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  • Agile Development

    - by James Oloo Onyango
    Alot of literature has and is being written about agile developement and its surrounding philosophies. In my quest to find the best way to express the importance of agile methodologies, i have found Robert C. Martin's "A Satire Of Two Companies" to be both the most concise and thorough! Enjoy the read! Rufus Inc Project Kick Off Your name is Bob. The date is January 3, 2001, and your head still aches from the recent millennial revelry. You are sitting in a conference room with several managers and a group of your peers. You are a project team leader. Your boss is there, and he has brought along all of his team leaders. His boss called the meeting. "We have a new project to develop," says your boss's boss. Call him BB. The points in his hair are so long that they scrape the ceiling. Your boss's points are just starting to grow, but he eagerly awaits the day when he can leave Brylcream stains on the acoustic tiles. BB describes the essence of the new market they have identified and the product they want to develop to exploit this market. "We must have this new project up and working by fourth quarter October 1," BB demands. "Nothing is of higher priority, so we are cancelling your current project." The reaction in the room is stunned silence. Months of work are simply going to be thrown away. Slowly, a murmur of objection begins to circulate around the conference table.   His points give off an evil green glow as BB meets the eyes of everyone in the room. One by one, that insidious stare reduces each attendee to quivering lumps of protoplasm. It is clear that he will brook no discussion on this matter. Once silence has been restored, BB says, "We need to begin immediately. How long will it take you to do the analysis?" You raise your hand. Your boss tries to stop you, but his spitwad misses you and you are unaware of his efforts.   "Sir, we can't tell you how long the analysis will take until we have some requirements." "The requirements document won't be ready for 3 or 4 weeks," BB says, his points vibrating with frustration. "So, pretend that you have the requirements in front of you now. How long will you require for analysis?" No one breathes. Everyone looks around to see whether anyone has some idea. "If analysis goes beyond April 1, we have a problem. Can you finish the analysis by then?" Your boss visibly gathers his courage: "We'll find a way, sir!" His points grow 3 mm, and your headache increases by two Tylenol. "Good." BB smiles. "Now, how long will it take to do the design?" "Sir," you say. Your boss visibly pales. He is clearly worried that his 3 mms are at risk. "Without an analysis, it will not be possible to tell you how long design will take." BB's expression shifts beyond austere.   "PRETEND you have the analysis already!" he says, while fixing you with his vacant, beady little eyes. "How long will it take you to do the design?" Two Tylenol are not going to cut it. Your boss, in a desperate attempt to save his new growth, babbles: "Well, sir, with only six months left to complete the project, design had better take no longer than 3 months."   "I'm glad you agree, Smithers!" BB says, beaming. Your boss relaxes. He knows his points are secure. After a while, he starts lightly humming the Brylcream jingle. BB continues, "So, analysis will be complete by April 1, design will be complete by July 1, and that gives you 3 months to implement the project. This meeting is an example of how well our new consensus and empowerment policies are working. Now, get out there and start working. I'll expect to see TQM plans and QIT assignments on my desk by next week. Oh, and don't forget that your crossfunctional team meetings and reports will be needed for next month's quality audit." "Forget the Tylenol," you think to yourself as you return to your cubicle. "I need bourbon."   Visibly excited, your boss comes over to you and says, "Gosh, what a great meeting. I think we're really going to do some world shaking with this project." You nod in agreement, too disgusted to do anything else. "Oh," your boss continues, "I almost forgot." He hands you a 30-page document. "Remember that the SEI is coming to do an evaluation next week. This is the evaluation guide. You need to read through it, memorize it, and then shred it. It tells you how to answer any questions that the SEI auditors ask you. It also tells you what parts of the building you are allowed to take them to and what parts to avoid. We are determined to be a CMM level 3 organization by June!"   You and your peers start working on the analysis of the new project. This is difficult because you have no requirements. But from the 10-minute introduction given by BB on that fateful morning, you have some idea of what the product is supposed to do.   Corporate process demands that you begin by creating a use case document. You and your team begin enumerating use cases and drawing oval and stick diagrams. Philosophical debates break out among the team members. There is disagreement as to whether certain use cases should be connected with <<extends>> or <<includes>> relationships. Competing models are created, but nobody knows how to evaluate them. The debate continues, effectively paralyzing progress.   After a week, somebody finds the iceberg.com Web site, which recommends disposing entirely of <<extends>> and <<includes>> and replacing them with <<precedes>> and <<uses>>. The documents on this Web site, authored by Don Sengroiux, describes a method known as stalwart-analysis, which claims to be a step-by-step method for translating use cases into design diagrams. More competing use case models are created using this new scheme, but again, people can't agree on how to evaluate them. The thrashing continues. More and more, the use case meetings are driven by emotion rather than by reason. If it weren't for the fact that you don't have requirements, you'd be pretty upset by the lack of progress you are making. The requirements document arrives on February 15. And then again on February 20, 25, and every week thereafter. Each new version contradicts the previous one. Clearly, the marketing folks who are writing the requirements, empowered though they might be, are not finding consensus.   At the same time, several new competing use case templates have been proposed by the various team members. Each template presents its own particularly creative way of delaying progress. The debates rage on. On March 1, Prudence Putrigence, the process proctor, succeeds in integrating all the competing use case forms and templates into a single, all-encompassing form. Just the blank form is 15 pages long. She has managed to include every field that appeared on all the competing templates. She also presents a 159- page document describing how to fill out the use case form. All current use cases must be rewritten according to the new standard.   You marvel to yourself that it now requires 15 pages of fill-in-the-blank and essay questions to answer the question: What should the system do when the user presses Return? The corporate process (authored by L. E. Ott, famed author of "Holistic Analysis: A Progressive Dialectic for Software Engineers") insists that you discover all primary use cases, 87 percent of all secondary use cases, and 36.274 percent of all tertiary use cases before you can complete analysis and enter the design phase. You have no idea what a tertiary use case is. So in an attempt to meet this requirement, you try to get your use case document reviewed by the marketing department, which you hope will know what a tertiary use case is.   Unfortunately, the marketing folks are too busy with sales support to talk to you. Indeed, since the project started, you have not been able to get a single meeting with marketing, which has provided a never-ending stream of changing and contradictory requirements documents.   While one team has been spinning endlessly on the use case document, another team has been working out the domain model. Endless variations of UML documents are pouring out of this team. Every week, the model is reworked.   The team members can't decide whether to use <<interfaces>> or <<types>> in the model. A huge disagreement has been raging on the proper syntax and application of OCL. Others on the team just got back from a 5-day class on catabolism, and have been producing incredibly detailed and arcane diagrams that nobody else can fathom.   On March 27, with one week to go before analysis is to be complete, you have produced a sea of documents and diagrams but are no closer to a cogent analysis of the problem than you were on January 3. **** And then, a miracle happens.   **** On Saturday, April 1, you check your e-mail from home. You see a memo from your boss to BB. It states unequivocally that you are done with the analysis! You phone your boss and complain. "How could you have told BB that we were done with the analysis?" "Have you looked at a calendar lately?" he responds. "It's April 1!" The irony of that date does not escape you. "But we have so much more to think about. So much more to analyze! We haven't even decided whether to use <<extends>> or <<precedes>>!" "Where is your evidence that you are not done?" inquires your boss, impatiently. "Whaaa . . . ." But he cuts you off. "Analysis can go on forever; it has to be stopped at some point. And since this is the date it was scheduled to stop, it has been stopped. Now, on Monday, I want you to gather up all existing analysis materials and put them into a public folder. Release that folder to Prudence so that she can log it in the CM system by Monday afternoon. Then get busy and start designing."   As you hang up the phone, you begin to consider the benefits of keeping a bottle of bourbon in your bottom desk drawer. They threw a party to celebrate the on-time completion of the analysis phase. BB gave a colon-stirring speech on empowerment. And your boss, another 3 mm taller, congratulated his team on the incredible show of unity and teamwork. Finally, the CIO takes the stage to tell everyone that the SEI audit went very well and to thank everyone for studying and shredding the evaluation guides that were passed out. Level 3 now seems assured and will be awarded by June. (Scuttlebutt has it that managers at the level of BB and above are to receive significant bonuses once the SEI awards level 3.)   As the weeks flow by, you and your team work on the design of the system. Of course, you find that the analysis that the design is supposedly based on is flawedno, useless; no, worse than useless. But when you tell your boss that you need to go back and work some more on the analysis to shore up its weaker sections, he simply states, "The analysis phase is over. The only allowable activity is design. Now get back to it."   So, you and your team hack the design as best you can, unsure of whether the requirements have been properly analyzed. Of course, it really doesn't matter much, since the requirements document is still thrashing with weekly revisions, and the marketing department still refuses to meet with you.     The design is a nightmare. Your boss recently misread a book named The Finish Line in which the author, Mark DeThomaso, blithely suggested that design documents should be taken down to code-level detail. "If we are going to be working at that level of detail," you ask, "why don't we simply write the code instead?" "Because then you wouldn't be designing, of course. And the only allowable activity in the design phase is design!" "Besides," he continues, "we have just purchased a companywide license for Dandelion! This tool enables 'Round the Horn Engineering!' You are to transfer all design diagrams into this tool. It will automatically generate our code for us! It will also keep the design diagrams in sync with the code!" Your boss hands you a brightly colored shrinkwrapped box containing the Dandelion distribution. You accept it numbly and shuffle off to your cubicle. Twelve hours, eight crashes, one disk reformatting, and eight shots of 151 later, you finally have the tool installed on your server. You consider the week your team will lose while attending Dandelion training. Then you smile and think, "Any week I'm not here is a good week." Design diagram after design diagram is created by your team. Dandelion makes it very difficult to draw these diagrams. There are dozens and dozens of deeply nested dialog boxes with funny text fields and check boxes that must all be filled in correctly. And then there's the problem of moving classes between packages. At first, these diagram are driven from the use cases. But the requirements are changing so often that the use cases rapidly become meaningless. Debates rage about whether VISITOR or DECORATOR design patterns should be used. One developer refuses to use VISITOR in any form, claiming that it's not a properly object-oriented construct. Someone refuses to use multiple inheritance, since it is the spawn of the devil. Review meetings rapidly degenerate into debates about the meaning of object orientation, the definition of analysis versus design, or when to use aggregation versus association. Midway through the design cycle, the marketing folks announce that they have rethought the focus of the system. Their new requirements document is completely restructured. They have eliminated several major feature areas and replaced them with feature areas that they anticipate customer surveys will show to be more appropriate. You tell your boss that these changes mean that you need to reanalyze and redesign much of the system. But he says, "The analysis phase is system. But he says, "The analysis phase is over. The only allowable activity is design. Now get back to it."   