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The "correct" way to define an exception in Python without PyLint complaining

- by Evgeny

I'm trying to define my own (very simple) exception class in Python 2.6, but no matter how I do it I get some warning. First, the simplest way: class MyException(Exception): pass This works, but prints out a warning at runtime: DeprecationWarning: BaseException.message has been deprecated as of Python 2.6 OK, so that's not the way. I then tried: class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self, message): self.message = message This also works, but PyLint reports a warning: W0231: MyException.__init__: __init__ method from base class 'Exception' is not called. So I tried calling it: class MyException(Exception): def __init__(self, message): super(Exception, self).__init__(message) self.message = message This works, too! But now PyLint reports an error: E1003: MyException.__init__: Bad first argument 'Exception' given to super class How the hell do I do such a simple thing without any warnings?

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Python: How do I pass a variable by reference?

- by David Sykes

The Python documentation seems unclear about whether parameters are passed by reference or value, and the following code produces the unchanged value 'Original' class PassByReference: def __init__(self): self.variable = 'Original' self.Change(self.variable) print self.variable def Change(self, var): var = 'Changed' Is there something I can do to pass the variable by actual reference? Update: I am coming to the conclusion that while Andrea answered my actual question (Can you... No but you can...), on the subject of pass by reference Blair Conrad is more technically correct. As I understand it the crux is that a copy of a reference is being passed. If you assign that copy, as in my example, then you lose the reference to the original and it remains unchanged. If, however, you 'use' that reference, for example append on a passed list, then the original is changed. I will see how the comments and votes go before choosing the answer people think is the best

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Numpy modify array in place?

- by User

I have the following code which is attempting to normalize the values of an m x n array (It will be used as input to a neural network, where m is the number of training examples and n is the number of features). However, when I inspect the array in the interpreter after the script runs, I see that the values are not normalized; that is, they still have the original values. I guess this is because the assignment to the array variable inside the function is only seen within the function. How can I do this normalization in place? Or do I have to return a new array from the normalize function? import numpy def normalize(array, imin = -1, imax = 1): """I = Imin + (Imax-Imin)*(D-Dmin)/(Dmax-Dmin)""" dmin = array.min() dmax = array.max() array = imin + (imax - imin)*(array - dmin)/(dmax - dmin) print array[0] def main(): array = numpy.loadtxt('test.csv', delimiter=',', skiprows=1) for column in array.T: normalize(column) return array if __name__ == "__main__": a = main()

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Overriding constructors

- by demas

Here is sample code: class One def initialize(*args) case args.size when 0 puts "one initialize" when 1 puts "one initialize #{args[0]}" end end end class Two def initialize(*args) if args.size == 2 then puts "two initialize #{args[0]} and #{args[1]}" else super(args) end end end one = One.new one = One.new("thing") two = Two.new("some", "other") two = Two.new("some") Now I'm launching the code and getting the error message: [[email protected]][~/temp]% ruby test2.rb one initialize one initialize thing two initialize some and other test2.rb:17:in `initialize': wrong number of arguments(1 for 0) (ArgumentError) from test2.rb:17:in `initialize' from test2.rb:26:in `new' from test2.rb:26:in `<main>' How can I call parent's constructor from class Two ?

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wxpython: Updating a dict or other appropriate data type from wx.lib.sheet.CSheet object

- by bvmou

If I have a notebook with three spreadsheet widgets, what is the best way to have changes to the spreadsheet update a dictionary (or maybe an sqlite file?). Do all wx grid objects come with a built in dictionary related to the SetNumberRows and SetNumberCols? Basically I am looking for guidance on how to work with the user-input data from a spreadsheet widget, as in this example adapted from the tutorial on python.org: class ExSheet(wx.lib.sheet.CSheet): def __init__(self, parent): sheet.CSheet.__init__(self, parent) self.SetLabelBackgroundColour('#CCFF66') self.SetNumberRows(50) self.SetNumberCols(50) class Notebook(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, id, title): wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent, id, title) nb = wx.Notebook(self, -1, style=wx.NB_BOTTOM) self.sheet1 = ExSheet(nb) self.sheet2 = ExSheet(nb) self.sheet3 = ExSheet(nb) nb.AddPage(self.sheet1, "Sheet1") nb.AddPage(self.sheet2, "Sheet2") nb.AddPage(self.sheet3, "Sheet3") self.sheet1.SetFocus() self.StatusBar()

