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• monitor network bandwidth via ssh

  - by ServerSideX

  I'm running a Centos 6.4 server with cPanel. WHM (admin side panel) shows about 100GB of bandwidth this month. However, the server's RTG shows 3.4TB last 30 days, 121GB past 24 hours alone. Doesn't make sense. I'm trying to trace the cause of this. It's a shared web hosting server for approximately 300 domains. I would appreciate help tracing this down somehow. I utilize CSF firewall and Configserver exploit scanner as well. Day http://s10.postimg.org/ti1qhj5mx/day.png Week http://s7.postimg.org/8ho8kds57/week.png

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• How can I run a speed test for Netflix and Hulu?

  - by Brennan Stehling

  Since the FCC rules were struck down I have noticed that Netflix and Hulu often stall on my Time Warner home connection. I've heard others are experiencing the same delays. I use Speedtest.net regularly from my computer and phone to check my connection and typically at home I get 10 to 15Mbps and occasionally higher. Currently it is around 10Mbps yet Hulu is stalling. Is there a way to specifically test my speeds for streaming Netflix and Hulu?

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• Linux: multiple network connections - 3G/4G / Wifi / LAN / etc; how can i set a preferred network connection to use?

  - by Alex

  I've been looking at how I can setup a laptop that has multiple network interfaces, but a problem exists if all the connections are active, i.e. 3G, WiFi and LAN are all connected, I would like it to default to LAN. I would like to set "weights" or "priority" to each connection, so that if the LAN is unplugged, it'll default to WiFi - if its in range and working, otherwise, it'll switch and use the 3G dongle; I've been looking around and I can see that the "metric" counter for route isn't being used for recent kernels. I thought that would be able to set the preferred gateway / connections - but according to the man page: man route: OUTPUT Metric The 'distance' to the target (usually counted in hops). It is not used by recent kernels, but may be needed by routing daemons. So I'm confused, are there any scripts / apps / anything that can detect active network connections, and by way of configuration, send my default gateway network traffic through that interface if its active / alive?

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• Detecting man-in-the-middle attacks?

  - by Ilari Kajaste

  There seem to be many possible ways to create man-in-the-middle attacks on public access points, by stealing the access point's local IP address with ARP spoofing. The possible attacks range from forging password request fields, to changing HTTPS connections to HTTP, and even the recently discovered possibilit of injecting malicious headers in the beginning of secure TLS connections. However, it seems to be claimed that these attacks are not very common. It would be interesting to see for myself. What ways are there to detect if such an attack is being attempted by someone on the network? I guess getting served a plain HTTP login page would be an obvious clue, and of course you could run Wireshark and keep reading all the interesting ARP traffic... But an automated solution would be a tiny bit more handy. Something that analyzes stuff on the background and alerts if an attack is detected on the network. It would be interesting to see for myself if these attack are actually going on somewhere.

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• Prevent Network Printers Automatically being added to 'Devices and Printers' in Windows 7

  - by Ben

  I think my question is a duplicate of this one, but the original question was never properly answered (the steps described are for Windows XP). I am aware of the option to "Turn off Network Discovery" (under Control Panel All Control Panel Items Network and Sharing Center Advanced sharing settings); I set this option (for both Home/Work and Private) but it doesn't seem to stop the printers getting added, and has the side effect of preventing me from browsing the list of machines on the network (which I need). I've tried the Windows XP registry option - but it doesn't seem to make any difference: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced\NoNetCrawling I find it annoying having the printer list cluttered with printers from all over the office which I am never going to use (especially since lots of them no longer physically exist, users just haven't deleted them from their machines). This must be a real problem for people in massive offices with large numbers of printers - but I can't seem to find a lot of people complaining about it - which makes me think I'm missing something obvious. I don't really want to hack the firewall or turn off sharing completely, I still want to select and use network printers and file shares. Any ideas?

