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• Imperative Programming v/s Declarative Programming v/s Functional Programming

  - by kaleidoscope

  Imperative Programming :: Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs define sequences of commands for the computer to perform. The focus is on what steps the computer should take rather than what the computer will do (ex. C, C++, Java). Declarative Programming :: Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. It attempts to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program should accomplish, rather than describing how to go about accomplishing it. The focus is on what the computer should do rather than how it should do it (ex. SQL). A  C# example of declarative v/s. imperative programming is LINQ. With imperative programming, you tell the compiler what you want to happen, step by step. For example, let's start with this collection, and choose the odd numbers: List<int> collection = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; With imperative programming, we'd step through this, and decide what we want: List<int> results = new List<int>(); foreach(var num in collection) {     if (num % 2 != 0)           results.Add(num); } Here’s what we are doing: *Create a result collection *Step through each number in the collection *Check the number, if it's odd, add it to the results With declarative programming, on the other hand, we write the code that describes what you want, but not necessarily how to get it var results = collection.Where( num => num % 2 != 0); Here, we're saying "Give us everything where it's odd", not "Step through the collection. Check this item, if it's odd, add it to a result collection." Functional Programming :: Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions.Functional programming has its roots in the lambda calculus. It is a subset of declarative languages that has heavy focus on recursion. Functional programming can be a mind-bender, which is one reason why Lisp, Scheme, and Haskell have never really surpassed C, C++, Java and COBOL in commercial popularity. But there are benefits to the functional way. For one, if you can get the logic correct, functional programming requires orders of magnitude less code than imperative programming. That means fewer points of failure, less code to test, and a more productive (and, many would say, happier) programming life. As systems get bigger, this has become more and more important. To know more : http://stackoverflow.com/questions/602444/what-is-functional-declarative-and-imperative-programming http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb669144.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming   Technorati Tags: Ranjit,Imperative Programming,Declarative programming,Functional Programming

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• encfs error while decoding the data

  - by migrator

  I have installed encfs and started using it to secure all my personal & office data and it was working absolutely fine until 2 hours back. The setup is like this. I have a folder in Copy folder called OfficeData which gets synchronized with my Copy folder When I login into the system I use the command encfs ~/Copy/OfficeData ~/Documents/OfficeData Once my work is over I dismount with the command fusermount -u ~/Documents/OfficeData All this data get synchronized with my desktop and with my mobile phone (as a backup) Today when I mounted, the folder got mounted by no directories and files present in that folder. I was worried and read man encfs which gave me to run the command encfs -v -f ~/Copy/OfficeData ~/Documents/OfficeData 2> encfs-OfficeData-report.txt. The below is the output of the file encfs-OfficeData-report.txt. The directory "/home/sri/Documents/OfficeData" does not exist. Should it be created? (y,n) 13:16:26 (main.cpp:523) Root directory: /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:26 (main.cpp:524) Fuse arguments: (fg) (threaded) (keyCheck) encfs /home/sri/Documents/OfficeData -f -s -o use_ino -o default_permissions 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:177) version = 20 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:181) found new serialization format 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:199) subVersion = 20100713 13:16:26 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:26 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:26 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:26 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:1620) useStdin: 0 13:16:46 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:46 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:49 (FileUtils.cpp:1628) cipher key size = 52 13:16:49 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if nameio/block(3:0:1) implements nameio/block(3:0:0) 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 4188221457101129840, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16725694203599486310, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3,: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 1354483141023495884, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3, 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3, 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3,: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16720606331386655431, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16720606331386655431, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:31 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:31 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:31 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:31 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:31 (encfs.cpp:685) doing statfs of /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 13735228085838055696, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:685) doing statfs of /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 4188221457101129840, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16725694203599486310, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:32 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:19:32 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:24:10 (openssl.cpp:48) Allocating 41 locks for OpenSSL Please help me Thanks in advance.

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• What's The Difference Between Imperative, Procedural and Structured Programming?

  - by daniels

  By researching around (books, Wikipedia, similar questions on SE, etc) I came to understand that Imperative programming is one of the major programming paradigms, where you describe a series of commands (or statements) for the computer to execute (so you pretty much order it to take specific actions, hence the name "imperative"). So far so good. Procedural programming, on the other hand, is a specific type (or subset) of Imperative programming, where you use procedures (i.e., functions) to describe the commands the computer should perform. First question: Is there an Imperative programming language which is not procedural? In other words, can you have Imperative programming without procedures? Update: This first question seems to be answered. A language CAN be imperative without being procedural or structured. An example is pure Assembly language. Then you also have Structured programming, which seems to be another type (or subset) of Imperative programming, which emerged to remove the reliance on the GOTO statement. Second question: What is the difference between procedural and structured programming? Can you have one without the other, and vice-versa? Can we say procedural programming is a subset of structured programming, as in the image?