You suggest that it might be better to create a simple prototype to show to the marketing folks and even some potential customers. But your boss says, "The analysis phase is over. The only allowable activity is design. Now get back to it." Hack, hack, hack, hack. You try to create some kind of a design document that might reflect the new requirements documents. However, the revolution of the requirements has not caused them to stop thrashing. Indeed, if anything, the wild oscillations of the requirements document have only increased in frequency and amplitude.   You slog your way through them.   On June 15, the Dandelion database gets corrupted. Apparently, the corruption has been progressive. Small errors in the DB accumulated over the months into bigger and bigger errors. Eventually, the CASE tool just stopped working. Of course, the slowly encroaching corruption is present on all the backups. Calls to the Dandelion technical support line go unanswered for several days. Finally, you receive a brief e-mail from Dandelion, informing you that this is a known problem and that the solution is to purchase the new version, which they promise will be ready some time next quarter, and then reenter all the diagrams by hand.   ****   Then, on July 1 another miracle happens! You are done with the design!   Rather than go to your boss and complain, you stock your middle desk drawer with some vodka.   **** They threw a party to celebrate the on-time completion of the design phase and their graduation to CMM level 3. This time, you find BB's speech so stirring that you have to use the restroom before it begins. New banners and plaques are all over your workplace. They show pictures of eagles and mountain climbers, and they talk about teamwork and empowerment. They read better after a few scotches. That reminds you that you need to clear out your file cabinet to make room for the brandy. You and your team begin to code. But you rapidly discover that the design is lacking in some significant areas. Actually, it's lacking any significance at all. You convene a design session in one of the conference rooms to try to work through some of the nastier problems. But your boss catches you at it and disbands the meeting, saying, "The design phase is over. The only allowable activity is coding. Now get back to it."   ****   The code generated by Dandelion is really hideous. It turns out that you and your team were using association and aggregation the wrong way, after all. All the generated code has to be edited to correct these flaws. Editing this code is extremely difficult because it has been instrumented with ugly comment blocks that have special syntax that Dandelion needs in order to keep the diagrams in sync with the code. If you accidentally alter one of these comments, the diagrams will be regenerated incorrectly. It turns out that "Round the Horn Engineering" requires an awful lot of effort. The more you try to keep the code compatible with Dandelion, the more errors Dandelion generates. In the end, you give up and decide to keep the diagrams up to date manually. A second later, you decide that there's no point in keeping the diagrams up to date at all. Besides, who has time?   Your boss hires a consultant to build tools to count the number of lines of code that are being produced. He puts a big thermometer graph on the wall with the number 1,000,000 on the top. Every day, he extends the red line to show how many lines have been added. Three days after the thermometer appears on the wall, your boss stops you in the hall. "That graph isn't growing quickly enough. We need to have a million lines done by October 1." "We aren't even sh-sh-sure that the proshect will require a m-million linezh," you blather. "We have to have a million lines done by October 1," your boss reiterates. His points have grown again, and the Grecian formula he uses on them creates an aura of authority and competence. "Are you sure your comment blocks are big enough?" Then, in a flash of managerial insight, he says, "I have it! I want you to institute a new policy among the engineers. No line of code is to be longer than 20 characters. Any such line must be split into two or more preferably more. All existing code needs to be reworked to this standard. That'll get our line count up!"   You decide not to tell him that this will require two unscheduled work months. You decide not to tell him anything at all. You decide that intravenous injections of pure ethanol are the only solution. You make the appropriate arrangements. Hack, hack, hack, and hack. You and your team madly code away. By August 1, your boss, frowning at the thermometer on the wall, institutes a mandatory 50-hour workweek.   Hack, hack, hack, and hack. By September 1st, the thermometer is at 1.2 million lines and your boss asks you to write a report describing why you exceeded the coding budget by 20 percent. He institutes mandatory Saturdays and demands that the project be brought back down to a million lines. You start a campaign of remerging lines. Hack, hack, hack, and hack. Tempers are flaring; people are quitting; QA is raining trouble reports down on you. Customers are demanding installation and user manuals; salespeople are demanding advance demonstrations for special customers; the requirements document is still thrashing, the marketing folks are complaining that the product isn't anything like they specified, and the liquor store won't accept your credit card anymore. Something has to give.    On September 15, BB calls a meeting. As he enters the room, his points are emitting clouds of steam. When he speaks, the bass overtones of his carefully manicured voice cause the pit of your stomach to roll over. "The QA manager has told me that this project has less than 50 percent of the required features implemented. He has also informed me that the system crashes all the time, yields wrong results, and is hideously slow. He has also complained that he cannot keep up with the continuous train of daily releases, each more buggy than the last!" He stops for a few seconds, visibly trying to compose himself. "The QA manager estimates that, at this rate of development, we won't be able to ship the product until December!" Actually, you think it's more like March, but you don't say anything. "December!" BB roars with such derision that people duck their heads as though he were pointing an assault rifle at them. "December is absolutely out of the question. Team leaders, I want new estimates on my desk in the morning. I am hereby mandating 65-hour work weeks until this project is complete. And it better be complete by November 1."   As he leaves the conference room, he is heard to mutter: "Empowermentbah!" * * * Your boss is bald; his points are mounted on BB's wall. The fluorescent lights reflecting off his pate momentarily dazzle you. "Do you have anything to drink?" he asks. Having just finished your last bottle of Boone's Farm, you pull a bottle of Thunderbird from your bookshelf and pour it into his coffee mug. "What's it going to take to get this project done? " he asks. "We need to freeze the requirements, analyze them, design them, and then implement them," you say callously. "By November 1?" your boss exclaims incredulously. "No way! Just get back to coding the damned thing." He storms out, scratching his vacant head.   A few days later, you find that your boss has been transferred to the corporate research division. Turnover has skyrocketed. Customers, informed at the last minute that their orders cannot be fulfilled on time, have begun to cancel their orders. Marketing is re-evaluating whether this product aligns with the overall goals of the company. Memos fly, heads roll, policies change, and things are, overall, pretty grim. Finally, by March, after far too many sixty-five hour weeks, a very shaky version of the software is ready. In the field, bug-discovery rates are high, and the technical support staff are at their wits' end, trying to cope with the complaints and demands of the irate customers. Nobody is happy.   In April, BB decides to buy his way out of the problem by licensing a product produced by Rupert Industries and redistributing it. The customers are mollified, the marketing folks are smug, and you are laid off.     Rupert Industries: Project Alpha   Your name is Robert. The date is January 3, 2001. The quiet hours spent with your family this holiday have left you refreshed and ready for work. You are sitting in a conference room with your team of professionals. The manager of the division called the meeting. "We have some ideas for a new project," says the division manager. Call him Russ. He is a high-strung British chap with more energy than a fusion reactor. He is ambitious and driven but understands the value of a team. Russ describes the essence of the new market opportunity the company has identified and introduces you to Jane, the marketing manager, who is responsible for defining the products that will address it. Addressing you, Jane says, "We'd like to start defining our first product offering as soon as possible. When can you and your team meet with me?" You reply, "We'll be done with the current iteration of our project this Friday. We can spare a few hours for you between now and then. After that, we'll take a few people from the team and dedicate them to you. We'll begin hiring their replacements and the new people for your team immediately." "Great," says Russ, "but I want you to understand that it is critical that we have something to exhibit at the trade show coming up this July. If we can't be there with something significant, we'll lose the opportunity."   "I understand," you reply. "I don't yet know what it is that you have in mind, but I'm sure we can have something by July. I just can't tell you what that something will be right now. In any case, you and Jane are going to have complete control over what we developers do, so you can rest assured that by July, you'll have the most important things that can be accomplished in that time ready to exhibit."   Russ nods in satisfaction. He knows how this works. Your team has always kept him advised and allowed him to steer their development. He has the utmost confidence that your team will work on the most important things first and will produce a high-quality product.   * * *   "So, Robert," says Jane at their first meeting, "How does your team feel about being split up?" "We'll miss working with each other," you answer, "but some of us were getting pretty tired of that last project and are looking forward to a change. So, what are you people cooking up?" Jane beams. "You know how much trouble our customers currently have . . ." And she spends a half hour or so describing the problem and possible solution. "OK, wait a second" you respond. "I need to be clear about this." And so you and Jane talk about how this system might work. Some of her ideas aren't fully formed. You suggest possible solutions. She likes some of them. You continue discussing.   During the discussion, as each new topic is addressed, Jane writes user story cards. Each card represents something that the new system has to do. The cards accumulate on the table and are spread out in front of you. Both you and Jane point at them, pick them up, and make notes on them as you discuss the stories. The cards are powerful mnemonic devices that you can use to represent complex ideas that are barely formed.   At the end of the meeting, you say, "OK, I've got a general idea of what you want. I'm going to talk to the team about it. I imagine they'll want to run some experiments with various database structures and presentation formats. Next time we meet, it'll be as a group, and we'll start identifying the most important features of the system."   A week later, your nascent team meets with Jane. They spread the existing user story cards out on the table and begin to get into some of the details of the system. The meeting is very dynamic. Jane presents the stories in the order of their importance. There is much discussion about each one. The developers are concerned about keeping the stories small enough to estimate and test. So they continually ask Jane to split one story into several smaller stories. Jane is concerned that each story have a clear business value and priority, so as she splits them, she makes sure that this stays true.   The stories accumulate on the table. Jane writes them, but the developers make notes on them as needed. Nobody tries to capture everything that is said; the cards are not meant to capture everything but are simply reminders of the conversation.   As the developers become more comfortable with the stories, they begin writing estimates on them. These estimates are crude and budgetary, but they give Jane an idea of what the story will cost.   At the end of the meeting, it is clear that many more stories could be discussed. It is also clear that the most important stories have been addressed and that they represent several months worth of work. Jane closes the meeting by taking the cards with her and promising to have a proposal for the first release in the morning.   * * *   The next morning, you reconvene the meeting. Jane chooses five cards and places them on the table. "According to your estimates, these cards represent about one perfect team-week's worth of work. The last iteration of the previous project managed to get one perfect team-week done in 3 real weeks. If we can get these five stories done in 3 weeks, we'll be able to demonstrate them to Russ. That will make him feel very comfortable about our progress." Jane is pushing it. The sheepish look on her face lets you know that she knows it too. You reply, "Jane, this is a new team, working on a new project. It's a bit presumptuous to expect that our velocity will be the same as the previous team's. However, I met with the team yesterday afternoon, and we all agreed that our initial velocity should, in fact, be set to one perfectweek for every 3 real-weeks. So you've lucked out on this one." "Just remember," you continue, "that the story estimates and the story velocity are very tentative at this point. We'll learn more when we plan the iteration and even more when we implement it."   Jane looks over her glasses at you as if to say "Who's the boss around here, anyway?" and then smiles and says, "Yeah, don't worry. I know the drill by now."Jane then puts 15 more cards on the table. She says, "If we can get all these cards done by the end of March, we can turn the system over to our beta test customers. And we'll get good feedback from them."   You reply, "OK, so we've got our first iteration defined, and we have the stories for the next three iterations after that. These four iterations will make our first release."   "So," says Jane, can you really do these five stories in the next 3 weeks?" "I don't know for sure, Jane," you reply. "Let's break them down into tasks and see what we get."   So Jane, you, and your team spend the next several hours taking each of the five stories that Jane chose for the first iteration and breaking them down into small tasks. The developers quickly realize that some of the tasks can be shared between stories and that other tasks have commonalities that can probably be taken advantage of. It is clear that potential designs are popping into the developers' heads. From time to time, they form little discussion knots and scribble UML diagrams on some cards.   Soon, the whiteboard is filled with the tasks that, once completed, will implement the five stories for this iteration. You start the sign-up process by saying, "OK, let's sign up for these tasks." "I'll take the initial database generation." Says Pete. "That's what I did on the last project, and this doesn't look very different. I estimate it at two of my perfect workdays." "OK, well, then, I'll take the login screen," says Joe. "Aw, darn," says Elaine, the junior member of the team, "I've never done a GUI, and kinda wanted to try that one."   "Ah, the impatience of youth," Joe says sagely, with a wink in your direction. "You can assist me with it, young Jedi." To Jane: "I think it'll take me about three of my perfect workdays."   One by one, the developers sign up for tasks and estimate them in terms of their own perfect workdays. Both you and Jane know that it is best to let the developers volunteer for tasks than to assign the tasks to them. You also know full well that you daren't challenge any of the developers' estimates. You know these people, and you trust them. You know that they are going to do the very best they can.   The developers know that they can't sign up for more perfect workdays than they finished in the last iteration they worked on. Once each developer has filled his or her schedule for the iteration, they stop signing up for tasks.   Eventually, all the developers have stopped signing up for tasks. But, of course, tasks are still left on the board.   "I was worried that that might happen," you say, "OK, there's only one thing to do, Jane. We've got too much to do in this iteration. What stories or tasks can we remove?" Jane sighs. She knows that this is the only option. Working overtime at the beginning of a project is insane, and projects where she's tried it have not fared well.   So Jane starts to remove the least-important functionality. "Well, we really don't need the login screen just yet. We can simply start the system in the logged-in state." "Rats!" cries Elaine. "I really wanted to do that." "Patience, grasshopper." says Joe. "Those who wait for the bees to leave the hive will not have lips too swollen to relish the honey." Elaine looks confused. Everyone looks confused. "So . . .," Jane continues, "I think we can also do away with . . ." And so, bit by bit, the list of tasks shrinks. Developers who lose a task sign up for one of the remaining ones.   The negotiation is not painless. Several times, Jane exhibits obvious frustration and impatience. Once, when tensions are especially high, Elaine volunteers, "I'll work extra hard to make up some of the missing time." You are about to correct her when, fortunately, Joe looks her in the eye and says, "When once you proceed down the dark path, forever will it dominate your destiny."   In the end, an iteration acceptable to Jane is reached. It's not what Jane wanted. Indeed, it is significantly less. But it's something the team feels that can be achieved in the next 3 weeks.   And, after all, it still addresses the most important things that Jane wanted in the iteration. "So, Jane," you say when things had quieted down a bit, "when can we expect acceptance tests from you?" Jane sighs. This is the other side of the coin. For every story the development team implements,   Jane must supply a suite of acceptance tests that prove that it works. And the team needs these long before the end of the iteration, since they will certainly point out differences in the way Jane and the developers imagine the system's behaviour.   "I'll get you some example test scripts today," Jane promises. "I'll add to them every day after that. You'll have the entire suite by the middle of the iteration."   * * *   The iteration begins on Monday morning with a flurry of Class, Responsibilities, Collaborators sessions. By midmorning, all the developers have assembled into pairs and are rapidly coding away. "And now, my young apprentice," Joe says to Elaine, "you shall learn the mysteries of test-first design!"   "Wow, that sounds pretty rad," Elaine replies. "How do you do it?" Joe beams. It's clear that he has been anticipating this moment. "OK, what does the code do right now?" "Huh?" replied Elaine, "It doesn't do anything at all; there is no code."   "So, consider our task; can you think of something the code should do?" "Sure," Elaine said with youthful assurance, "First, it should connect to the database." "And thereupon, what must needs be required to connecteth the database?" "You sure talk weird," laughed Elaine. "I think we'd have to get the database object from some registry and call the Connect() method. "Ah, astute young wizard. Thou perceives correctly that we requireth an object within which we can cacheth the database object." "Is 'cacheth' really a word?" "It is when I say it! So, what test can we write that we know the database registry should pass?" Elaine sighs. She knows she'll just have to play along. "We should be able to create a database object and pass it to the registry in a Store() method. And then we should be able to pull it out of the registry with a Get() method and make sure it's the same object." "Oh, well said, my prepubescent sprite!" "Hay!" "So, now, let's write a test function that proves your case." "But shouldn't we write the database object and registry object first?" "Ah, you've much to learn, my young impatient one. Just write the test first." "But it won't even compile!" "Are you sure? What if it did?" "Uh . . ." "Just write the test, Elaine. Trust me." And so Joe, Elaine, and all the other developers began to code their tasks, one test case at a time. The room in which they worked was abuzz with the conversations between the pairs. The murmur was punctuated by an occasional high five when a pair managed to finish a task or a difficult test case.   As development proceeded, the developers changed partners once or twice a day. Each developer got to see what all the others were doing, and so knowledge of the code spread generally throughout the team.   Whenever a pair finished something significant whether a whole task or simply an important part of a task they integrated what they had with the rest of the system. Thus, the code base grew daily, and integration difficulties were minimized.   The developers communicated with Jane on a daily basis. They'd go to her whenever they had a question about the functionality of the system or the interpretation of an acceptance test case.   Jane, good as her word, supplied the team with a steady stream of acceptance test scripts. The team read these carefully and thereby gained a much better understanding of what Jane expected the system to do. By the beginning of the second week, there was enough functionality to demonstrate to Jane. She watched eagerly as the demonstration passed test case after test case. "This is really cool," Jane said as the demonstration finally ended. "But this doesn't seem like one-third of the tasks. Is your velocity slower than anticipated?"   You grimace. You'd been waiting for a good time to mention this to Jane but now she was forcing the issue. "Yes, unfortunately, we are going more slowly than we had expected. The new application server we are using is turning out to be a pain to configure. Also, it takes forever to reboot, and we have to reboot it whenever we make even the slightest change to its configuration."   Jane eyes you with suspicion. The stress of last Monday's negotiations had still not entirely dissipated. She says, "And what does this mean to our schedule? We can't slip it again, we just can't. Russ will have a fit! He'll haul us all into the woodshed and ream us some new ones."   You look Jane right in the eyes. There's no pleasant way to give someone news like this. So you just blurt out, "Look, if things keep going like they're going, we're not going to be done with everything by next Friday. Now it's possible that we'll figure out a way to go faster. But, frankly, I wouldn't depend on that. You should start thinking about one or two tasks that could be removed from the iteration without ruining the demonstration for Russ. Come hell or high water, we are going to give that demonstration on Friday, and I don't think you want us to choose which tasks to omit."   "Aw forchrisakes!" Jane barely manages to stifle yelling that last word as she stalks away, shaking her head. Not for the first time, you say to yourself, "Nobody ever promised me project management would be easy." You are pretty sure it won't be the last time, either.   Actually, things went a bit better than you had hoped. The team did, in fact, have to drop one task from the iteration, but Jane had chosen wisely, and the demonstration for Russ went without a hitch. Russ was not impressed with the progress, but neither was he dismayed. He simply said, "This is pretty good. But remember, we have to be able to demonstrate this system at the trade show in July, and at this rate, it doesn't look like you'll have all that much to show." Jane, whose attitude had improved dramatically with the completion of the iteration, responded to Russ by saying, "Russ, this team is working hard, and well. When July comes around, I am confident that we'll have something significant to demonstrate. It won't be everything, and some of it may be smoke and mirrors, but we'll have something."   Painful though the last iteration was, it had calibrated your velocity numbers. The next iteration went much better. Not because your team got more done than in the last iteration but simply because the team didn't have to remove any tasks or stories in the middle of the iteration.   By the start of the fourth iteration, a natural rhythm has been established. Jane, you, and the team know exactly what to expect from one another. The team is running hard, but the pace is sustainable. You are confident that the team can keep up this pace for a year or more.   The number of surprises in the schedule diminishes to near zero; however, the number of surprises in the requirements does not. Jane and Russ frequently look over the growing system and make recommendations or changes to the existing functionality. But all parties realize that these changes take time and must be scheduled. So the changes do not cause anyone's expectations to be violated. In March, there is a major demonstration of the system to the board of directors. The system is very limited and is not yet in a form good enough to take to the trade show, but progress is steady, and the board is reasonably impressed.   The second release goes even more smoothly than the first. By now, the team has figured out a way to automate Jane's acceptance test scripts. The team has also refactored the design of the system to the point that it is really easy to add new features and change old ones. The second release was done by the end of June and was taken to the trade show. It had less in it than Jane and Russ would have liked, but it did demonstrate the most important features of the system. Although customers at the trade show noticed that certain features were missing, they were very impressed overall. You, Russ, and Jane all returned from the trade show with smiles on your faces. You all felt as though this project was a winner.   Indeed, many months later, you are contacted by Rufus Inc. That company had been working on a system like this for its internal operations. Rufus has canceled the development of that system after a death-march project and is negotiating to license your technology for its environment.   Indeed, things are looking up!