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• CentOS Failover Cluster - SIOCADDRT: No such process (when adding a loopback)

  - by Steve Rolfe

  I'm trying to configure two web servers for a load balancing server. The load balancing aspect works fine (it sees both server, kills 'em if it needs to, and seems to direct traffic fine). The only issue is with the servers looping: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo:0 DEVICE=lo:0 IPADDR=<Virtual IP> NETMASK=255.255.255.255 ONBOOT=yes NAME=loopback Everytime I try a "service network restart" I get a SIOCADDRT: No such process when loading the loopback interface. Anyone have an idea what's causing this?

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• Changing the mac address in a libvirt xml config file breaks network connectivity for the guest

  - by foob

  I'm using Xen with libvirt and trying to set it up on a bridged interface. I am able to install an OS and everything works as I would expect. If I save the xml output from "virsh dumpxml guest", edit the mac address for the interface, and then define the domU with this new xml file I find that traffic is no longer forwarded from the vif0.0 interface to br0. The ifcfg-eth0 file on the guest was automatically updated to reflect the new mac address and the ifconfig output looks the same. Does anyone know why this is happening or how to properly change the mac address for a libvirt configuration?

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• Diagnosing and debugging LAN congestion / connection issues

  - by John Weldon

  What are the top N tools / methodologies used to diagnose and repair network issues? Given a LAN, for example, where users are able to consistently ping an outside server, but any data intensive connections are flaky; how would you begin solving the network issues? I imagine issues like congestion, bandwidth constraints, throughput constraints, etc. are all factors, but I don't know how to diagnose those issues. I'm especially interested in LAN environments (rather than WAN)

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• Configuring WPA WiFi in Ubuntu 10.10

  - by sma

  I am trying to configure my wireless network on my laptop running Ubuntu 10.10 and am having a bit of difficulty. I am a complete Linux newb, but want to learn it, hence the reason I'm trying to set this up. Here's the vitals: It is a Gateway 600 YG2 laptop. It was previously running Windows XP, but I installed Ubuntu 10.10 in place of it (not a dual boot, I removed XP altogether). I have an old wireless card that I'm trying to resurrect. I haven't really used the card in a couple years, but it seems to still work, I just can't connect to my home's wireless network. The card is a Linksys WPC11 v2.5. When I plug it in, Ubuntu recognizes the network, but won't connect to it. My home network uses WPA encryption and the only connection type that Ubuntu's network manager is giving me is WEP and then it asks for a key -- I have no idea what that key should be. So, basically, I'm asking, is there a way I can instead connect through WPA? I've tried creating a new connection in network manager, but that won't work, it keeps falling back to the WEP connection and asking me for a key. I have tried to install the XP driver using ndiswrapper but I don't know if that's working or not. Is there a way to tell if: A) the card is working as it should B) the correct drivers are installed (again, I installed the XP one using ndiswrapper NET8180.INF, but I'm not sure what to do next) Any help would be appreciated. Thank you.

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• http, https and ftp is not working but smtp and imap is working

  - by Unicron

  hi all, yesterday on a computer of a friend a strange thing happened. after booting the ports fo http, https and ftp are closed but e-mail is still working. in the control panel the windows firewall seems active even if he tries to deactivate it. i have a suspision that it is the faul of norton internet security 2010, we have tried to uninstall it, but the uninstallation did not work. when using the removal tool from symantec it just goes to 23% and then it crashes. the process ccSvcHst.exe is still running. how can i safeley remove the rest of norton internet security? thanks in advance [edit] norton internet security 2010 is sucesfully removed, but still no connectivity

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• Event ID 8021 The browser was unable to retrieve a list of servers from the browser master

  - by Ash

  We have a LAN where workstations are randomly losing network connectivity for brief moments of time. The workstations can also take a long time to login to the domain. During our troubleshooting we have found an error log on a few Windows 7 workstations: Warning BROWSER 8021 The browser was unable to retrieve a list of servers from the browser master \\random-pc on the network \Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{BBABCDE9-D8A0-4399-93F2-492FE0848B12}. The data is the error code. What do these errors mean? What computers should have the Computer Browser service enabled, workstations and/or servers? The environment is a mix of Windows 7 & Windows XP workstations on a Windows Server SBS 2011 SP1 domain.