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python sending incomplete data over socket

- by tipu

I have this socket server script, import SocketServer import shelve import zlib class MyTCPHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self): self.words = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/words.db', 'r'); self.tweets = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/tweets.db', 'r'); param = self.request.recv(1024).strip() try: result = str(self.words[param]) except KeyError: result = "set()" self.request.send(str(result)) if __name__ == "__main__": HOST, PORT = "localhost", 50007 SocketServer.TCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True server = SocketServer.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) server.serve_forever() And this receiver, from django.http import HttpResponse from django.template import Context, loader import shelve import zlib import socket def index(req, param = ''): HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 50007 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((HOST, PORT)) s.send(param) data = zlib.decompress(s.recv(131072)) s.close() print 'Received', repr(data) t = loader.get_template('index.html') c = Context({ 'foo' : data }) return HttpResponse(t.render(c)) I am sending strings to the receiver that are in the hundreds of kilobytes. I end up only receiving a portion of it. Is there a way that I can fix that so that the whole string is sent?

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trying to center a css menu made on purecssmenu.com

- by Party Mcfly

i have a menu that i generated on purecssmenu.com and im having trouble trying to center it on my page here is the code...  <style> #pcm{display:none;} ul.pureCssMenu ul{display:none} ul.pureCssMenu li:hover>ul{display:block} ul.pureCssMenu ul{position: absolute;left:-1px;top:98%;} ul.pureCssMenu ul ul{position: absolute;left:98%;top:-2px;} ul.pureCssMenu,ul.pureCssMenu ul { margin:0px; list-style:none; padding:0px 2px 2px 0px; background-color:#000000; background-repeat:repeat; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; } ul.pureCssMenu table {border-collapse:collapse}ul.pureCssMenu { display:block; zoom:1; float: left; } ul.pureCssMenu ul{ width:80.85000000000001px; } ul.pureCssMenu li{ display:block; margin:2px 0px 0px 2px; font-size:0px; } ul.pureCssMenu a:active, ul.pureCssMenu a:focus { outline-style:none; } ul.pureCssMenu a, ul.pureCssMenu li.dis a:hover, ul.pureCssMenu li.sep a:hover { display:block; vertical-align:middle; background-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; text-align:left; text-decoration:none; padding:2px 5px 2px 10px; _padding-left:0; font:11px Arial; color: #969696; text-decoration:none; cursor:default; } ul.pureCssMenu span{ overflow:hidden; } ul.pureCssMenu li { float:left; } ul.pureCssMenu ul li { float:none; } ul.pureCssMenu ul a { text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; } ul.pureCssMenu li.sep{ text-align:left; padding:0px; line-height:0; height:100%; } ul.pureCssMenu li.sep span{ float:none; padding-right:0; width:3px; height:100%; display:inline-block; background-color:#cccccc #111111 #111111 #cccccc; background-image:none;} ul.pureCssMenu ul li.sep span{ width:100%; height:3px; } ul.pureCssMenu li:hover{ position:relative; } ul.pureCssMenu li:hover>a{ background-color:#000000; border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; font:11px Arial; color: #ffa500; text-decoration:none; } ul.pureCssMenu li a:hover{ position:relative; background-color:#000000; border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; font:11px Arial; color: #ffa500; text-decoration:none; } ul.pureCssMenu li.dis a { color: #666 !important; } ul.pureCssMenu img {border: none;float:left;_float:none;margin-right:2px;width:16px; height:16px; } ul.pureCssMenu ul img {width:16px; height:16px; } ul.pureCssMenu img.over{display:none} ul.pureCssMenu li.dis a:hover img.over{display:none !important} ul.pureCssMenu li.dis a:hover img.def {display:inline !important} ul.pureCssMenu li:hover > a img.def {display:none} ul.pureCssMenu li:hover > a img.over {display:inline} ul.pureCssMenu a:hover img.over,ul.pureCssMenu a:hover ul img.def,ul.pureCssMenu a:hover a:hover img.over{display:inline} ul.pureCssMenu a:hover img.def,ul.pureCssMenu a:hover ul img.over,ul.pureCssMenu a:hover a:hover img.def{display:none} ul.pureCssMenu a:hover ul{display:block} ul.pureCssMenu span{ display:block; background-image:url(./images/arr_white.gif); background-position:right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right:12px;} ul.pureCssMenu li:hover>a>span{ background-image:url(./images/arrv_white.gif); } ul.pureCssMenu a:hover span{ _background-image:url(./images/arrv_white.gif)} ul.pureCssMenu ul span,ul.pureCssMenu a:hover table span{background-image:url(./images/arr_white.gif)} </style>  and here is the html, witch is probably not even needed in this posted but i figure i would include it.. i just want that menu centered inside my website.  <ul class="pureCssMenu pureCssMenum"> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="home.html" target="scare">home</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">about</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#"><span>haunts</span><![if gt IE 6]></a><![endif]> <ul class="pureCssMenum"> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">2009</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">2010</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">2011</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">2012</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">studio</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#"><span>products</span><![if gt IE 6]></a><![endif]> <ul class="pureCssMenum"> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">nightmares</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">hauntworks</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">atmosfears</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">frightwears</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#"><span>links</span><![if gt IE 6]></a><![endif]> <ul class="pureCssMenum"> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">haunts</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">suppliers</a></li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="pureCssMenui"><a class="pureCssMenui" href="#">contact</a></li> </ul> <a id="pcm" href="http://www.purecssmenu.com/">CSS Drop Down Menu by PureCSSMenu.com</a>  thanks in advance for your time.

