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  • How to get full query string parameters not UrlDecoded

    - by developerit
    Introduction While developing Developer IT’s website, we came across a problem when the user search keywords containing special character like the plus ‘+’ char. We found it while looking for C++ in our search engine. The request parameter output in ASP.NET was “c “. I found it strange that it removed the ‘++’ and replaced it with a space… Analysis After a bit of Googling and Reflection, it turns out that ASP.NET calls UrlDecode on each parameters retreived by the Request(“item”) method. The Request.Params property is affected by this two since it mashes all QueryString, Forms and other collections into a single one. Workaround Finally, I solve the puzzle usign the Request.RawUrl property and parsing it with the same RegEx I use in my url re-writter. The RawUrl not affected by anything. As its name say it, it’s raw. Published on http://www.developerit.com/

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  • SQL server recursive query error.The maximum recursion 100 has been exhausted before statement completion

    - by ienax_ridens
    I have a recursive query that returns an error when I run it; in other databases (with more data) I have not the problem. In my case this query returns 2 colums (ID_PARENT and ID_CHILD) doing a recursion because my tree can have more than one level, bit I wanna have only "direct" parent. NOTE: I tried to put OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0) at the end of the query, but with no luck. The following query is only a part of the entire query, I tried to put OPTION only at the end of the "big query" having a continous running query, but no errors displayed. Error have in SQL Server: "The statement terminated.The maximum recursion 100 has been exhausted before statement completion" The query is the following: WITH q AS (SELECT ID_ITEM, ID_ITEM AS ID_ITEM_ANCESTOR FROM ITEMS_TABLE i JOIN ITEMS_TYPES_TABLE itt ON itt.ID_ITEM_TYPE = i.ID_ITEM_TYPE UNION ALL SELECT i.ID_ITEM, q.ID_ITEM_ANCESTOR FROM q JOIN ITEMS_TABLE i ON i.ID_ITEM_PADRE = q.ID_ITEM JOIN ITEMS_TYPES_TABLE itt ON itt.ID_ITEM_TYPE = i.ID_ITEM_TYPE) SELECT ID_ITEM AS ID_CHILD, ID_ITEM_ANCESTOR AS ID_PARENT FROM q I need a suggestion to re-write this query to avoid the error of recursion and see the data, that are few.

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  • SQL SERVER – Quiz and Video – Introduction to Hierarchical Query using a Recursive CTE

    - by pinaldave
    This blog post is inspired from SQL Queries Joes 2 Pros: SQL Query Techniques For Microsoft SQL Server 2008 – SQL Exam Prep Series 70-433 – Volume 2.[Amazon] | [Flipkart] | [Kindle] | [IndiaPlaza] This is follow up blog post of my earlier blog post on the same subject - SQL SERVER – Introduction to Hierarchical Query using a Recursive CTE – A Primer. In the article we discussed various basics terminology of the CTE. The article further covers following important concepts of common table expression. What is a Common Table Expression (CTE) Building a Recursive CTE Identify the Anchor and Recursive Query Add the Anchor and Recursive query to a CTE Add an expression to track hierarchical level Add a self-referencing INNER JOIN statement Above six are the most important concepts related to CTE and SQL Server.  There are many more things one has to learn but without beginners fundamentals one can’t learn the advanced  concepts. Let us have small quiz and check how many of you get the fundamentals right. Quiz 1) You have an employee table with the following data. EmpID FirstName LastName MgrID 1 David Kennson 11 2 Eric Bender 11 3 Lisa Kendall 4 4 David Lonning 11 5 John Marshbank 4 6 James Newton 3 7 Sally Smith NULL You need to write a recursive CTE that shows the EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, and employee level. The CEO should be listed at Level 1. All people who work for the CEO will be listed at Level 2. All of the people who work for those people will be listed at Level 3. Which CTE code will achieve this result? WITH EmpList AS (SELECT Boss.EmpID, Boss.FName, Boss.LName, Boss.MgrID, 1 AS Lvl FROM Employee AS Boss WHERE Boss.MgrID IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT E.EmpID, E.FirstName, E.LastName, E.MgrID, EmpList.Lvl + 1 FROM Employee AS E INNER JOIN EmpList ON E.MgrID = EmpList.EmpID) SELECT * FROM EmpList WITH EmpListAS (SELECT EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, 1 as Lvl FROM Employee WHERE MgrID IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, 2 as Lvl ) SELECT * FROM BossList WITH EmpList AS (SELECT EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, 1 as Lvl FROM Employee WHERE MgrID is NOT NULL UNION SELECT EmpID, FirstName, LastName, MgrID, BossList.Lvl + 1 FROM Employee INNER JOIN EmpList BossList ON Employee.MgrID = BossList.EmpID) SELECT * FROM EmpList 2) You have a table named Employee. The EmployeeID of each employee’s manager is in the ManagerID column. You need to write a recursive query that produces a list of employees and their manager. The query must also include the employee’s level in the hierarchy. You write the following code segment: WITH EmployeeList (EmployeeID, FullName, ManagerName, Level) AS ( –PICK ANSWER CODE HERE ) SELECT EmployeeID, FullName, ” AS [ManagerID], 1 AS [Level] FROM Employee WHERE ManagerID IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT emp.EmployeeID, emp.FullName mgr.FullName, 1 + 1 AS [Level] FROM Employee emp JOIN Employee mgr ON emp.ManagerID = mgr.EmployeeId SELECT EmployeeID, FullName, ” AS [ManagerID], 1 AS [Level] FROM Employee WHERE ManagerID IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT emp.EmployeeID, emp.FullName, mgr.FullName, mgr.Level + 1 FROM EmployeeList mgr JOIN Employee emp ON emp.ManagerID = mgr.EmployeeId Now make sure that you write down all the answers on the piece of paper. Watch following video and read earlier article over here. If you want to change the answer you still have chance. Solution 1) 1 2) 2 Now compare let us check the answers and compare your answers to following answers. I am very confident you will get them correct. Available at USA: Amazon India: Flipkart | IndiaPlaza Volume: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Please leave your feedback in the comment area for the quiz and video. Did you know all the answers of the quiz? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: Joes 2 Pros, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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  • SQL University: Parallelism Week - Part 2, Query Processing