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  • ssh without password does not work for some users

    - by joshxdr
    I have a new RHEL4 Linux box that I am using to copy data to old Solaris 2.6 and RHEL3 Linux boxes with scp. I have found that with the same setup, it works for some users but not for others. For user jane, this works fine: jane@host1$ ssh -v remhost debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /mnt/home/osborjo/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /mnt/home/osborjo/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 277 debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentication succeeded (publickey). for user jack it does not: jack@host1 ssh -v remhost debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /mnt/home/oper1/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /mnt/home/oper1/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive I have looked at the permissions for all the keys and files, they look the same. Since I am using home directories mounted by NFS, the keys for both the remote host and the local host are in the same directory. This is how things look for jane: jane@host1$ ls -l $HOME/.ssh -rw-rw-r-- 1 jane operator 394 Jan 27 16:28 authorized_keys -rw------- 1 jane operator 1675 Jan 27 16:27 id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 jane operator 394 Jan 27 16:27 id_rsa.pub -rw-rw-r-- 1 jane operator 1205 Jan 27 16:46 known_hosts For user jack: jack@host1$ ls -l $HOME/.ssh -rw-rw-r-- 1 jack engineer 394 Jan 27 16:28 authorized_keys -rw------- 1 jack engineer 1675 Jan 27 16:27 id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 jack engineer 394 Jan 27 16:27 id_rsa.pub -rw-rw-r-- 1 jack engineer 1205 Jan 27 16:46 known_hosts As a last ditch effort, I copied the authorized_keys, id_rsa, and id_rsa.pub from jill to jack, and changed the username in authorized_keys and id_rsa.pub with vi. It still did not work. It seems there is something different between the two users but I cannot figure out what it is.

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  • Problem when reading input in C

    - by gcx
    I've made a Linked List. Its elements keep both previous and next items' address. It gets commands from an input file. It detects the command and uses the following statement as a parameter. (text: add_to_front john - means: add_to_front(john)) Code: http://pastebin.com/KcAm1y3L When I try to give the commands from an input file it gives me same output over and over. However, if I write inputs in main() manually, it works. For ex input file: add_to_front john add_to_back jane add_to_back jane print (unfortunately) the output is: >add_to_front john >add_to_back jane >add_to_back jane >print jane jane jane Although, if I write add_to_front(john); add_to_back(jane); add_to_back(jane); print(); instead of this command check: while (scanf("%s",command)!=EOF) { if (strcmp(command,"add_to_front")==0) { gets(parameter); add_to_front(parameter); } else if (strcmp(command,"add_to_back")==0) { gets(parameter); add_to_back(parameter); } else if (strcmp(command,"remove_from_back")==0) remove_from_back(parameter); ... printf(" HUH?\n"); } } in main() it gives the correct output. I know it's a lot to ask but this thing is bothering me for 2 days. What do you think i'm doing wrong?

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  • nvcc not found, but only when using sudo

    - by dsp_099
    I can't get ANYTHING working on linux. I'm trying to compile CudaMiner. sudo make: ypt-jane.o `test -f 'scrypt-jane.cpp' || echo './'`scrypt-jane.cpp mv -f .deps/cudaminer-scrypt-jane.Tpo .deps/cudaminer-scrypt-jane.Po nvcc -g -O2 -Xptxas "-abi=no -v" -arch=compute_10 --maxrregcount=64 --ptxas-options=-v -I./compat/jansson -o salsa_kernel.o -c salsa_kernel.cu /bin/bash: nvcc: command not found make[2]: *** [salsa_kernel.o] Error 127 make[2]: Leaving directory `/var/progs/CudaMiner' make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/var/progs/CudaMiner' make: *** [all] Error 2 So, kind of interesting: nvcc: nvcc fatal : No input files specified; use option --help for more information Whereas sudo nvcc: sudo: nvcc: command not found Huh?? I have identical exports listed in ~/.bashrc AND /etc/bash.bashrc. (Nvcc is located in: /usr/local/cuda-5.0/bin/nvcc) I also tried changing the current path, to no avail: $ sudo bash -c 'echo $PATH' /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin $ PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-5.0/bin/nvcc $ sudo bash -c 'echo $PATH' /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin Thanks in advance!