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ruby block and returning something from block

- by dorelal

I am using ruby 1.8.7. p = lambda { return 10;} def lab(block) puts 'before' puts block.call puts 'after' end lab p Above code output is before 10 after I refactored same code into this def lab(&block) puts 'before' puts block.call puts 'after' end lab { return 10; } Now I am getting LocalJumpError: unexpected return. To me both the code are doing same thing. Yes in the first case I am passing a proc and in the second case I am passing a block. But &block converts that block into proc. So proc.call should behave same. And yes I have seen this post http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2325471/using-return-in-a-ruby-block

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Rails: common approach for handling exceptions in restful actions on objects that have been destroye

- by Greg

It is very common in Rails for an objects_controller controller to have RESTful edit and destroy actions like so: def edit @object = Object.find(params[:id]) end def destroy @object = Object.find(params[:id]) @object.destroy redirect_to :back end With an associated view that provides edit and destroy links like so: <%= link_to "Edit the Object", edit_object_path(object) %> <%= link_to "Delete", object, :confirm => 'Are you sure?', :method => :delete %> And it is easy to blow this up. If I open two browser windows, A and B, destroy an object with the "Delete" link in browser A and then press the "Edit" link in browser B, the find() in the edit action throws an exception. Obviously there are several ways to deal with this in the edit action: catch the exception and recover gracefully use @object = find(:first, "conditions... etc. and test the @object before going further But seeing as this is such a common pattern, I would love to know how other folks deal with this situation.

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Is str.replace(..).replace(..) ad nauseam a standard idiom in Python?

- by meeselet

For instance, say I wanted a function to escape a string for use in HTML (as in Django's escape filter): def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ return string.replace('&', '&').replace('<', '<').replace('>', '>').replace("'", ''').replace('"', '"') This works, but it gets ugly quickly and appears to have poor algorithmic performance (in this example, the string is repeatedly traversed 5 times). What would be better is something like this: def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ # Note that ampersands must be escaped first; the rest can be escaped in # any order. return replace_multi(string.replace('&', '&'), {'<': '<', '>': '>', "'": ''', '"': '"'}) Does such a function exist, or is the standard Python idiom to use what I wrote before?