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• All traffic is passed through OpenVPN although not requested

  - by BFH

  I have a bash script on a Ubuntu box which searches for the fastest openvpn server, connects, and binds one program to the tun0 interface. Unfortunately, all traffic is being passed through the VPN. Does anybody know what's going on? The relevant line follows: openvpn --daemon --config $cfile --auth-user-pass ipvanish.pass --status openvpn-status.log There don't seem to be any entries in iptables when I enter sudo iptables --list. The config files look like this: client dev tun proto tcp remote nyc-a04.ipvanish.com 443 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun persist-remote-ip ca ca.ipvanish.com.crt tls-remote nyc-a04.ipvanish.com auth-user-pass comp-lzo verb 3 auth SHA256 cipher AES-256-CBC keysize 256 tls-cipher DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:AES256-SHA There is nothing in there that would direct everything through tun0, so maybe it's a new vagary of Ubuntu? I don't remember this happening in the past.

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• Proxification rulte for System process

  - by kseen

  I'm trying to configure Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 remote debugging and ran into issue: while connecting to remote computer running MSVSMON, client computer sends SYN request for connection. It makes it under the System process (as I see it in TCPView). As every network apps should be configured to use proxy in our network, I'm trying to add devenv.exe to proxification rules to make its traffic goes thru LAN's proxy server. It doesn't help. So my question is how can I make that low-level-system traffic will go through local area network proxy server?

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• IPv6 static routes

  - by user98651

  I am looking to configure a few hosts with IPv6 on my network. The router (running CentOS 5) is configured with an Hurricane Electric (HE) tunnel which works fine on that host. However, I would like to statically add a few additional hosts on the same LAN to have IPv6 through this tunnel. No, I don't want radvd or dhcpv6 to do the work for me in this case. I already have IPv6 forwarding enabled in sysctl.conf. I am looking for help with the next steps (statically adding the routes). Lets say the IP addresses are as follows: Router: 2001:470:1b07:1:: Host1: 2001:470:1b07:2:: How would I go about making them see each other? Thanks in advance for the help.

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• "Address already in use" error from socket bind, when ports are not being used

  - by Ivan Novick

  I can not bind (using C or python sockets) to any port in the range: 59969-60000 Using lsof, netstat and fuser I do not see any processes using these ports. Other ports such as 59900-59968 and 60001-60009 I can bind to them. My OS: is CentOS release 5.5 (Final) 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5 There must be something missing? Anyone have any idea how to debug why this port range is not usable? Cheers, Ivan

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• Looking for software to create a personal hotspot on Mac OS X (not using the built-in ability)

  - by Fred

  I got my nifty little MacBook Air today. Since I will be going on travel I was hoping to use my iPad 3G as screen extension with Air Display. It works being in a shared WiFi network. Sadly Apple is a bit restrictive on the tethering with their mobile devices such as the iPad. Now I read iOS 4.3 will enable the iPad to use tethered networks. But the feature will not be working for iPad 3G. I assume their big partner telecom companies fear everyone will quit their internet contract with them. So I want to create a personal hotspot on my MacBook and use it on my iPad. But the iPad is not able to use this network. The network is visible but not usable. On Windows there is this connectify program which lets the PC act as wireless router. Does anybody know a similar program for Mac which would turn it into a wireless router? Or is there something I don't see with Mac OS X's builtin features?

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• I can't externally access my home server's wordpress website

  - by piratepartypumpkin

  Basically, I can access everything just fine using 127.0.0.1, but if I use my external IP (123.123.123.123), I get page not found. My router is port forwarding HTTP port 80 to port 8080 on my servers internal IP address. In other words: (Application: HTTP | Start: 80 | End: 8080 | Protocol: Both | IP Address 192.168.0.101 | Enable [YES]) I know it's forwarding properly, because when I stop port forwarding, I can access my router page by using my external IP. My virtual hosts file is: NameVirtualHost *:80 <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot /opt/lampstack-5.3.16-0/apps/wordpress ServerName example.com ServerAlias www.example.com </VirtualHost> and my httpd.conf file is: Listen 80 Servername localhost:80 DocumentRoot "/opt/lampstack-5.3.16-0/apache2/htdocs <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny, allow deny from all </Directory> <Directory "/opt/lampstack-5.3.16-0/apache2/htdocs"> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow, deny allow from all </Directory>