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  • Completely remove user account and create another with same name in Windows 7

    - by TeaJay
    Here's my question simply and then the details in case they help to get me an appropriate answer. Question: How can I completely and permanently delete a user account in Windows 7 so that I can create another one with the same user name without the computer name extension added, eg Jane Smith not Jane Smith.computer name? The details: I just did a clean install of Windows 7 Professional 32 bit. (My laptop crashed, I reinstalled Vista and restored backup files but things weren't working so I decided to just get Windows 7 since I had to start over anyway). I used Windows Easy Transfer to save just about everything, even customizing to include a user's appdata from Windows.old which was created when I reinstalled Vista -- not knowing that another windows.old file would be created with the installation of Windows 7. After installing Windows 7, I used Windows Easy Transfer to transfer the user file, appdata, to the new user account which I gave the same name (Jane Smith) in case having a different name would cause problems with reading files or something. Afterwards, I realized that I did not want ALL of that junk. So, I thought no problem, I'll just delete the user account I just created, nothing lost, and create another one this time transferring only the files I wanted (using the customize option in windows easy transfer). I wanted to keep the same user name, e.g. Jane Smith, so after I deleted the user account I checked the files, and I didn't see. It was late so I went to bed and the next morning I created a new user with that same name (Jane Smith). The files looked fine if I remember correctly. Meanwhile, I updated the computer and it restarted a couple times. As I was moving files to the "Jane Smith" user account file, things weren't working as they should. I was actually moving files to the deleted user account and that the current user account was named "Jane Smith.computer name" and that's where the files needed to go. I don't like this. It's too confusing. I want just "Jane Smith". How can I do this without just changing the user name (which doesn't change it in the file path etc)? I want the first one GONE. If I can't do this, is it a problem to create an account with another name and still transfer files to it without path or other problems? I hope this question makes sense and that someone can help me. Thank you in advance!

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  • Microsoft T-SQL Counting Consecutive Records

    - by JeffW
    Problem: From the most current day per person, count the number of consecutive days that each person has received 0 points for being good. Sample data to work from : Date Name Points 2010-05-07 Jane 0 2010-05-06 Jane 1 2010-05-07 John 0 2010-05-06 John 0 2010-05-05 John 0 2010-05-04 John 0 2010-05-03 John 1 2010-05-02 John 1 2010-05-01 John 0 Expected answer: Jane was bad on 5/7 but good the day before that. So Jane was only bad 1 day in a row most recently. John was bad on 5/7, again on 5/6, 5/5 and 5/4. He was good on 5/3. So John was bad the last 4 days in a row. Code to create sample data: IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#z') IS NOT NULL BEGIN DROP TABLE #z END select getdate() as Date,'John' as Name,0 as Points into #z insert into #z values(getdate()-1,'John',0) insert into #z values(getdate()-2,'John',0) insert into #z values(getdate()-3,'John',0) insert into #z values(getdate()-4,'John',1) insert into #z values(getdate(),'Jane',0) insert into #z values(getdate()-1,'Jane',1) select * from #z order by name,date desc

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  • Join one row to multiple rows in another table

    - by Ghostrider
    I have a table to entities (lets call them people) and properties (one person can have an arbitrary number of properties). Ex: People Name Age -------- Jane 27 Joe 36 Jim 16 Properties Name Property ----------------- Jane Smart Jane Funny Jane Good-looking Joe Smart Joe Workaholic Jim Funny Jim Young I would like to write an efficient select that would select people based on age and return all or some of their properties. Ex: People older than 26 Name Properties Jane Smart, Funny, Good-looking Joe Smart, Workaholic It's also acceptable to return one of the properties and total property count. The query should be efficient: there are millions of rows in people table, hundreds of thousands of rows in properties table (so most people have no properties). There are hundreds of rows selected at a time. Is there any way to do it?

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  • Access-based Enumeration (December 04, 2009)

    - by user12612012
    Access-based Enumeration (ABE) is another recent addition to the Solaris CIFS Service - delivered into snv_124.  Designed to be compatible with Windows ABE, which was introduced in Windows Server 2003 SP1, this feature filters directory content based on the user browsing the directory.  Each user can only see the files and directories to which they have access.  This can be useful to implement an out-of-sight, out-of-mind policy or simply to reduce the number of files presented to each user - to make it easier to find files in directories containing a large number of files. ABE is managed on a per share basis by a new boolean share property called, as you might imagine, abe, which is described insharemgr(1M).  When set to true, ABE filtering is enabled on the share and directory entries to which the user has no access will be omitted from directory listings returned to the client.  When set to false or not defined, ABE filtering will not be performed on the share.  The abe property is not defined by default.Administration is straightforward, for example: # zfs sharesmb=abe=true,name=jane tank/home/jane# sharemgr show -vp    zfs       zfs/tank/home/jane nfs=() smb=()          jane=/export/home/jane     smb=(abe="true") ABE is also supported via sharemgr(1M) and on smbautohome(4) shares. Note that even though a file is visible in a share, with ABE enabled, it doesn't automatically mean that the user will always be able to open the file.  If a user has read attribute access to a file ABE will show the it but access will be denied if this user tries to open the file for reading or writing. We considered supporting ABE on NFS shares, as suggested by the name of PSARC/2009/375, but we ran into problems due to NFS client readdir caching.  NFS clients maintain a common directory entry cache for all users, which not only defeats the intent of ABE but can lead to very confusing results.  If multiple users are looking at the content of a directory with ABE enabled, the entries that get cached will depend on who looks at the directory first.  Subsequent users may see files that ABE on the server would have filtered out or files may be missing because they were filtered out for the original user. Although this issue can be resolved by disabling the NFS client readdir cache, this was deemed to be an unsuitable solution because it would create a dependency between a server share property and the configuration on all NFS clients, and there was the potential for differences in behavior across the various NFS clients.  It just seemed to add unnecessary administration complexity so we pulled it out. References for more information PSARC/2009/246 ZFS support for Access Based Enumeration PSARC/2009/375 ABE share property for NFS and SMB 6802734 Support for Access Based Enumeration 6802736 SMB share support for Access Based Enumeration Windows Access-based Enumeration

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  • Rewriting from headers in Postfix

    - by inxilpro
    I want to configure Postfix to replace the 'From' header in all forwarded/aliased messages with a custom email address, and the 'Reply-To' header with the original sender's address. Is that something that can be done with a simple configuration change, or am I looking at a more complex problem? For example: Original Message: From: "John Smith" <[email protected]> To: "Jane Rice" <[email protected]> Would get translated to: From: "My Email Forwarding Service" <[email protected]> Reply-To: "John Smith" <[email protected]> To: "Jane Rice" <[email protected]> Ideally, I would also have it rewrite the message body (adding something about how the message was forwarded for them), but I know that's much more difficult. We have a number of email aliases, and everytime someone reports spam they received through their alias, our server gets flagged. I'm trying to minimize that damage as much as possible. Any help is greatly appreciated!

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  • How LINQ to Object statements work