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closing MQ connection

- by OakvilleWork

Good afternoon, I wrote a project to Get Park Queue Info from the IBM MQ, it has producing an error when attempting to close the connection though. It is written in java. Under application in Event Viewer on the MQ machine it displays two errors. They are: “Channel program ended abnormally. Channel program ‘system.def.surconn’ ended abnormally. Look at previous error messages for channel program ‘system.def.surconn’ in the error files to determine the cause of the failure. The other message states: “Error on receive from host rnanaj (10.10.12.34) An error occurred receiving data from rnanaj (10.10.12.34) over tcp/ip. This may be due to a communications failure. The return code from tcp/ip recv() call was 10054 (X’2746’). Record these values.” This must be something how I try to connect or close the connection, below I have my code to connect and close, any ideas?? Connect: _logger.info("Start"); File outputFile = new File(System.getProperty("PROJECT_HOME"), "run/" + this.getClass().getSimpleName() + "." + System.getProperty("qmgr") + ".txt"); FileUtils.mkdirs(outputFile.getParentFile()); Connection jmsConn = null; Session jmsSession = null; QueueBrowser queueBrowser = null; BufferedWriter commandsBw = null; try { // get queue connection MQConnectionFactory MQConn = new MQConnectionFactory(); MQConn.setHostName(System.getProperty("host")); MQConn.setPort(Integer.valueOf(System.getProperty("port"))); MQConn.setQueueManager(System.getProperty("qmgr")); MQConn.setChannel("SYSTEM.DEF.SVRCONN"); MQConn.setTransportType(JMSC.MQJMS_TP_CLIENT_MQ_TCPIP); jmsConn = (Connection) MQConn.createConnection(); jmsSession = jmsConn.createSession(false, Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE); Queue jmsQueue = jmsSession.createQueue("PARK"); // browse thru messages queueBrowser = jmsSession.createBrowser(jmsQueue); Enumeration msgEnum = queueBrowser.getEnumeration(); commandsBw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(outputFile)); // String line = "DateTime\tMsgID\tOrigMsgID\tCorrelationID\tComputerName\tSubsystem\tDispatcherName\tProcessor\tJobID\tErrorMsg"; commandsBw.write(line); commandsBw.newLine(); while (msgEnum.hasMoreElements()) { Message message = (Message) msgEnum.nextElement(); line = dateFormatter.format(new Date(message.getJMSTimestamp())) + "\t" + message.getJMSMessageID() + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_orig_jms_msg_id") + "\t" + message.getJMSCorrelationID() + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_computer_name") + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_subsystem") + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_dispatcher_name") + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_processor") + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_job_id") + "\t" + message.getStringProperty("pkd_sysex_msg"); _logger.info(line); commandsBw.write(line); commandsBw.newLine(); } } Close: finally { IO.close(commandsBw); if (queueBrowser != null) { try { queueBrowser.close();} catch (Exception ignore) {}} if (jmsSession != null) { try { jmsSession.close();} catch (Exception ignore) {}} if (jmsConn != null) { try { jmsConn.stop();} catch (Exception ignore) {}} }

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How to declare an array inline in VB.NET

- by erik

I am looking for the VB.NET equivalent of var strings = new string[] {"abc", "def", "ghi"};

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Python list as *args?

- by Cap

I have two Python functions, both of which take variable arguments in their function definitions. To give a simple example: def func1(*args): for arg in args: print arg def func2(*args): return [2 * arg for arg in args] I'd like to compose them -- as in func1(func2(3, 4, 5)) -- but I don't want args in func1 to be ([6, 7, 8],), I want it to be (6, 7, 8), as if it was called as func1(6, 7, 8) rather than func1([6, 7, 8]). Normally, I would just use func1(*func2(3, 4, 5)) or have func1 check to see if args[0] was a list. Unfortunately, I can't use the first solution in this particular instance and to apply the second would require doing such a check in many places (there are a lot of functions in the role of func1). Does anybody have an idea how to do this? I imagine some sort of introspection could be used, but I could be wrong.

