tooltip). The "Max Length Character Counter" script can be found here. However, the "counter" portion is not working inside the newly created tooltip. Any ideas how I can bind this max length character counter to the tooltip? Here's what I'm working with so far: function load_qtip(apply_qtip_to) { $(apply_qtip_to).each(function(){ $(this).qtip({ content: $(".tooltip-contents"), //this is a DIV in the HTML show: 'click', hide: 'unfocus' }); }); } $(document).ready(function() { load_qtip(".tooltip"); $('.my_textbox').maxlength({ 'feedback' : '.my_counter' }); }); And here's what the HTML basically looks like (remember, though, this entire div is "replicated" into a new tooltip): <div class="tooltip_contents"> <form> <div class="my_counter" id="counter">55</div> <textarea class="my_textbox" maxlength="55" id="textbox"></textarea> <input type="button" value="Submit"> </form> </div> Any direction/suggestions on this would be great, as I am completely lost. Thanks very much!

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  • Adding a Taxonomy Filter to a Custom Post Type

    - by ken
    There is an amazing conversation from about two years ago on the Wordpress Answer site where a number of people came up with good solutions for adding a taxonomy filter to the admin screen for your custom post types (see URL for screen I'm referring to): http://[yoursite.com]/wp-admin/edit.php?s&post_status=all&post_type=[post-type] Anyway, I loved Michael's awesome contribution but in the end used Somatic's implementation with the hierarchy option from Manny. I wrapped it in a class - cuz that's how I like to do things -- and it ALMOST works. The dropdown appears but the values in the dropdown are all looking in the $_GET property for the taxonomies slug-name that you are filtering by. For some reason I don't get anything. I looked at the HTML of the dropdown and it appears ok to me. Here's a quick screen shot for some context: You can tell from this that my post-type is called "exercise" and that the Taxonomy I'm trying to use as a filter is "actions". Here then is the HTML surrounding the dropdown list: <select name="actions" id="actions" class="postform"> <option value="">Show all Actions</option> <option value="ate-dinner">Ate dinner(1)</option> <option value="went-running">Went running(1)</option> </select> I have also confirmed that all of the form elements are within the part of the DOM. And yet if I choose "Went running" and click on the filter button the URL query string comes back without ANY reference to what i've picked. More explicitly, the page first loads with the following URL: /wp-admin/edit.php?post_type=exercise and after pressing the filter button while having picked "Went Running" as an option from the actions filter: /wp-admin/edit.php?s&post_status=all&post_type=exercise&action=-1&m=0&actions&paged=1&mode=list&action2=-1 actually you can see a reference to an "actions" variable but it's set to nothing and as I now look in detail it appears that the moment I hit "filter" on the page it resets the filter dropdown to the default "Show All Actions". Can anyone help me with this?

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  • How do I assert that two arbitrary type objects are equivalent, without requiring them to be equal?

    - by Tomas Lycken
    To accomplish this (but failing to do so) I'm reflecting over properties of an expected and actual object and making sure their values are equal. This works as expected as long as their properties are single objects, i.e. not lists, arrays, IEnumerable... If the property is a list of some sort, the test fails (on the Assert.AreEqual(...) inside the for loop). public void WithCorrectModel<TModelType>(TModelType expected, string error = "") where TModelType : class { var actual = _result.ViewData.Model as TModelType; Assert.IsNotNull(actual, error); Assert.IsInstanceOfType(actual, typeof(TModelType), error); foreach (var prop in typeof(TModelType).GetProperties()) { Assert.AreEqual(prop.GetValue(expected, null), prop.GetValue(actual, null), error); } } If dealing with a list property, I would get the expected results if I instead used CollectionAssert.AreEquivalent(...) but that requires me to cast to ICollection, which in turn requries me to know the type listed, which I don't (want to). It also requires me to know which properties are list types, which I don't know how to. So, how should I assert that two objects of an arbitrary type are equivalent? Note: I specifically don't want to require them to be equal, since one comes from my tested object and one is built in my test class to have something to compare with.

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  • How to transform vertical table into horizontal table?

    - by avivo
    Hello, I have one table Person: Id Name 1 Person1 2 Person2 3 Person3 And I have its child table Profile: Id PersonId FieldName Value 1 1 Firstname Alex 2 1 Lastname Balmer 3 1 Email [email protected] 4 1 Phone +1 2 30004000 And I want to get data from these two tables in one row like this: Id Name Firstname Lastname Email Phone 1 Person1 Alex Balmer [email protected] +1 2 30004000 What is the most optimized query to get these vertical (key, value) values in one row like this? Now I have a problem that I done four joins of child table to parent table because I need to get these four fields. Some optimization is for sure possible. I would like to be able to modify this query in easy way when I add new field (key,value). What is the best way to do this? To create some StoreProcedure? I would like to have strongly types in my DB layer (C#) and using LINQ (when programming) so it means when I add some new Key, Value pair in Profile table I would like to do minimal modifications in DB and C# if possible. Actually I am trying to get some best practices in this case.