    - by rajbk
    This post goes into detail as to now LINQ statements work when querying a collection of objects. This topic assumes you have an understanding of how generics, delegates, implicitly typed variables, lambda expressions, object/collection initializers, extension methods and the yield statement work. I would also recommend you read my previous two posts: Using Delegates in C# Part 1 Using Delegates in C# Part 2 We will start by writing some methods to filter a collection of data. Assume we have an Employee class like so: 1: public class Employee { 2: public int ID { get; set;} 3: public string FirstName { get; set;} 4: public string LastName {get; set;} 5: public string Country { get; set; } 6: } and a collection of employees like so: 1: var employees = new List<Employee> { 2: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 3: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 4: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 5: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 6: }; Filtering We wish to  find all employees that have an even ID. We could start off by writing a method that takes in a list of employees and returns a filtered list of employees with an even ID. 1: static List<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(List<Employee> employees) { 2: var filteredEmployees = new List<Employee>(); 3: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 4: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 5: filteredEmployees.Add(emp); 6: } 7: } 8: return filteredEmployees; 9: } The method can be rewritten to return an IEnumerable<Employee> using the yield return keyword. 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } We put these together in a console application. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: //No System.Linq 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 15: }; 16: var filteredEmployees = GetEmployeesWithEvenID(employees); 17:  18: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 19: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 20: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 21: } 22:  23: Console.ReadLine(); 24: } 25: 26: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 27: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 28: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 29: yield return emp; 30: } 31: } 32: } 33: } 34:  35: public class Employee { 36: public int ID { get; set;} 37: public string FirstName { get; set;} 38: public string LastName {get; set;} 39: public string Country { get; set; } 40: } Output: ID 2 First_Name Jim Last_Name Ashlock Country UK ID 4 First_Name Jill Last_Name Anderson Country AUS Our filtering method is too specific. Let us change it so that it is capable of doing different types of filtering and lets give our method the name Where ;-) We will add another parameter to our Where method. This additional parameter will be a delegate with the following declaration. public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); The idea is that the delegate parameter in our Where method will point to a method that contains the logic to do our filtering thereby freeing our Where method from any dependency. The method is shown below: 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (filter(emp)) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } Making the change to our app, we create a new instance of the Filter delegate on line 14 with a target set to the method EmployeeHasEvenId. Running the code will produce the same output. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, filterDelegate); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  37: public class Employee { 38: public int ID { get; set;} 39: public string FirstName { get; set;} 40: public string LastName {get; set;} 41: public string Country { get; set; } 42: } Lets use lambda expressions to inline the contents of the EmployeeHasEvenId method in place of the method. The next code snippet shows this change (see line 15).  For brevity, the Employee class declaration has been skipped. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  The output displays the same two employees.  Our Where method is too restricted since it works with a collection of Employees only. Lets change it so that it works with any IEnumerable<T>. In addition, you may recall from my previous post,  that .NET 3.5 comes with a lot of predefined delegates including public delegate TResult Func<T, TResult>(T arg); We will get rid of our Filter delegate and use the one above instead. We apply these two changes to our code. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14:  15: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 16: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 17: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 18: } 19: Console.ReadLine(); 20: } 21: 22: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 23: foreach (var x in source) { 24: if (filter(x)) { 25: yield return x; 26: } 27: } 28: } 29: } We have successfully implemented a way to filter any IEnumerable<T> based on a  filter criteria. Projection Now lets enumerate on the items in the IEnumerable<Employee> we got from the Where method and copy them into a new IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>. The EmployeeFormatted class will only have a FullName and ID property. 1: public class EmployeeFormatted { 2: public int ID { get; set; } 3: public string FullName {get; set;} 4: } We could “project” our existing IEnumerable<Employee> into a new collection of IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> with the help of a new method. We will call this method Select ;-) 1: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (var emp in employees) { 3: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; 7: } 8: } The changes are applied to our app. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees); 15:  16: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 17: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 18: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 19: } 20: Console.ReadLine(); 21: } 22:  23: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 24: foreach (var x in source) { 25: if (filter(x)) { 26: yield return x; 27: } 28: } 29: } 30: 31: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 32: foreach (var emp in employees) { 33: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 34: ID = emp.ID, 35: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 36: }; 37: } 38: } 39: } 40:  41: public class Employee { 42: public int ID { get; set;} 43: public string FirstName { get; set;} 44: public string LastName {get; set;} 45: public string Country { get; set; } 46: } 47:  48: public class EmployeeFormatted { 49: public int ID { get; set; } 50: public string FullName {get; set;} 51: } Output: ID 2 Full_Name Ashlock, Jim ID 4 Full_Name Anderson, Jill We have successfully selected employees who have an even ID and then shaped our data with the help of the Select method so that the final result is an IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>.  Lets make our Select method more generic so that the user is given the freedom to shape what the output would look like. We can do this, like before, with lambda expressions. Our Select method is changed to accept a delegate as shown below. TSource will be the type of data that comes in and TResult will be the type the user chooses (shape of data) as returned from the selector delegate. 1:  2: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: yield return selector(x); 5: } 6: } We see the new changes to our app. On line 15, we use lambda expression to specify the shape of the data. In this case the shape will be of type EmployeeFormatted. 1:  2: public class Program 3: { 4: [STAThread] 5: static void Main(string[] args) 6: { 7: var employees = new List<Employee> { 8: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 12: }; 13:  14: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 15: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees, (emp) => 16: new EmployeeFormatted { 17: ID = emp.ID, 18: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 19: }); 20:  21: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 22: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 23: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 24: } 25: Console.ReadLine(); 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 29: foreach (var x in source) { 30: if (filter(x)) { 31: yield return x; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: 36: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 37: foreach (var x in source) { 38: yield return selector(x); 39: } 40: } 41: } The code outputs the same result as before. On line 14 we filter our data and on line 15 we project our data. What if we wanted to be more expressive and concise? We could combine both line 14 and 15 into one line as shown below. Assuming you had to perform several operations like this on our collection, you would end up with some very unreadable code! 1: var formattedEmployees = Select(Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0), (emp) => 2: new EmployeeFormatted { 3: ID = emp.ID, 4: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 5: }); A cleaner way to write this would be to give the appearance that the Select and Where methods were part of the IEnumerable<T>. This is exactly what extension methods give us. Extension methods have to be defined in a static class. Let us make the Select and Where extension methods on IEnumerable<T> 1: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 2: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: if (filter(x)) { 5: yield return x; 6: } 7: } 8: } 9: 10: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 11: foreach (var x in source) { 12: yield return selector(x); 13: } 14: } 15: } The creation of the extension method makes the syntax much cleaner as shown below. We can write as many extension methods as we want and keep on chaining them using this technique. 1: var formattedEmployees = employees 2: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 3: .Select (emp => new EmployeeFormatted { ID = emp.ID, FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName }); Making these changes and running our code produces the same result. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new EmployeeFormatted { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } 55:  56: public class EmployeeFormatted { 57: public int ID { get; set; } 58: public string FullName {get; set;} 59: } Let’s change our code to return a collection of anonymous types and get rid of the EmployeeFormatted type. We see that the code produces the same output. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } To be more expressive, C# allows us to write our extension method calls as a query expression. Line 16 can be rewritten a query expression like so: 1: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 2: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 3: select new { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; When the compiler encounters an expression like the above, it simply rewrites it as calls to our extension methods.  So far we have been using our extension methods. The System.Linq namespace contains several extension methods for objects that implement the IEnumerable<T>. You can see a listing of these methods in the Enumerable class in the System.Linq namespace. Let’s get rid of our extension methods (which I purposefully wrote to be of the same signature as the ones in the Enumerable class) and use the ones provided in the Enumerable class. Our final code is shown below: 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: using System.Linq; //Added 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 15: }; 16:  17: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 18: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 19: select new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: }; 23:  24: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 25: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 26: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 27: } 28: Console.ReadLine(); 29: } 30: } 31:  32: public class Employee { 33: public int ID { get; set;} 34: public string FirstName { get; set;} 35: public string LastName {get; set;} 36: public string Country { get; set; } 37: } 38:  39: public class EmployeeFormatted { 40: public int ID { get; set; } 41: public string FullName {get; set;} 42: } This post has shown you a basic overview of LINQ to Objects work by showning you how an expression is converted to a sequence of calls to extension methods when working directly with objects. It gets more interesting when working with LINQ to SQL where an expression tree is constructed – an in memory data representation of the expression. The C# compiler compiles these expressions into code that builds an expression tree at runtime. The provider can then traverse the expression tree and generate the appropriate SQL query. You can read more about expression trees in this MSDN article.

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  • How do you jump to a particular row in a DataGridView by typing (a la Windows Explorer details view)

    - by russcollier
    I have a .NET Winforms app in C# with a DataGridView that's read-only and populated with some number of rows. I'd like to have functionality similar to Windows Explorer's (and many other applications) details view for example. I'd like the DataGridView to behave such that when it has focus if you start typing, the current row selection will jump to the row where the (string) value of cell 0 (i.e. the first column in the row) starts with the characters you typed in. For example, if I have a DataGridView with 1 column and the following rows: Bob Jane Jason John Leroy Sam If the DataGridView has focus and I hit the 'b' key on my keyboard, the selected row is now "Bob". If I quickly type in the keys 'ja', the selected row is Jane. If I quickly type in the letters 'jas', the selected row is Jane. If I hit the 'z' key, nothing is selected (since nothing starts with Z). Likewise if Jane is currently selected and I keep typing the letter 'j', the selection will cycle through to Jason, then John, then back to Jane, each time I hit the 'j' key. I've been doing some Googling (and "stackoverflowing" :-)) for awhile and cannot find any examples of this type of functionality. I have a rough idea in my head to do this via some sort of short lived timer thread, collecting the keystrokes on KeyPress events for the DataGridView, and selecting rows based on those collected keystrokes matching a Cells[0].Value.StartsWith() type of condition. But it seems like there has to be an easier way that I'm just not seeing. Any ideas would be much appreciated. Thanks!

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  • One table, need multiple values from different rows/tuples

    - by WmasterJ
    I have tables like: 'profile_values' userID | fid | value -------+---------+------- 1 | 3 | [email protected] 1 | 45 | 203-234-2345 3 | 3 | [email protected] 1 | 45 | 123-456-7890 And: 'users' userID | name -------+------- 1 | joe 2 | jane 3 | jake I want to join them and have one row with two of the values like: 'profile_values' userID | name | email | phone -------+-------+----------------+-------------- 1 | joe | [email protected] | 203-234-2345 2 | jane | [email protected] | 123-456-7890 I have solved it but it feels clumsy and I want to know if there is a better way to do it. Meaning solutions that are either more readable or faster(optimized) or simply best-practice. Current solution: multiple tables selected, many conditional statements: SELECT u.userID AS memberid, u.name AS first_name, pv1.value AS fname, pv2.value as lname FROM users AS u, profile_values AS pv1, profile_values AS pv2, WHERE u.userID = pv1.userID AND pv1.fid = 3 AND u.userID = pv2.userID AND pv2.fid = 45; Thanks for the help!