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• iptables forwarding between two interface

  - by broody

  So I have a linux box with two wireless interfaces, one is a station and the other an AP. wlan0 (station) - Connected to the internet connection wlan1 (AP) - Other clients connect to it. I would like for clients connected to wlan1 to be able to access the internet on wlan0. And I'd like to do this with iptables as my kernel doesn't have bridging support... Here's what I've tried so far with iptables but it's not working: iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o wlan1 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan1 -o wlan0 -j ACCEPT I'd appreciate any help.

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• Booting off windows image through network

  - by Mr. Sir King Osman

  I have a HP st5742, which is a tower that does not have a hard drive and I am trying to boot it off the network, preferably off an image. It was designed along with the program HP Image Manager, however this program has been discontinued by HP and I can not seem to find a way to get a copy. If this helps, I am running my network with windows server 2008 R2 and would like the streaming client to be running windows. I have spent days searching for a way to deploy this machine however I can not seem to find a straight forward program, guide, or way to do this. I am new to this sort of thing but I willing to reading into the subject, all I need is a point in the right direction. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• Why the server is not responding?

  - by par

  Hello! Our server occasionally refuses to serve a simple HTML page. This is happening during a relatively high number of requests. However, the processor is not heavy loaded and there are a lot of free memory. The error seems to occure 1 out of 50 requests in average, depending on the server load. I need to find the source of the problem and take the appropriate actions to eliminate it. I have a suspicion that the problem source is a huge number of incoming network packets. There are 5000 packets per second on average. Traffic - 2 MBits/sec Can this be the cause of the error? There is an interesting thing, in case the server fails to respond, the request string is not logged to access.log by Apache. The error is repeatable from several client computers. DNS is not involved, since I have accessed the server by the IP. I have profiled the problem case with tcpdump utility. These are the good and bad sessions traced by tcpdump. The request is the same in both experiments. Good - server returns response. Bad - no response, time-out error. ---- Bad ---- 12:23:36.366292 IP 123.45.67.890.61749 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: S 2125316338:2125316338(0) win 8192 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 2,nop,nop,sackOK> 12:23:39.362394 IP 123.45.67.890.61749 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: S 2125316338:2125316338(0) win 8192 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 2,nop,nop,sackOK> 12:23:45.365567 IP 123.45.67.890.61749 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: S 2125316338:2125316338(0) win 8192 <mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK> -------- ---- Good ---- 12:27:07.632229 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: S 3581365570:3581365570(0) win 8192 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 2,nop,nop,sackOK> 12:27:10.620946 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: S 3581365570:3581365570(0) win 8192 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 2,nop,nop,sackOK> 12:27:10.620969 IP myserver.superbservers.com.www > 123.45.67.890.63914: S 2654770980:2654770980(0) ack 3581365571 win 5840 <mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK,nop,wscale 6> 12:27:10.838747 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: . ack 1 win 4380 12:27:10.957143 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: P 1:213(212) ack 1 win 4380 12:27:10.957152 IP myserver.superbservers.com.www > 123.45.67.890.63914: . ack 213 win 108 12:27:10.965543 IP myserver.superbservers.com.www > 123.45.67.890.63914: P 1:630(629) ack 213 win 108 12:27:10.965621 IP myserver.superbservers.com.www > 123.45.67.890.63914: F 630:630(0) ack 213 win 108 12:27:11.183540 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: . ack 631 win 4222 12:27:11.185657 IP 123.45.67.890.63914 > myserver.superbservers.com.www: F 213:213(0) ack 631 win 4222 12:27:11.185663 IP myserver.superbservers.com.www > 123.45.67.890.63914: . ack 214 win 108 -------- Hoster: SuperbHosting OS: Ubuntu Server parameters: E6300 CONROE 1.86GHZ 2 X 1MB CACHE 1066 1GB DDR2 667MHZ This is a link to apache configuration file we use http://repkin5.snow.prohosting.com/apache.txt This is server-status report taken right after time-out error. http://repkin5.snow.prohosting.com/server-status.htm There are only 10 Child Servers running out of 120, so enough space for new requests. VMSTAT procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 0 0 8900 725900 8468 65684 0 0 5 18 11 33 4 3 92 1