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  • ClassLoader exceptions being memoized

    - by Jim
    Hello, I am writing a classloader for a long-running server instance. If a user has not yet uploaded a class definition, I through a ClassNotFoundException; seems reasonable. The problem is this: There are three classes (C1, C2, and C3). C1 depends on C2, C2 depends on C3. C1 and C2 are resolvable, C3 isn't (yet). C1 is loaded. C1 subsequently performs an action that requires C2, so C2 is loaded. C2 subsequently performs an action that requires C3, so the classloader attempts to load C3, but can't resolve it, and an exception is thrown. Now C3 is added to the classpath, and the process is restarted (starting from the originally-loaded C1). The issue is, C2 seems to remember that C3 couldn't be loaded, and doesn't bother asking the classloader to find the class... it just re-throws the memoized exception. Clearly I can't reload C1 or C2 because other classes may have linked to them (as C1 has already linked to C2). I tried throwing different types of errors, hoping the class might not memoize them. Unfortunately, no such luck. Is there a way to prevent the loaded class from binding to the exception? That is, I want the classloader to be allowed to keep trying if it didn't succeed the first time. Thanks!

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  • how do simple SQLAlchemy relationships work?

    - by Carson Myers
    I'm no database expert -- I just know the basics, really. I've picked up SQLAlchemy for a small project, and I'm using the declarative base configuration rather than the "normal" way. This way seems a lot simpler. However, while setting up my database schema, I realized I don't understand some database relationship concepts. If I had a many-to-one relationship before, for example, articles by authors (where each article could be written by only a single author), I would put an author_id field in my articles column. But SQLAlchemy has this ForeignKey object, and a relationship function with a backref kwarg, and I have no idea what any of it MEANS. I'm scared to find out what a many-to-many relationship with an intermediate table looks like (when I need additional data about each relationship). Can someone demystify this for me? Right now I'm setting up to allow openID auth for my application. So I've got this: from __init__ import Base from sqlalchemy.schema import Column from sqlalchemy.types import Integer, String class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) username = Column(String, unique=True) email = Column(String) password = Column(String) salt = Column(String) class OpenID(Base): __tablename__ = 'openid' url = Column(String, primary_key=True) user_id = #? I think the ? should be replaced by Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id')), but I'm not sure -- and do I need to put openids = relationship("OpenID", backref="users") in the Users class? Why? What does it do? What is a backref?

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  • how to determine if a character vector is a valid numeric or integer vector

    - by Andrew Barr
    I am trying to turn a nested list structure into a dataframe. The list looks similar to the following (it is serialized data from parsed JSON read in using the httr package). myList <- list(object1 = list(w=1, x=list(y=0.1, z="cat")), object2 = list(w=2, x=list(y=0.2, z="dog"))) unlist(myList) does a great job of recursively flattening the list, and I can then use lapply to flatten all the objects nicely. flatList <- lapply(myList, FUN= function(object) {return(as.data.frame(rbind(unlist(object))))}) And finally, I can button it up using plyr::rbind.fill myDF <- do.call(plyr::rbind.fill, flatList) str(myDF) #'data.frame': 2 obs. of 3 variables: #$ w : Factor w/ 2 levels "1","2": 1 2 #$ x.y: Factor w/ 2 levels "0.1","0.2": 1 2 #$ x.z: Factor w/ 2 levels "cat","dog": 1 2 The problem is that w and x.y are now being interpreted as character vectors, which by default get parsed as factors in the dataframe. I believe that unlist() is the culprit, but I can't figure out another way to recursively flatten the list structure. A workaround would be to post-process the dataframe, and assign data types then. What is the best way to determine if a vector is a valid numeric or integer vector?

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  • Can't get syntax on to work in my gvim.