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• Copy paste buffer configuration best practices

  - by gasan

  Hi, there are 2 copy paste buffers in ubuntu: 1) ctrl+c, ctrl+v (alt+ins, shifg+ins); 2)mouse select and click on selected text. That buffers often appears to mix up, and second buffer doesn't work in some applications and circumstances. I'm pretty new to ubuntu. So what is the best practices for configuration these buffers? Also if you tell me, how exactly that configuration can be made, I'll be very happy.

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• Copy from a password field in form

  - by Ali

  I was designing a form which asks the user to type in a password and then to verify again in the next field. I noticed however, that if I copy and paste from the first password field to the other, the values are not same. It seems my Firefox running on Mac OS X, copies the asterisk graphic instead, which has the value '\x95' Is it possible to copy the underlying text from the password field? Thanks

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• Modern programming language with intuitive concurrent programming abstractions

  - by faif

  I am interested in learning concurrent programming, focusing on the application/user level (not system programming). I am looking for a modern high level programming language that provides intuitive abstractions for writing concurrent applications. I want to focus on languages that increase productivity and hide the complexity of concurrent programming. To give some examples, I don't consider a good option writing multithreaded code in C, C++, or Java because IMHO my productivity is reduced and their programming model is not intuitive. On the other hand, languages that increase productivity and offer more intuitive abstractions such as Python and the multiprocessing module, Erlang, Clojure, Scala, etc. would be good options. What would you recommend based on your experience and why?

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• Am I copy/paste programmer ?

  - by Searock

  When ever I am stuck with a particular problem, I search for a solution in Google. And then I try to understand the code and tweak it according to my requirement. For example recently I had asked a question Reading xml document in firefox in stack overflow. Soufiane Hassou gave me a link to w3schools, where I found a example on parsing xml document, I understood how the example works, but I copied the code and tweaked it according to my requirement, since I don't like typing much. So does this make me a copy/paste programmer? How do you say if a person is a copy/paste programmer ? Thanks.

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• Copy/paste filtered column in Excel - error message

  - by hazymat

  Firstly I should state that I don't believe in spreadsheets; my normal mode of operation is that data should either exist in a database or a text file... However - employment requires... In short, I have filtered a worksheet by column A, and I want to copy/paste from column B to column C. Obviously I don't wish to copy/paste values from rows that were filtered-out here. The above sounds ridiculously simple, right? First I tried simply copy/pasting on the filtered worksheet. This appeared to select and copy only the filtered data, however pasting appeared to insert values into hidden/filtered rows - as you might expect. So my initial research suggests I may wish to select the filtered data and press Alt+; (that is, ALT plus semicolon), which is a shortcut key for Goto Special Select Visible. Then just copy-paste. CTRL+C correctly copies the filtered data, however when I go to paste the values into another column, it pastes into hidden rows as well. Okay, so perhaps I should also "Select Visible" on the cells I wish to paste into as well? Nope - that gives me the error That command cannot be used on multiple selections. What am I doing wrong?!

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• Advice on learning programming languages and math.