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Ruby: Calling class method from instance

- by Peter

In Ruby, how do you call a class method from one of that class's instances? Say I have class Truck def self.default_make # Class method. "mac" end def initialize # Instance method. Truck.default_make # gets the default via the class's method. # But: I wish to avoid mentioning Truck. Seems I'm repeating myself. end end the line Truck.default_make retrieves the default. But is there a way of saying this without mentioning Truck? It seems like there should be.

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Python New-style Classes and the Super Function

- by sfjedi

This is not the result I expect to see: class A(dict): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self['args'] = args self['kwargs'] = kwargs class B(A): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(B, self).__init__(args, kwargs) print 'Instance A:', A('monkey', banana=True) #Instance A: {'args': ('monkey',), 'kwargs': {'banana': True}} print 'Instance B:', B('monkey', banana=True) #Instance B: {'args': (('monkey',), {'banana': True}), 'kwargs': {}} I'm just trying to get classes A and B to have consistent values set. I'm not sure why the kwargs are being inserted into the args, but I'm to presume I am either calling init() wrong from the subclass or I'm trying to do something that you just can't do. Any tips?

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Get class of caller's method (via inspect) in Python (alt: super() emulator)

- by Slava Vishnyakov

Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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How does Sentry aggregate errors?

- by Hugo Rodger-Brown

I am using Sentry (in a django project), and I'd like to know how I can get the errors to aggregate properly. I am logging certain user actions as errors, so there is no underlying system exception, and am using the culprit attribute to set a friendly error name. The message is templated, and contains a common message ("User 'x' was unable to perform action because 'y'"), but is never exactly the same (different users, different conditions). Sentry clearly uses some set of attributes under the hood to determine whether to aggregate errors as the same exception, but despite having looked through the code, I can't work out how. Can anyone short-cut my having to dig further into the code and tell me what properties I need to set in order to manage aggregation as I would like? [UPDATE 1: event grouping] This line appears in sentry.models.Group: class Group(MessageBase): """ Aggregated message which summarizes a set of Events. """ ... class Meta: unique_together = (('project', 'logger', 'culprit', 'checksum'),) ... Which makes sense - project, logger and culprit I am setting at the moment - the problem is checksum. I will investigate further, however 'checksum' suggests that binary equivalence, which is never going to work - it must be possible to group instances of the same exception, with differenct attributes? [UPDATE 2: event checksums] The event checksum comes from the sentry.manager.get_checksum_from_event method: def get_checksum_from_event(event): for interface in event.interfaces.itervalues(): result = interface.get_hash() if result: hash = hashlib.md5() for r in result: hash.update(to_string(r)) return hash.hexdigest() return hashlib.md5(to_string(event.message)).hexdigest() Next stop - where do the event interfaces come from? [UPDATE 3: event interfaces] I have worked out that interfaces refer to the standard mechanism for describing data passed into sentry events, and that I am using the standard sentry.interfaces.Message and sentry.interfaces.User interfaces. Both of these will contain different data depending on the exception instance - and so a checksum will never match. Is there any way that I can exclude these from the checksum calculation? (Or at least the User interface value, as that has to be different - the Message interface value I could standardise.) [UPDATE 4: solution] Here are the two get_hash functions for the Message and User interfaces respectively: # sentry.interfaces.Message def get_hash(self): return [self.message] # sentry.interfaces.User def get_hash(self): return [] Looking at these two, only the Message.get_hash interface will return a value that is picked up by the get_checksum_for_event method, and so this is the one that will be returned (hashed etc.) The net effect of this is that the the checksum is evaluated on the message alone - which in theory means that I can standardise the message and keep the user definition unique. I've answered my own question here, but hopefully my investigation is of use to others having the same problem. (As an aside, I've also submitted a pull request against the Sentry documentation as part of this ;-)) (Note to anyone using / extending Sentry with custom interfaces - if you want to avoid your interface being use to group exceptions, return an empty list.)