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  • Segmenting a double array of labels

    - by Ami
    The Problem: I have a large double array populated with various labels. Each element (cell) in the double array contains a set of labels and some elements in the double array may be empty. I need an algorithm to cluster elements in the double array into discrete segments. A segment is defined as a set of pixels that are adjacent within the double array and one label that all those pixels in the segment have in common. (Diagonal adjacency doesn't count and I'm not clustering empty cells). |-------|-------|------| | Jane | Joe | | | Jack | Jane | | |-------|-------|------| | Jane | Jane | | | | Joe | | |-------|-------|------| | | Jack | Jane | | | Joe | | |-------|-------|------| In the above arrangement of labels distributed over nine elements, the largest cluster is the “Jane” cluster occupying the four upper left cells. What I've Considered: I've considered iterating through every label of every cell in the double array and testing to see if the cell-label combination under inspection can be associated with a preexisting segment. If the element under inspection cannot be associated with a preexisting segment it becomes the first member of a new segment. If the label/cell combination can be associated with a preexisting segment it associates. Of course, to make this method reasonable I'd have to implement an elaborate hashing system. I'd have to keep track of all the cell-label combinations that stand adjacent to preexisting segments and are in the path of the incrementing indices that are iterating through the double array. This hash method would avoid having to iterate through every pixel in every preexisting segment to find an adjacency. Why I Don't Like it: As is, the above algorithm doesn't take into consideration the case where an element in the double array can be associated with two unique segments, one in the horizontal direction and one in the vertical direction. To handle these cases properly, I would need to implement a test for this specific case and then implement a method that will both associate the element under inspection with a segment and then concatenate the two adjacent identical segments. On the whole, this method and the intricate hashing system that it would require feels very inelegant. Additionally, I really only care about finding the large segments in the double array and I'm much more concerned with the speed of this algorithm than with the accuracy of the segmentation, so I'm looking for a better way. I assume there is some stochastic method for doing this that I haven't thought of. Any suggestions?

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  • Multiple contacts with shared information

    - by Keith Thompson
    Background: I currently have several hundred contacts, synchronized between a Microsoft Exchange server and several mobile devices. I also save exported copies of the contacts in .vcf format. Is there a good way (application, file format, whatever) to maintain contacts with shared information? A very common scenario is that I have contacts for two or more people who live in the same house, for example: John Doe 123 Main Street, Anytown USA Home: 555-555-1111 Work: 555-555-2222 Mobile: 555-555-3333 E-mail: [email protected] Jane Doe 123 Main Street, Anytown USA Home: 555-555-1111 Work: 555-555-4444 Mobile: 555-555-5555 E-mail: Jane[email protected] As you can see, both contacts have the same home address and phone number, but distinct names and work and mobile phone numbers. (Other information might also be either shared or distinct.) The applications and file formats I'm familiar with don't seem to have a good way to deal with this. If I use a single "John & Jane Doe" contact for both, it's difficult to distinguish the distinct information (if I want to call Jane's mobile phone rather than John's). If I use a separate contact for each, I have to remember to update both of them (or all of them for N 2) when they move or change their home phone number. An ideal solution would let me create a record containing information for their household, and have each of their contact records contain a reference to the household record, so that when I view John's contact record I see both shared and distinct information. Is there anything out there that has good support this kind of thing? (I would think there would be, since it's a very common scenario.) (I suppose I could roll my own system that generates merged .vcf files from some extended format, but that wouldn't play well with synchronizing across multiple devices.)

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  • How to setup Automount/Autofs

    - by matt wilkie
    I've followed the ubuntu help docs for setting up NFSv4 on a server running Ubuntu 10.4LTS and now I'm trying to get Autofs (on ubuntu 10.10) to mount the exports, following these instructions. So far it doesn't work. Where the docs say server -fstype=nfs4 server:/ I'm supposed to replace 'server' with my server's hostname right? If yes, should that be server-foo or server-foo.local? # Sample /etc/auto.master file # --- comments snipped --8<-- +auto.master # pre-existing /nfs /etc/auto.nfs # added by me . # manually created /etc/auto.nfs ubuntu-server.local -fstype=nfs4 ubuntu-server.local:/ ls /nfs/ubuntu-server /nfs/ubuntu-server.local shows nothing. What's the next troubleshooting step?

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  • Typing tutor games with good playablity

    - by matt wilkie
    Are there any linux typing tutor games which are enjoyable games in their own right? I'm a computer professional, but have never learned to type properly. I also don't want my kids to pick up my bad habits! The kids are okay with TuxTyping, for a time. Something like Typing of the Dead sounds great, but is Windows only, and as far as I can tell one of a kind. I also don't want the young'uns hooked on first person shooters just yet. So are there any quality typing games for a range of ages?

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  • Blank screen after Switch User or Resume

    - by matt wilkie
    About half the time when I switch users or resume from standby or resume the screen goes blank (black). If I work the cursor keys I can hear the system bell when it gets to the end of the user list. I can also successfully login, going from memory, but screen stays black. Sometimes closing and re-opening the lid will light up the screen again. Pressing the special Function key to enable/disable external monitor connection has no effect [Fn]-[F5],[Fn]-[F6]. If none of the previous work I need to put the computer into hibernation or full power off to restore screen function. If I watch closely when switching users I think I can see the screen initially start to light up and then quickly fade to black. The computer is an Acer Aspire 3500, model ZL6, running Ubuntu 10.10 installed 2 days ago. No proprietary drivers are in use. I'll provide a list of hardware details as soon as I can figure out how to generate that (didn't there used to be an entry for hardware details under the System menu?). Possibly related questions: No resume after Hibernate or Standby When I resume from suspension - the screen is blank Switch user fails to complete successfully For what it's worth, blank after resume also used to happen occasionally when the laptop was running XP-Home, but nowhere near as often, perhaps 6 or 8 times a year. UPDATE: I found System Administration System Testing and ran the Monitor test. It went very very dark, but the window elements could be discerned, and the whole screen flashed (from very very dark to black). On the third repeat of that same test the screen went to full blaupck and stayed there. Moving the mouse, via touchpad, or touch keys did not wake it up again. I had to close the lid and put the computer into hibernate, and press the power button to restore it. UPDATE2: output of lshw: http://pastebin.com/q7n8676r, lspci: http://pastebin.com/6ujzVK4r UPDATE3: sometimes I can restore the screen by flipping to console 1 with ctrl-alt-F1 and then back to graphical with ctrl-alt-F7.

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  • Error when trying to get movies off my Camera

    - by matt wilkie
    How do I retrieve movies and audio files from my Canon PowerShot S5 IS camera? Shotwell only sees the pictures. Mounting the camera via "Places Canon Digital Camera" and then clicking twice on the resulting desktop icon yields this error: could not display "gphoto2://[usb:001,002]/" There is nothing in /media. update: output of sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40007761920 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4864 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x3ee33ee2 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2364 2612 1999872 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda2 * 1 2364 18979840 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2613 4864 18089159+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda5 2613 4864 18089158+ b W95 FAT32 Partition table entries are not in disk order Solution: install gphotofs, then Nautilus shows camera contents similar to a standard usb storage device (though note that gphotofs does not yet support adding to or deleting contents).

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  • What packages do I install for ffmpeg and libmp3lame?

    - by matt wilkie
    On my desktop Ubuntu 10.4 I use ffmpeg to convert videos to a format my dvd-player understands. On my laptop running 10.10 I can't get the same command to work, what package(s) are missing? ffmpeg -i infile.flv \ -threads 2 -vcodec mpeg4 -vtag divx -acodec libmp3lame -sameq \ outfile.avi #...snip Unknown encoder 'libmp3lame' Using apt-cache search libmp3lame I'm told there exist libmp3lame0 and libmp3lame-dev, both of which I've installed. Using acodec libmp3lame0 doesn't work either.

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  • What packages do I install for ffmpeg and libmp3lame?

    - by matt wilkie
    On my desktop Ubuntu 10.4 I use ffmpeg to convert videos to a format my dvd-player understands. On my laptop running 10.10 I can't get the same command to work, what package(s) are missing? ffmpeg -i infile.flv \ -threads 2 -vcodec mpeg4 -vtag divx -acodec libmp3lame -sameq \ outfile.avi #...snip Unknown encoder 'libmp3lame' Using apt-cache search libmp3lame I'm told there exist libmp3lame0 and libmp3lame-dev, both of which I've installed. Using acodec libmp3lame0 doesn't work either.

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  • wget not respecting my robots.txt. Is there an interceptor?

    - by Jane Wilkie
    I have a website where I post csv files as a free service. Recently I have noticed that wget and libwww have been scraping pretty hard and I was wondering how to circumvent that even if only a little. I have implemented a robots.txt policy. I posted it below.. User-agent: wget Disallow: / User-agent: libwww Disallow: / User-agent: * Disallow: / Issuing a wget from my totally independent ubuntu box shows that wget against my server just doesn't seem to work like so.... http://myserver.com/file.csv Anyway I don't mind people just grabbing the info, I just want to implement some sort of flood control, like a wrapper or an interceptor. Does anyone have a thought about this or could point me in the direction of a resource. I realize that it might not even be possible. Just after some ideas. Janie

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  • Exchange 2010: Receiving "You can't send a message on behalf of this user..." error when trying to configure delegate access

    - by Beaming Mel-Bin
    I am trying to give someone (John Doe) delegate access to another account (Jane Doe) in our test environment. However, I receive the following error from Exchange: *Subject:* Undeliverable: You have been designated as a delegate for Jane Dow *To:* Jane Dow Delivery has failed to these recipients or groups: John Doe You can't send a message on behalf of this user unless you have permission to do so. Please make sure you're sending on behalf of the correct sender, or request the necessary permission. If the problem continues, please contact your helpdesk. Diagnostic information for administrators: Generating server: /O=UNIONCO/OU=EXCHANGE ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP (FYD132341234)/CN=RECIPIENTS/CN=jdoe #MSEXCH:MSExchangeIS:/DC=local/DC=unionco:MAILBOX-1[578:0x000004DC:0x0000001D] #EX# Can someone help me troubleshoot this?