  - by Joris Ooms

  I feel like I'm getting stuck lately when it comes to learning about programming-related things; I thought I'd ask a question here and write it all down in the hope to get some pointers/advice from people. Perhaps writing it down helps me put things in perspective for myself aswell. I study Interactive Multimedia Design. This course is based on two things: graphic design on one hand, and web development on the other hand. I have quite a decent knowledge of web-related languages (the usual HTML/JS/PHP) and I'll be getting a course on ASP.NET next year. In my free time, I have learnt how to work with CodeIgniter, aswell as some diving into Ruby (and Rails) and basic iOS programming. In my first year of college I also did a class on Java (19/20 on the end result). This grade doesn't really mean anything though; I have the basics of OOP down but Java-wise, we learnt next to nothing. Considering the time I have been programming in, for example, PHP.. I can't say I'm bad at it. I'm definitely not good or great at it, but I'm decent. My teachers tell me I have the programming thing down. They just tell me I should keep on learning. So that's what I do, and I try to take in as much as possible; however, sometimes I'm unsure where to start and I have this tendency to always doubt myself. Now, for the 'question'. I want to get into iOS programming. I know iOS programming boils down to programming in Cocoa Touch and Objective-C. I also know Obj-C is a superset of C. I have done a class on C a couple of years ago, but I failed miserably. I got stuck at pointers and never really understood them.. Until like a month ago. I suddenly 'got' it. I have been working through a book on Objective-C for a week or so now, and I understand the basics (I'm at like.. chapter 6 or so). However, I keep running into similar problems as the ones I had when I did the C class: I suck at math. No, really. I come from a Latin-Modern Languages background in high school and I had nearly no math classes back then. I wanted to study Computer Science, but I failed there because of the miserable state of my mathematics knowledge. I can't explain why I'm suddenly talking about math here though, because it isn't directly related to programming.. yet it is. For example, the examples in the book I'm reading now are about programming a fraction-calculator. All good, I can do the programming when I get the formulas down.. but it takes me a full day or more to actually get to that point. I also find it hard to come up with ideas for myself. I made one small iOS app the other day and it's just a button / label kind of thing. When I press the button, it generates a random number. That's really all I could come up with. Can you 'learn' that? It probably comes down to creativity, but evidently, I'm not too great at being creative. Are there any sites or resources out there that provide something like a basic list of things you can program when you're just starting out? Maybe I'm focusing on too many things at once. I want to keep my HTML/CSS at a decent level, while learning PHP and CodeIgniter, while diving into Ruby on Rails and learning Objective-C and the iOS SDK at the same time. I just want to be good at something, I guess. The problem is that I can't seem to be happy with my PHP stuff. I want more, something 'harder'; that's why I decided to pick up the iOS thing. Like I said, I have the basics down of a lot of different languages. I can program something simple in Java, in C, in Objective-C as of this week.. but it ends there. Mostly because I can't come up with ideas for more complex applications, and also because I just doubt myself: 'Oh, that's too complex, I can never do that'. And then it ends there. To conclude my rant, let me basically rephrase my questions into a 'tl;dr' part. A. I want to get into iOS programming and I have basic knowledge of C/Objective-C. However, I struggle to come up with ideas of my own and implement them and I also suck at math which is something that isn't directly related to, yet often needed while programming. What can I do? B. I have an interest in a lot of different programming languages and I can't stop reading/learning. However, I don't feel like I'm good in anything. Should I perhaps focus on just one language for a year or longer, or keep taking it all in at the same time and hope I'll finally get them all down? C. Are there any resources out there that provide basic ideas of things I can program? I'm thinking about 'simple' command-line applications here to help me while studying C/Obj-C away from the whole iPhone SDK. Like I said, the examples in my book are mainly math-based (fraction calculator) and it's kinda hard. :( Thanks a lot for reading my post. I didn't plan it to be this long but oh well. Thanks in advance for any answers.

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• Introducing functional programming constructs in non-functional programming languages