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mongo_mapper custom data types for localization

- by rick

hi i have created a LocalizedString custom data type for storing / displaying translations using mongo_mapper. This works for one field but as soon as i introduce another field they get written over each and display only one value for both fields. The to_mongo and from_mongo seem to be not workings properly. Please can any one help with this ? her is the code : class LocalizedString attr_accessor :translations def self.from_mongo(value) puts self.inspect @translations ||= if value.is_a?(Hash) value elsif value.nil? {} else { I18n.locale.to_s => value } end @translations[I18n.locale.to_s] end def self.to_mongo(value) puts self.inspect if value.is_a?(Hash) @translations = value else @translations[I18n.locale.to_s] = value end @translations end end Thank alot Rick

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Is there a recommended command for "hg bisect --command"?

- by blokeley

I have an emergent bug that I've got to track down tomorrow. I know a previous hg revision which was good so I'm thinking about using hg bisect. However, I'm on Windows and don't want to get into DOS scripting. Ideally, I'd be able to write a Python unit test and have hg bisect use that. This is my first attempt. bisector.py #!/usr/bin/env python import sys import unittest class TestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test(self): #raise Exception('Exception for testing.') #self.fail("Failure for testing.") pass def main(): suite = unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase(TestCase) result = unittest.TestResult() suite.run(result) if result.errors: # Skip the revision return 125 if result.wasSuccessful(): return 0 else: return 1 if '__main__' == __name__: sys.exit(main()) Perhaps I could then run: hg bisect --reset hg bisect --bad hg bisect --good -r 1 hg bisect --command=bisector.py Is there a better way of doing it? Thanks for any advice.

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Rails: How to produce 404 or redirect upon undesired url exploitation?

- by Baby Diego

I want to hide the urls for editing users and their profiles behind safer and meaningful urls. For instance, I want /user/13/edit to be /settings/account and /user/13/profile/edit to be /settings/profile. I managed to achieve that, but for that I had to load the user information from the current_user bit from the session. Like so: # users_controller def edit @user = current_user end # profiles_controller def edit @user = current_user @profile = @user.profile end But now, since I can't compare @user.id from the params with the current_user in the session, how can I stop the old urls (/user/13/edit and /user/13/profile/edit) from being exploitable? They always load the forms for the current user, so there's no harm done, but I'd be more comfortable if they just produced a 404 error or something. Thanks in advance.

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super() in Python 2.x without args

- by Slava Vishnyakov

Trying to convert super(B, self).method() into a simple nice bubble() call. Did it, see below! Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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Why are all response bodies after the first blank in Cucumber?

- by James A. Rosen

I'm using Cucumber (0.6.3), Cucumber-Rails (0.3.0), Webrat (0.7.0), and Rails (2.3.5) for some tests. The following scenario passes just fine: Scenario: load one page Given I am on the home page Then I should see "Welcome" The following, however, fails: Scenario: load two pages Given I am on the FAQ pag When I go to the home page Then I should see "Welcome" The problem is that the second @response.body is blank. I added a Rack middleware to get a little more information: class LogEachRequest def initialize(app); @app = app; @count = 0; end def call(env) puts "Processing request # #{@count += 1)" @app.call(env) end end It shows me only one request processed. That is, it only ever prints out Processing request # 1

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Hashing a python method to regenerate output when method is modified

- by Seth Johnson

I have a python method that has a deterministic result. It takes a long time to run and generates a large output: def time_consuming_method(): # lots_of_computing_time to come up with the_result return the_result I modify time_consuming_method from time to time, but I would like to avoid having it run again while it's unchanged. [Time_consuming_method only depends on functions that are immutable for the purposes considered here; i.e. it might have functions from Python libraries but not from other pieces of my code that I'd change.] The solution that suggests itself to me is to cache the output and also cache some "hash" of the function. If the hash changes, the function will have been modified, and we have to re-generate the output. Is this possible or a ridiculous idea? If this isn't a terrible idea, is the best implementation to write f = """ def ridiculous_method(): a = # # lots_of_computing_time return a """ , use the hashlib module to compute a hash for f, and use compile or eval to run it as code?