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• Cannot access host from a virtualbox guest using bridged adapter

  - by David Dai

  I have a windows 7 host with firewall turned off. And I have a windowsXP guest running on Virtualbox 4.2.4r81684. In my windowsXP guest I tried to connect to the FTP server on my host machine(which used to work well) but it didn't work. I tried to ping my host machine, but it didn't work either. Then I tried to ping my guest from host, it worked well. my guest ip is :192.168.1.95 my host ip is : 192.168.1.9 route table on guest machine is this: C:\Documents and Settings\wenlong>route PRINT =========================================================================== Interface List 0x1 ........................... MS TCP Loopback interface 0x2 ...08 00 27 66 54 6c ...... AMD PCNET Family PCI Ethernet Adapter #2 - Packe t Scheduler Miniport =========================================================================== =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.95 20 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.95 20 192.168.1.95 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 20 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.95 20 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.95 20 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.95 1 Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None arp cache is this: C:\Documents and Settings\wenlong>arp -a Interface: 192.168.1.95 --- 0x2 Internet Address Physical Address Type 192.168.1.1 00-26-f2-60-3c-04 dynamic 192.168.1.9 90-e6-ba-c2-90-2f dynamic It's strange because there was no problem days before and I didn't make any changes to the setting. could anybody help? PS. the guest can communicate with other machines in the LAN(for example 192.168.1.114) ok. it just cannot connect to the host machine.

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• Slower than expected 802.11n wireless network speeds

  - by Ian

  I have two ASUS laptops running Windows 7 connected wirelessly via 802.11n at 150 Mbit, as reported by Task Manager. The router is Netgear WNDR3700. When testing the wireless connection speed using iperf, I'm not getting nearly 150 Mbit: C:\>iperf -c 10.0.0.123 -t 30 ------------------------------------------------------------ Client connecting to 10.0.0.123, TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 8.00 KByte (default) ------------------------------------------------------------ [148] local 10.0.0.116 port 53819 connected with 10.0.0.123 port 5001 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth [148] 0.0-30.0 sec 41.2 MBytes 11.5 Mbits/sec That's a typical result. Running parallel client threads does not increase the overall total speed. Why would I only be getting 11.5 Mbit on a 150 Mbit connection?

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• second ip address on the same interface but on a different subnet

  - by fptstl

  Is it possible in CentOS 5.7 64bit to have a second IP address on one interface (eg. eth0) - alias interface configuration - in a different subnet? Here is the original config for eth0 more etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 # Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5721 Gigabit Ethernet PCI Express DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static BROADCAST=192.168.91.255 HWADDR=00:1D:09:FE:DA:04 IPADDR=192.168.91.250 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 NETWORK=192.168.91.0 ONBOOT=yes And here is the config for eth0:0 more etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0 # Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5721 Gigabit Ethernet PCI Express DEVICE=eth0:0 BOOTPROTO=static BROADCAST=10.10.191.255 DNS1=10.10.15.161 DNS2=10.10.18.36 GATEWAY=10.10.191.254 HWADDR=00:1D:09:FE:DA:04 IPADDR=10.10.191.210 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 NETWORK=10.39.191.0 ONPARENT=yes How would the resolv.conf file should change since there are two different gateways? Any other change needed?