  - by Giorgio

  This question has been going through my mind quite a lot lately and since I haven't found a convincing answer to it I would like to know if other users of this site have thought about it as well. In the recent years, even though OOP is still the most popular programming paradigm, functional programming is getting a lot of attention. I have only used OOP languages for my work (C++ and Java) but I am trying to learn some FP in my free time because I find it very interesting. So, I started learning Haskell three years ago and Scala last summer. I plan to learn some SML and Caml as well, and to brush up my (little) knowledge of Scheme. Well, a lot of plans (too ambitious?) but I hope I will find the time to learn at least the basics of FP during the next few years. What is important for me is how functional programming works and how / whether I can use it for some real projects. I have already developed small tools in Haskell. In spite of my strong interest for FP, I find it difficult to understand why functional programming constructs are being added to languages like C#, Java, C++, and so on. As a developer interested in FP, I find it more natural to use, say, Scala or Haskell, instead of waiting for the next FP feature to be added to my favourite non-FP language. In other words, why would I want to have only some FP in my originally non-FP language instead of looking for a language that has a better support for FP? For example, why should I be interested to have lambdas in Java if I can switch to Scala where I have much more FP concepts and access all the Java libraries anyway? Similarly: why do some FP in C# instead of using F# (to my knowledge, C# and F# can work together)? Java was designed to be OO. Fine. I can do OOP in Java (and I would like to keep using Java in that way). Scala was designed to support OOP + FP. Fine: I can use a mix of OOP and FP in Scala. Haskell was designed for FP: I can do FP in Haskell. If I need to tune the performance of a particular module, I can interface Haskell with some external routines in C. But why would I want to do OOP with just some basic FP in Java? So, my main point is: why are non-functional programming languages being extended with some functional concept? Shouldn't it be more comfortable (interesting, exciting, productive) to program in a language that has been designed from the very beginning to be functional or multi-paradigm? Don't different programming paradigms integrate better in a language that was designed for it than in a language in which one paradigm was only added later? The first explanation I could think of is that, since FP is a new concept (it isn't new at all, but it is new for many developers), it needs to be introduced gradually. However, I remember my switch from imperative to OOP: when I started to program in C++ (coming from Pascal and C) I really had to rethink the way in which I was coding, and to do it pretty fast. It was not gradual. So, this does not seem to be a good explanation to me. Or can it be that many non-FP programmers are not really interested in understanding and using functional programming, but they find it practically convenient to adopt certain FP-idioms in their non-FP language? IMPORTANT NOTE Just in case (because I have seen several language wars on this site): I mentioned the languages I know better, this question is in no way meant to start comparisons between different programming languages to decide which is better / worse. Also, I am not interested in a comparison of OOP versus FP (pros and cons). The point I am interested in is to understand why FP is being introduced one bit at a time into existing languages that were not designed for it even though there exist languages that were / are specifically designed to support FP.

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• Functional programming constructs in non-functional programming languages

  - by Giorgio

  This question has been going through my mind quite a lot lately and since I haven't found a convincing answer to it I would like to know if other users of this site have thought about it as well. In the recent years, even though OOP is still the most popular programming paradigm, functional programming is getting a lot of attention. I have only used OOP languages for my work (C++ and Java) but I am trying to learn some FP in my free time because I find it very interesting. So, I started learning Haskell three years ago and Scala last summer. I plan to learn some SML and Caml as well, and to brush up my (little) knowledge of Scheme. Well, a lot of plans (too ambitious?) but I hope I will find the time to learn at least the basics of FP during the next few years. What is important for me is how functional programming works and how / whether I can use it for some real projects. I have already developed small tools in Haskell. In spite of my strong interest for FP, I find it difficult to understand why functional programming constructs are being added to languages like C#, Java, C++, and so on. As a developer interested in FP, I find it more natural to use, say, Scala or Haskell, instead of waiting for the next FP feature to be added to my favourite non-FP language. In other words, why would I want to have only some FP in my originally non-FP language instead of looking for a language that has a better support for FP? For example, why should I be interested to have lambdas in Java if I can switch to Scala where I have much more FP concepts and access all the Java libraries anyway? Similarly: why do some FP in C# instead of using F# (to my knowledge, C# and F# can work together)? Java was designed to be OO. Fine. I can do OOP in Java (and I would like to keep using Java in that way). Scala was designed to support OOP + FP. Fine: I can use a mix of OOP and FP in Scala. Haskell was designed for FP: I can do FP in Haskell. If I need to tune the performance of a particular module, I can interface Haskell with some external routines in C. But why would I want to do OOP with just some basic FP in Java? So, my main point is: why are non-functional programming languages being extended with some functional concept? Shouldn't it be more comfortable (interesting, exciting, productive) to program in a language that has been designed from the very beginning to be functional or multi-paradigm? Don't different programming paradigms integrate better in a language that was designed for it than in a language in which one paradigm was only added later? The first explanation I could think of is that, since FP is a new concept (it isn't new at all, but it is new for many developers), it needs to be introduced gradually. However, I remember my switch from imperative to OOP: when I started to program in C++ (coming from Pascal and C) I really had to rethink the way in which I was coding, and to do it pretty fast. It was not gradual. So, this does not seem to be a good explanation to me. Also, I asked myself if my impression is just plainly wrong due to lack of knowledge. E.g., do C# and C++11 support FP as extensively as, say, Scala or Caml do? In this case, my question would be simply non-existent. Or can it be that many non-FP programmers are not really interested in using functional programming, but they find it practically convenient to adopt certain FP-idioms in their non-FP language? IMPORTANT NOTE Just in case (because I have seen several language wars on this site): I mentioned the languages I know better, this question is in no way meant to start comparisons between different programming languages to decide which is better / worse. Also, I am not interested in a comparison of OOP versus FP (pros and cons). The point I am interested in is to understand why FP is being introduced one bit at a time into existing languages that were not designed for it even though there exist languages that were / are specifically designed to support FP.