    - by Adam Machanic
    Welcome back for the second part of Parallelism Week here at SQL University . Get your pencils ready, and make sure to raise your hand if you have a question. Last time we covered the necessary background material to help you understand how the SQL Server Operating System schedules its many active threads, and the differences between its behavior and that of the Windows operating system's scheduler. We also discussed some of the variations on the theme of parallel processing. Today we'll take a look...(read more)

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  • Do you play Sudoku ?

    - by Gilles Haro
    Did you know that 11gR2 database could solve a Sudoku puzzle with a single query and, most of the time, and this in less than a second ? The following query shows you how ! Simply pass a flattened Sudoku grid to it a get the result instantaneously ! col "Solution" format a9 col "Problem" format a9 with Iteration( initialSudoku, Step, EmptyPosition ) as ( select initialSudoku, InitialSudoku, instr( InitialSudoku, '-' )        from ( select '--64----2--7-35--1--58-----27---3--4---------4--2---96-----27--7--58-6--3----18--' InitialSudoku from dual )    union all    select initialSudoku        , substr( Step, 1, EmptyPosition - 1 ) || OneDigit || substr( Step, EmptyPosition + 1 )         , instr( Step, '-', EmptyPosition + 1 )      from Iteration         , ( select to_char( rownum ) OneDigit from dual connect by rownum <= 9 ) OneDigit     where EmptyPosition > 0       and not exists          ( select null              from ( select rownum IsPossible from dual connect by rownum <= 9 )             where OneDigit = substr( Step, trunc( ( EmptyPosition - 1 ) / 9 ) * 9 + IsPossible, 1 )   -- One line must contain the 1-9 digits                or OneDigit = substr( Step, mod( EmptyPosition - 1, 9 ) - 8 + IsPossible * 9, 1 )      -- One row must contain the 1-9 digits                or OneDigit = substr( Step, mod( trunc( ( EmptyPosition - 1 ) / 3 ), 3 ) * 3           -- One square must contain the 1-9 digits                            + trunc( ( EmptyPosition - 1 ) / 27 ) * 27 + IsPossible                            + trunc( ( IsPossible - 1 ) / 3 ) * 6 , 1 )          ) ) select initialSudoku "Problem", Step "Solution"    from Iteration  where EmptyPosition = 0 ;   The Magic thing behind this is called Recursive Subquery Factoring. The Oracle documentation gives the following definition: If a subquery_factoring_clause refers to its own query_name in the subquery that defines it, then the subquery_factoring_clause is said to be recursive. A recursive subquery_factoring_clause must contain two query blocks: the first is the anchor member and the second is the recursive member. The anchor member must appear before the recursive member, and it cannot reference query_name. The anchor member can be composed of one or more query blocks combined by the set operators: UNION ALL, UNION, INTERSECT or MINUS. The recursive member must follow the anchor member and must reference query_name exactly once. You must combine the recursive member with the anchor member using the UNION ALL set operator. This new feature is a replacement of this old Hierarchical Query feature that exists in Oracle since the days of Aladdin (well, at least, release 2 of the database in 1977). Everyone remembers the old syntax : select empno, ename, job, mgr, level      from   emp      start with mgr is null      connect by prior empno = mgr; that could/should be rewritten (but not as often as it should) as withT_Emp (empno, name, level) as        ( select empno, ename, job, mgr, level             from   emp             start with mgr is null             connect by prior empno = mgr        ) select * from   T_Emp; which uses the "with" syntax, whose main advantage is to clarify the readability of the query. Although very efficient, this syntax had the disadvantage of being a Non-Ansi Sql Syntax. Ansi-Sql version of Hierarchical Query is