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Need help converting Ruby code to php code

- by newprog

Yesterday I posted this queston. Today I found the code which I need but written in Ruby. Some parts of code I have understood (I don't know Ruby) but there is one part that I can't. I think people who know ruby and php can help me understand this code. def do_create(image) # Clear any old info in case of a re-submit FIELDS_TO_CLEAR.each { |field| image.send(field+'=', nil) } image.save # Compose request vm_params = Hash.new # Submitting a file in ruby requires opening it and then reading the contents into the post body file = File.open(image.filename_in, "rb") # Populate the parameters and compute the signature # Normally you would do this in a subroutine - for maximum clarity all # parameters are explicitly spelled out here. vm_params["image"] = file # Contents will be read by the multipart object created below vm_params["image_checksum"] = image.image_checksum vm_params["start_job"] = 'vectorize' vm_params["image_type"] = image.image_type if image.image_type != 'none' vm_params["image_complexity"] = image.image_complexity if image.image_complexity != 'none' vm_params["image_num_colors"] = image.image_num_colors if image.image_num_colors != '' vm_params["image_colors"] = image.image_colors if image.image_colors != '' vm_params["expire_at"] = image.expire_at if image.expire_at != '' vm_params["licensee_id"] = DEVELOPER_ID #in php it's like this $vm_params["sequence_number"] = -rand(100000000);????? vm_params["sequence_number"] = Kernel.rand(1000000000) # Use a negative value to force an error when calling the test server vm_params["timestamp"] = Time.new.utc.httpdate string_to_sign = CREATE_URL + # Start out with the URL being called... #vm_params["image"].to_s + # ... don't include the file per se - use the checksum instead vm_params["image_checksum"].to_s + # ... then include all regular parameters vm_params["start_job"].to_s + vm_params["image_type"].to_s + vm_params["image_complexity"].to_s + # (nil.to_s => '', so this is fine for vm_params we don't use) vm_params["image_num_colors"].to_s + vm_params["image_colors"].to_s + vm_params["expire_at"].to_s + vm_params["licensee_id"].to_s + # ... then do all the security parameters vm_params["sequence_number"].to_s + vm_params["timestamp"].to_s vm_params["signature"] = sign(string_to_sign) #no problem # Workaround class for handling multipart posts mp = Multipart::MultipartPost.new query, headers = mp.prepare_query(vm_params) # Handles the file parameter in a special way (see /lib/multipart.rb) file.close # mp has read the contents, we can close the file now response = post_form(URI.parse(CREATE_URL), query, headers) logger.info(response.body) response_hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(response.body) # Decode the JSON response string ##I have understood below def sign(string_to_sign) #logger.info("String to sign: '#{string_to_sign}'") Base64.encode64(HMAC::SHA1.digest(DEVELOPER_KEY, string_to_sign)) end # Within Multipart modul I have this: class MultipartPost BOUNDARY = 'tarsiers-rule0000' HEADER = {"Content-type" => "multipart/form-data, boundary=" + BOUNDARY + " "} def prepare_query (params) fp = [] params.each {|k,v| if v.respond_to?(:read) fp.push(FileParam.new(k, v.path, v.read)) else fp.push(Param.new(k,v)) end } query = fp.collect {|p| "--" + BOUNDARY + "\r\n" + p.to_multipart }.join("") + "--" + BOUNDARY + "--" return query, HEADER end end end Thanks for your help.

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How to write two-dimensional array to xml in Scala 2.8.0

- by Shadowlands

The following code (copied from a question from about a year ago) works fine under Scala 2.7.7, but does not behave correctly under Scala 2.8.0 (Beta 1, RC8). import scala.xml class Person(name : String, age : Int) { def toXml(): xml.Elem = <person><name>{ name }</name><age>{ age }</age></person> } def peopleToXml(people: Array[Person]): xml.Elem = { <people>{ for {person <- people} yield person.toXml }</people> } val data = Array(new Person("joe",40), new Person("mary", 35)) println(peopleToXml(data)) The output (according to 2.7.7) should be: <people><person><name>joe</name><age>40</age></person><person><name>mary</name><age>35</age></person></people> but instead comes out as: <people>\[Lscala.xml.Elem;@17821782</people> How do I get this to behave as it did in 2.7.x?

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