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• Modular programming is the method of programming small task or programs

  Modular programming is the method of programming small task or sub-programs that can be arranged in multiple variations to perform desired results. This methodology is great for preventing errors due to the fact that each task executes a specific process and can be debugged individually or within a larger program when combined with other tasks or sub programs. C# is a great example of how to implement modular programming because it allows for functions, methods, classes and objects to be use to create smaller sub programs. A program can be built from smaller pieces of code which saves development time and reduces the chance of errors because it is easier to test a small class or function for a simple solutions compared to testing a full program which has layers and layers of small programs working together.Yes, it is possible to write the same program using modular and non modular programming, but it is not recommend it. When you deal with non modular programs, they tend to contain a lot of spaghetti code which can be a pain to develop and not to mention debug especially if you did not write the code. In addition, in my experience they seem to have a lot more hidden bugs which waste debugging and development time. Modular programming methodology in comparision to non-mondular should be used when ever possible due to the use of small components. These small components allow business logic to be reused and is easier to maintain. From the user’s view point, they cannot really tell if the code is modular or not with today’s computers.

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• How can I copy cells in Excel 2007 and paste with formatting

  - by John

  I am wanting to be able to copy cells in a worksheet and paste them elsewhere in the same worksheet while maintaining the original formatting. I also want to be able to paste into Word and Outlook and keep the same formatting. Everything I have tried discards the the formatting and only pastes unformatted text. Paste Option buttons do not appear even though they have been defined in the setting to appear. Also Format Painter does not seem to do anything at all. Is there a setting that needs to be changed to resolve this?

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• Difference between extensible programming and extendible programming?

  - by loudandclear

  What exactly is the different between "extensible programming" and "extendible programming?" Wikipedia states the following: The Lisp language community remained separate from the extensible language community, apparently because, as one researcher observed, any programming language in which programs and data are essentially interchangeable can be regarded as an extendible [sic] language. ... this can be seen very easily from the fact that Lisp has been used as an extendible language for years. If I'm understanding this correctly, it says "Lisp is extendible implies Lisp is not extensible". So what do these two terms mean, and how do they differ?

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• Do most programmers copy and paste code?

  - by John MacIntyre

  I learned very early on that cutting & pasting somebody else's code takes longer in the long run that writing it yourself. In my opinion unless you really understand it, cut & paste code will probably have issues which will be a nightmare to resolve. Don't get me wrong, I mean finding other peoples code and learning from it is essential, but we don't just paste it into our app. We rewrite the concepts into our app. But I'm constantly hearing about people who cut & paste, and they talk about it like it's common practice. I also see comments by others which indicate it's common practice. So, do most programmers cut & paste code?

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• Do most programmers cut & paste code?

  - by John MacIntyre

  I learned very early on that cutting & pasting somebody else's code takes longer in the long run that writing it yourself. In my opinion unless you really understand it, cut & paste code will probably have issues which will be a nightmare to resolve. Don't get me wrong, I mean finding other peoples code and learning from it is essential, but we don't just paste it into our app. We rewrite the concepts into our app. But I'm constantly hearing about people who cut & paste, and they talk about it like it's common practice. I also see comments by others which indicate it's common practice. So, do most programmers cut & paste code?

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• Why (not) logic programming?

  - by Anto

  I have not yet heard about any uses of a logical programming language (such as Prolog) in the software industry, nor do I know of usage of it in hobby programming or open source projects. It (Prolog) is used as an academic language to some extent, though (why is it used in academia?). This makes me wonder, why should you use logic programming, and why not? Why is it not getting any detectable industry usage?

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• How to make the transition to functional programming?

  - by tahatmat

  Lately, I have been very intrigued with F# which I have been working a bit with. Coming mostly from Java and C#, I like how concise and easily understandable it is. However, I believe that my background with these imperative languages disturb my way of thinking when programming in F#. I found a comparison of the imperative and functional approach, and I surely do recognize the "imperative way" of programming, but I also find it difficult to define problems to fit well with the functional approach. So my question is: How do I best make the transition from object-oriented programming to functional programming? Can you provide some tips or perhaps provide some literature that can help one to think "in functions" in general?