called Recursive Subquery Factoring. As of 11gR2, Oracle got compliant with Ansi Sql and introduced Recursive Subquery Factoring. It is basically an extension of the "With" clause that enables recursion. Now, the new syntax for the query would be with T_Emp (empno, name, job, mgr, hierlevel) as       ( select E.empno, E.ename, E.job, E.mgr, 1 from emp E where E.mgr is null         union all         select E.empno, E.ename, E.job, E.mgr, T.hierlevel + 1from emp E                                                                                                            join T_Emp T on ( E.mgr = T.empno ) ) select * from   T_Emp; The anchor member is a replacement for the "start with" The recursive member is processed through iterations. It joins the Source table (EMP) with the result from the Recursive Query itself (T_Emp) Each iteration works with the results of all its preceding iterations.     Iteration 1 works on the results of the first query     Iteration 2 works on the results of Iteration 1 and first query     Iteration 3 works on the results of Iteration 1, Iteration 2 and first query. So, knowing that, the Sudoku query it self-explaining; The anchor member contains the "Problem" : The Initial Sudoku and the Position of the first "hole" in the grid. The recursive member tries to replace the considered hole with any of the 9 digit that would satisfy the 3 rules of sudoku Recursion progress through the grid until it is complete.   Another example :  Fibonaccy Numbers :  un = (un-1) + (un-2) with Fib (u1, u2, depth) as   (select 1, 1, 1 from dual    union all    select u1+u2, u1, depth+1 from Fib where depth<10) select u1 from Fib; Conclusion Oracle brings here a new feature (which, to be honest, already existed on other concurrent systems) and extends the power of the database to new boundaries. It’s now up to developers to try and test it and find more useful application than solving puzzles… But still, solving a Sudoku in less time it takes to say it remains impressive… Interesting links: You might be interested by the following links which cover different aspects of this feature Oracle Documentation Lucas Jellema 's Blog Fibonaci Numbers

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  • Complex query making site extremely slow

    - by Basit
    select SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS DISTINCT media.*, username from album as album, album_permission as permission, user as user, media as media , word_tag as word_tag, tag as tag where ((media.album_id = album.album_id and album.private = 'yes' and album.album_id = permission.album_id and (permission.email = '' or permission.user_id = '') ) or (media.album_id = album.album_id and album.private = 'no' ) or media.album_id = '0' ) and media.status = '1' and media.user_id = user.user_id and word_tag.media_id = media.media_id and word_tag.tag_id = tag.tag_id and tag.name in ('justin','bieber','malfunction','katherine','heigl','wardrobe','cinetube') and media.media_type = 'video' and media.media_id not in ('YHL6a5z8MV4') group by media.media_id order by RAND() #there is limit too, by 20 rows.. i dont know where to begin explaining about this query, but please forgive me and ask me if you have any question. following is the explanation. SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS is calculating how many rows are there and will be using for pagination, so it counts total records, even tho only 20 is showing. DISTINCT will stop the repeated row to display. username is from user table. album, album_permission. its checking if album is private and if it is, then check if user has permission, by user_id. i think rest is easy to understand, but if you need to know more about it, then please ask. im really frustrated by this query and site is very slow or not opening sometimes cause of this query. please help

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  • SQL SERVER – SSMS Automatically Generates TOP (100) PERCENT in Query Designer