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• Archlinux/atheros WLAN configuration troubles

  - by GrinReaper

  I'm trying to config archlinux to use my wireless network adapter. It's quite troublesome. From what I've gathered, it's an atheros network adapter, using the ath5k driver/module... I can't get it to work; any ideas? Here's some of the output from my tinkering: # lspci | grep -i net 00:0a.0 Ethernet controller: nVidia corporation MCP67 Ethernet (reva2) 03:00.0 Ethernet controller: atheros communications inc. AR5001 Wireless Network Adapter (rev01) # lsusb ... Bus 004 Device 003: ID 03f0:17d Hewlett Packard Wireless (Bluetooth + WLAN Interface [Integrated Module] # ping -c 3 www.google.com ping: unknown host www.google.com #ping -c 3 8.8.8.8 ping: network is unreachable # lspci -v 03:00.0 Ethernet controller: atheros communications inc. AR5001 Wireless Network Adapter (rev01) ... Kernel driver in use: ath5k Kernel modules: ath5k # dmesg |grep ath5k registered as phy0 registered led device ath5k: atheros chip found PCI INT A disabled registered led device registered as phy1 # ip addr | sed '/^[0-9]/!d;s/: <.*$//' 1: lo 2: eth1 3: eth0 # ip link set <interface> up/down RNETLINK answers: Operation not possible due to RF-kill Also, is there a way to dump text from command-line to a text file so i can just copy pasta? Sorry, first time using a linux distro... EDIT: So I just tried this: I actually just did this twice. (I can't tell which setting is on/off for my wireless adapter. The lights are blue all the time now.) #rfkill list 0: hp-wifi: wireless lan softblocked: no hardblocked :yes 1: hp-bluetooth: bluetooth softblocked: no hardblocked :yes 3: phy1: wireless lan softblocked: no hardblocked :yes #rfkill list 0: hp-wifi: wireless lan softblocked: no hardblocked :no 1: hp-bluetooth: bluetooth softblocked: no hardblocked no 3: phy1: wireless lan softblocked: no hardblocked :yes 7: hci0: bluetooh 0: hp-wifi: wireless lan softblocked: no hardblocked :no I've dug around some other articles and it seems like ath5k is supposed to be preferable to madwifi, so should i be using madwifi? I'm 99% sure I disabled the hardblock (by turning it ON) but, as shown above, phy1 wireless lan is STILL hardblocked. What gives? Maybe I've made some more fundamental error in a basic config file? EDIT: I've fixed the hardblock. I've tried pinging www.google.com, but to no avail. I get: ping: unknown host www.google.com In the arch wiki: Edit /etc/hosts and add the same HOSTNAME you entered in /etc/rc.conf: 127.0.0.1 archlinux.domain.org localhost.localdomain localhost archlinux To my understanding, hostname is just a user-specified and based on preference(?) My /etc/rc.conf: HOSTNAME="gestalt" My /etc/hosts: 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost gestalt but should it be the following? 120.0.0.1 localhost.domain.org localhost.localdomain localhost gestalt

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• The physical working paradigm of a signal passing on wire.

  - by smwikipedia

  Hi, This may be more a question of physics, so pardon me if there's any inconvenience. When I study computer networks, I often read something like this in order to represent a signal, we place some voltage on one end of the wire and the other end will detect the voltage and thus the signal. So I am wondering how a signal exactly passes through wire? Here's my current understanding based on my formal knowledge about electronics: First we need a close circuit to constrain/hold the electronic field. When we place a voltage at somewhere A of the circuit, electronic field will start to build up within the circuit medium, this process should be as fast as light speed. And as the electronic field is being built up, the electrons within the circuit medium are moved, and thus electronic current occurs, and once the electronic current is strong enough to be detected at somewhere else B on the complete circuit, then B knows about what has happend at A and thus communication between A and B is achieved. The above is only talking about the process of sending a single voltage through wire. If there's a bitstream and we need to send a series of voltages, I am not sure which of the following is true: The 2nd voltage should only be sent from A after the 1st voltage has been detected at B, the time interval is time needed to stimulate the electronic field in the medium and form a detectable electronic current at B. Several different voltages could be sent on wire one by one, different electronic current values will exists along the wire simutaneously and arrive at B successively. I hope I made myself clear and someone else has ever pondered this question. (I tag this question with network cause I don't know if there's a better option.) Thanks, Sam

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