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• Programming Pearls (2nd Edition) vs More Programming Pearls: Confessions of a Coder [closed]

  - by Geek

  I have been reading very good reviews of the books by Jon Bentley : Programming Pearls (2nd Edition) More Programming Pearls: Confessions of a Coder. I know that these books have been out there for a long time and I feel bad that I haven't read either one . But it is always better late than never . I understand that the second one was written after the first one . So are these two books complementary to each other ? Do the second one assume that the reader has read the first one ? For some one who haven't read either which one would you propose to read up first ?

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• Should "closed as duplicate" software programming be extreme or functional? [migrated]

  - by Web Developer

  I'm a web developer loving this site for it's potential, and it's Coffee look . I was reading a great question, that is this: click here and noticed 8 moderators tagged it as DUPLICATED! The question was closed! Obviously it isn't and I'm going to explain why if needed but it can be seen: the question is unique, is the case/story of a young who have SPECIFIC experience with C++ , VB and Assembler and asking, knowing this specifications an answer (It is not a general question like "hey I'm young can I do the programmer??") Let me know your opinion! do you think this question should or should not be closed? And let's think about also the people not only the "data" and "cases covered" ... do you think this is important too? or is better to keep a place where people doesn't count?

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• alt right click paste

  - by Ravisha

  I was wondering if there is a way to paste a selected text just like we select it. I mean,We can use alt then right click and select text in rectangular area.Similarly can text be pasted ? Consider Microsoft word 2003

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• Copy & paste a cell along with its name in Excel

  - by lee

  Is there a way to copy a cell that also has a "name", and paste it somewhere else so that the new cell also has the same "name"?

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• Is copy paste programming bad ?

  - by ring bearer

  With plain google as well as google code search tools it is easy to find how to program using some resource or solve certain problems ( such as a Java class, or a ftp block in perl etc) and so developers are so tempted to just purely copy paste the code (in a way re-use) - is this an incompetency? I have done this myself though I think I am a better programmer than many others I have seen. Who has the time to RTFM? In this age of information abundance, I do not think that copy paste programming is bad. Isn't that what sites like stackoverflow do anyway? People ask - ok here is my problem - how to solve it? now someone will post complete code and the person who asked the question would simply copy paste the most voted answer. No matter how small the problem is. I am working with a bunch of young coders who heavily rely on internet to get their job done. I see convenience (for example, you may be quite good with algorithms and such but you may not know how to use a BufferedReader in Java - would you read complete Javadoc for BufferedReader or look up some example of using it somewhere??) in copy pasting and modifying code to get the job done. What are the real dangers of copy paste coding that can impact their competency?

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• Declarative programming vs. Imperative programming

  - by EpsilonVector

  I feel very comfortable with Imperative programming. I never have trouble expressing algorithmically what I want the computer to do once I figured out what is it that I want it to do. But when it comes to languages like SQL or Relational Algebra I often get stuck because my head is too used to Imperative programming. For example, suppose you have the relations band(bandName, bandCountry), venue(venueName, venueCountry), plays(bandName, venueName), and I want to write a query that says: all venueNames such that for every bandCountry there's a band from that country that plays in venue of that name. In my mind I immediately go "for each venueName iterate over all the bandCountries and for each bandCountry get the list of bands that come from it. If none of them play in venueName, go to next venueName. Else, at the end of the bandCountries iteration add venueName to the set of good venueNames". ...but you can't talk like that in SQL and I actually need to think about how to formulate this, with the intuitive Imperative solution constantly nagging in the back of my head. Did anybody else had this problem? How did you overcome this? Did you figured out a paradigm shift? Made a map from Imperative concepts to SQL concepts to translate Imperative solutions into Declarative ones? Read a good book? PS I'm not looking for a solution to the above query, I did solve it.

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• Which programming language should I learn? [on hold]

  - by Ashkan

  I'm Ashkan and I'm from Iran, I started programming when I was 13 and I learned a lot of stuff since then, But now I'm totally lost. Since I live in Iran there are no counselor or any professionals out there to help me, so I decided to ask here. I started with Visual Basic and after 1 year I started to learn HTML , CSS , Javascript and JQuery. And for the past 6 months I've been learning PHP,and I have a basic understanding of OOP. I want to move to America to continue my studies and I was wondering which programming language helps me the most to get there? Should I learn C++ or JAVA or should I study Computer Science and Math? also since We are not in a good place financially, I want a programming language that helps me in college and lets me make some money? Thanks in advance and sorry for my poor English skills.

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