    - by user198553
    (I'm new to Linux and Vim, and I'm trying to learn Vim but I'm having some issues with it that I can't seen do fix) I'm in a Linux installation (Ubuntu 8.04) that I can't update, using Vim 7.1.138. My vim installation is in /usr/share/vim/vim71/. /home/user/ My .vimrc file is in /home/user/.vimrc, as follows: fun! MySys() return "linux" endfun set runtimepath=~/.vim,$VIMRUTNTIME source ~/.vim/.vimrc And then, in my /home/user/.vim/.vimrc: " =============== GENERAL CONFIG ============== set nocompatible syntax on " =============== ENCODING AND FILE TYPES ===== set encoding=utf8 set ffs=unix,dos,mac " =============== INDENTING =================== set ai " Automatically set the indent of a new line (local to buffer) set si " smartindent (local to buffer) " =============== FONT ======================== " Set font according to system if MySys() == "mac" set gfn=Bitstream\ Vera\ Sans\ Mono:h13 set shell=/bin/bash elseif MySys() == "windows" set gfn=Bitstream\ Vera\ Sans\ Mono:h10 elseif MySys() == "linux" set gfn=Inconsolata\ 14 set shell=/bin/bash endif " =============== COLORS ====================== colorscheme molokai " ============== PLUGINS ====================== " -------------- NERDTree --------------------- :noremap ,n :NERDTreeToggle<CR> " =============== DIRECTORIES ================= set backupdir=~/.backup/vim set directory=~/.swap/vim ...fact is the command syntax on is not working, neither in vim or gvim. And the strange thing is: If I try to set the syntax using the gvim toolbat, it works. Then, in normal mode in gvim, after activating using the toolbar, using the code :syntax off, it works, and just after doing this trying to do :syntax on doesn't work!! What's going on? Am I missing something?

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  • Qt and variadic functions

    - by Noah Roberts
    OK, before lecturing me on the use of C-style variadic functions in C++...everything else has turned out to require nothing short of rewriting the Qt MOC. What I'd like to know is whether or not you can have a "slot" in a Qt object that takes an arbitrary amount/type of arguments. The thing is that I really want to be able to generate Qt objects that have slots of an arbitrary signature. Since the MOC is incompatible with standard preprocessing and with templates, it's not possible to do so with either direct approach. I just came up with another idea: struct funky_base : QObject { Q_OBJECT funky_base(QObject * o = 0); public slots: virtual void the_slot(...) = 0; }; If this is possible then, because you can make a template that is a subclass of a QObject derived object so long as you don't declare new Qt stuff in it, I should be able to implement a derived templated type that takes the ... stuff and turns it into the appropriate, expected types. If it is, how would I connect to it? Would this work? connect(x, SIGNAL(someSignal(int)), y, SLOT(the_slot(...))); If nobody's tried anything this insane and doesn't know off hand, yes I'll eventually try it myself...but I am hoping someone already has existing knowledge I can tap before possibly wasting my time on it.

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  • Pointer Implementation Details in C

    - by Will Bickford
    I would like to know architectures which violate the assumptions I've listed below. Also I would like to know if any of the assumptions are false for all architectures (i.e. if any of them are just completely wrong). sizeof(int *) == sizeof(char *) == sizeof(void *) == sizeof(func_ptr *) The in-memory representation of all pointers for a given architecture is the same regardless of the data type pointed to. The in-memory representation of a pointer is the same as an integer of the same bit length as the architecture. Multiplication and division of pointer data types are only forbidden by the compiler. NOTE: Yes I know this is nonsensical. What I mean is - is there hardware support to forbid this incorrect usage? All pointer values can be casted to a single integer. In other words, what architectures still make use of segments and offsets? Incrementing a pointer is equivalent to adding sizeof(the pointed data type) to the memory address stored by the pointer. If p is an int32* then p+1 is equal to the memory address 4 bytes after p. I'm most used to pointers being used in a contiguous, virtual memory space. For that usage, I can generally get by thinking of them as addresses on a number line. See (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1350471/pointer-comparison/1350488#1350488).

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  • Can I use my Ninject .NET project within Orchard CMS?

    - by Mattias Z
    I am creating a website using Orchard CMS and I have an external .NET project written with Ninject for dependency injection which I would like to use together with a module within Orchard CMS. I know that Orchard uses Autofac for dependency injection and this is causing me problems since I never worked with DI before. I have created a Autofac module UserModule which registers the source UserRegistrationSource and I configured Orchard to load the module like this: OrchardStarter.cs .... builder.RegisterModule(new UserModule()); .... UserModule.cs public class UserModule : Module { protected override void Load(ContainerBuilder builder) { builder.RegisterSource(new UserRegistrationSource()); base.Load(builder); } } UserRegistrationSource.cs public class UserRegistrationSource : IRegistrationSource { public bool IsAdapterForIndividualComponents { get { return false; } } public IEnumerable<IComponentRegistration> RegistrationsFor(Service service, Func<Service, IEnumerable<IComponentRegistration>> registrationAccessor) { var serviceWithType = service as IServiceWithType; if (serviceWithType == null) yield break; var serviceType = serviceWithType.ServiceType; if (!serviceType.IsInterface || !typeof(IUserServices).IsAssignableFrom(serviceType) || serviceType == typeof(IUserServices)) yield break; var registrationBuilder = ... yield return registrationBuilder.CreateRegistration(); } } But now I'm stuck... Should I somehow try to resolve the dependencies in UserRegistrationSource by getting the requested types from the Ninject container (kernel) with Autofac or is this the wrong approach? Or should the Ninject kernel do the resolves for Autofac for the external project?

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