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  • What's the best way to mitigate NFS and sudo?

    - by user225874
    Quick background: We have 40 workstations running Linux. NFS is used extensively for bulk data storage and home directories. This allows users to roam freely will relatively transparent file systems. This is an educational environment where postdocs and students have successfully pulled off a coup of sorts. All have gained root on their individual workstations by grooming a technophobic PI who thinks IT people are evil. If I so much as suggest chroot or sudo restrictions, I'll find myself working out of a broom closet. With that in mind, what's the best way to mitigate something like this below? $ hostname workstation1 $ whoami john $ sudo su jane $ whoami jane $ cp -R /home/nfs/jane /mnt/thumbdrive/

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  • How do I allow e-mail to be relayed through this MTA?

    - by BlueToast
    When I try to send an e-mail using authenticationless relay via telnet, I receive an error message "553 sorry, that domain isn't allowed to be relayed thru this MTA (#5.7.1) rcpt to:[email protected]". How can I allow a specific domain to be whitelisted and allowed through the MTA? There is only one domain I am trying to relay e-mails to (and that domain uses a totally different, independent and standalone mail server with IceWarp). 220 mail4.myhsphere.cc ESMTP ehlo sisterwebsite.com 250-mail4.myhsphere.cc 250-PIPELINING 250-8BITMIME 250-SIZE 41943040 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN CRAM-MD5 250 STARTTLS mail from:[email protected] 250 ok rcpt to:[email protected] 553 sorry, that domain isn't allowed to be relayed thru this MTA (#5.7.1) rcpt to:[email protected] 553 sorry, that domain isn't allowed to be relayed thru this MTA (#5.7.1) rcpt to:[email protected] 553 sorry, that domain isn't allowed to be relayed thru this MTA (#5.7.1) rcpt to:[email protected] 250 ok data 354 go ahead To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Test mail -- please ignore Test, please ignore this Jane Sincerely, BlueToast . 250 ok 1350407684 qp 22451 quit 221 mail4.myhsphere.cc Connection to host lost. C:\Users\genericaccount Not sure what to do. I did some Googling but I'm having a hard time finding relevant results. Most of the search results I get are about trying to receive mail -- but I am trying to send mail. mail.sisterwebsite.com = mail4.myhsphere.com. We use FluidHosting for the e-mail on sisterwebsite.com. (Repeating question just in case) How can I allow a specific domain to be whitelisted and allowed through the MTA?

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  • Additional options in MDL

    - by Jane Zhang
        The Metadata Loader(MDL) enables you to populate a new repository as well as transfer, update, or restore a backup of existing repository metadata. It consists of two utilities: metadata export and metadata import. The export utility extracts metadata objects from a repository and writes the information into a file. The import utility reads the metadata information from an exported file and inserts the metadata objects into a repository.      While the Design Client provides an intuitive UI that helps you perform the most commonly used export and import tasks, OMBPlus scripting enables you to specify some additional options, and manage a control file that allows you to perform more specialized export and import tasks. Is it possible to utilize these options in MDL from Design Client? This article will tell you how to achieve it.      A property file named mdl.properties is used to configure the additional options. It stores options in name/value pairs. This file can be created and placed under the directory <owb installation path>/owb/bin/admin/. Below we will introduce the options that can be specified in the mdl.properties file. 1. DEFAULTDIRECTORY     When we open a Metadata Export/Import dialog in Design Client, a default directory is provided for MDL file and log file. For MDL Export, the default directory is <owb installation path>/owb/bin/. As for MDL Import, the default directory is <owb installation path>/owb/mdl/. It may not be the one you would want to use as a default. You can specify the option DEFAULTDIRECTORY in the mdl.properties file to set your own default directory for MDL Export/Import, for example, DEFAULTDIRECOTRY=/tmp/     In this example, the default directory is set to /tmp/. Be sure the value ends with a file separator since it represents a directory. In Windows, the file separator is “\”. In linux, the file separator is “/”. 2. MDLTRACEFILE     Sometimes we would like to trace the whole process of MDL Export/Import, and get detailed information about operations to help developers or supports troubleshooting. To turn on MDL trace, set the option MDLTRACEFILE in the mdl.properties file. MDLTRACEFILE=/tmp/mdl.trc    The right side of the equals sign is to specify the name of the file for MDL trace information to be written. If no path is specified, the file will be placed under directory <owb installation path>/owb/bin/admin/. However, the trace file may be large if the MDL file contains a large number of metadata objects, so please use this option sparingly. 3. CONTROLFILE       We can use a control file to specify how objects are imported or exported. We can set an option called CONTROLFILE in the mdl.properties file, so the control file can also be utilized in Design Client, for example, CONTROLFILE=/tmp/mdl_control_file.ctl     The control file stores options in name/value pairs. When using control file, be sure the file exists, otherwise an exception java.lang.Exception: CNV0002-0031(ERROR): Cannot find specified file will be thrown out during MDL Export/Import.      Next we will introduce some options specified in control file. ZIPFILEFORMAT     By default, MDL exports objects into a zip format file. This zip file has an .mdl extension and contains two files. For example, you export the repository metadata into a file called projects.mdl. When you unzip this MDL file, you obtain two files. The file projects.mdx contains the repository objects. The file mdlcatalog.xml contains internal information about the MDL XML file. Another choice is to combine these two files into one unzip text format file when doing MDL exporting.    In OMBPlus command related to MDL, there is an option called FILE_FORMAT which is used to specify the file format for the exported file. Its acceptable values are ZIP or TEXT. When the value TEXT is selected, the exported file is in text format, for example, OMBEXPORT MDL_FILE '/tmp/options_file_format_test.mdl' FILE_FORMAT TEXT FROM PROJECT 'MY_PROJECT'    How to achieve this via Design Client when doing an MDL exporting? Here we have another option called ZIPFILEFORMAT which has the same function as the FILE_FORMAT. The difference is the acceptable values for ZIPFILEFORMAT are Y or N. When the value is set to N, the exported file is in text format, otherwise it is in zip file format. LOGMESSAGELEVEL     Whenever you export or import repository metadata, MDL writes diagnostic and statistical information to a log file. Their are 3 types of status messages: Informational, Warning and Error. By default, the log file includes all types of message. Sometimes, user may only care about one type of messages, for example, they would like only error messages written to the log file. In order to achieve this, we can set an option called LOGMESSAGELEVEL in control file. The acceptable values for LOGMESSAGELEVEL are ALL, WARNING and ERROR. ALL: If the option LOGMESSAGELEVEL is set to ALL, all types of messages (Informational, Warning and Error) will be written into the log file. WARNING: If the option LOGMESSAGELEVEL is set to WARNING, only warning messages will be written into log file. ERROR: If the option LOGMESSAGELEVEL is set to ERROR, only error messages will be written into log file. UPDATEPROJECTATTRIBUTES, UPDATEMODULEATTRIBUTES      These two options are used to decide whether updating the attributes of projects/modules. The options work when projects/modules being imported already exist in repository and we use update metadata mode or replace metadata mode to do the MDL import. The acceptable values for these two options are Y or N. If the value is set to Y, the attributes of projects/modules will be updated, otherwise not.      Next, let’s give an example to see how these options take effect in MDL. 1. First of all, create the property file mdl.properties under the directory <owb installation path>/owb/bin/admin/. 2. Specify the options in the mdl.properties file, see the following screenshot. 3. Create the control file mdl_control_file.ctl under the directory /tmp/. Set the following options in control file. 4. Log into the OWB Design Client. 5. Create an Oracle module named ORA_MOD_1 under the project MY_PROJECT, then export the project MY_PROJECT into file my_project.mdl. 6. Check the trace file mdl.trc under the directory /tmp/. In this file, we can see very detail information for the above export task. 7. Check the exported MDL file. The file my_project.mdl is in text format. Opening the file, you can see the content of the file directly. It concats the file my_project.mdx and mdlcatalog.xml. 8. Modify the project MY_PROJECT and Oracle module ORA_MOD_1, add descriptions for them separately. Delete the location created in step 5. 9. Import the MDL file my_project.mdl. From the Metadata Import dialog, we can see the default directory for MDL file and log file has been changed to /tmp/. Here we use update metadata mode, match by names to do the importing. 10. After importing, check the description of the project MY_PROJECT, we can see the description is still there. But the description of the Oracle module ORA_MOD_1 has gone. That because we set the option UPDATEPROJECTATTRIBUTES to N, and set the option UPDATEMODULEATTRIBUTES to Y. 11. Check the log file, the log file only contains warning messages and the log message level is set to WARNING.      For more details about the 3 types of status messages, see Oracle® Warehouse Builder Installation and Administration Guide11g Release 2.

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