    - by pinaldave
    Earlier this week, I was surfing various SQL forums to see what kind of help developer need in the SQL Server world. One of the question indeed caught my attention. I am here regenerating complete question as well scenario to illustrate the point in a precise manner. Additionally, I have added added second part of the question to give completeness. Question: I am trying to create a view in Query Designer (not in the New Query Window). Every time I am trying to create a view it always adds  TOP (100) PERCENT automatically on the T-SQL script. No matter what I do, it always automatically adds the TOP (100) PERCENT to the script. I have attempted to copy paste from notepad, build a query and a few other things – there is no success. I am really not sure what I am doing wrong with Query Designer. Here is my query script: (I use AdventureWorks as a sample database) SELECT Person.Address.AddressID FROM Person.Address INNER JOIN Person.AddressType ON Person.Address.AddressID = Person.AddressType.AddressTypeID ORDER BY Person.Address.AddressID This script automatically replaces by following query: SELECT TOP (100) PERCENT Person.Address.AddressID FROM Person.Address INNER JOIN Person.AddressType ON Person.Address.AddressID = Person.AddressType.AddressTypeID ORDER BY Person.Address.AddressID However, when I try to do the same from New Query Window it works totally fine. However, when I attempt to create a view of the same query it gives following error. Msg 1033, Level 15, State 1, Procedure myView, Line 6 The ORDER BY clause is invalid in views, inline functions, derived tables, subqueries, and common table expressions, unless TOP, OFFSET or FOR XML is also specified. It is pretty clear to me now that the script which I have written seems to need TOP (100) PERCENT, so Query . Why do I need it? Is there any work around to this issue. I particularly find this question pretty interesting as it really touches the fundamentals of the T-SQL query writing. Please note that the query which is automatically changed is not in New Query Editor but opened from SSMS using following way. Database >> Views >> Right Click >> New View (see the image below) Answer: The answer to the above question can be very long but I will keep it simple and to the point. There are three things to discuss in above script 1) Reason for Error 2) Reason for Auto generates TOP (100) PERCENT and 3) Potential solutions to the above error. Let us quickly see them in detail. 1) Reason for Error The reason for error is already given in the error. ORDER BY is invalid in the views and a few other objects. One has to use TOP or other keywords along with it. The way semantics of the query works where optimizer only follows(honors) the ORDER BY in the same scope or the same SELECT/UPDATE/DELETE statement. There is a possibility that one can order after the scope of the view again the efforts spend to order view will be wasted. The final resultset of the query always follows the final ORDER BY or outer query’s order and due to the same reason optimizer follows the final order of the query and not of the views (as view will be used in another query for further processing e.g. in SELECT statement). Due to same reason ORDER BY is now allowed in the view. For further accuracy and clear guidance I suggest you read this blog post by Query Optimizer Team. They have explained it very clear manner the same subject. 2) Reason for Auto Generated TOP (100) PERCENT One of the most popular workaround to above error is to use TOP (100) PERCENT in the view. Now TOP (100) PERCENT allows user to use ORDER BY in the query and allows user to overcome above error which we discussed. This gives the impression to the user that they have resolved the error and successfully able to use ORDER BY in the View. Well, this is incorrect as well. The way this works is when TOP (100) PERCENT is used the result is not guaranteed as well it is ignored in our the query where the view is used. Here is the blog post on this subject: Interesting Observation – TOP 100 PERCENT and ORDER BY. Now when you create a new view in the SSMS and build a query with ORDER BY to avoid the error automatically it adds the TOP 100 PERCENT. Here is the connect item for the same issue. I am sure there will be more connect items as well but I could not find them. 3) Potential Solutions If you are reading this post from the beginning in that case, it is clear by now that ORDER BY should not be used in the View as it does not serve any purpose unless there is a specific need of it. If you are going to use TOP 100 PERCENT with ORDER BY there is absolutely no need of using ORDER BY rather avoid using it all together. Here is another blog post of mine which describes the same subject ORDER BY Does Not Work – Limitation of the Views Part 1. It is valid to use ORDER BY in a view if there is a clear business need of using TOP with any other percentage lower than 100 (for example TOP 10 PERCENT or TOP 50 PERCENT etc). In most of the cases ORDER BY is not needed in the view and it should be used in the most outer query for present result in desired order. User can remove TOP 100 PERCENT and ORDER BY from the view before using the view in any query or procedure. In the most outer query there should be ORDER BY as per the business need. I think this sums up the concept in a few words. This is a very long topic and not easy to illustrate in one single blog post. I welcome your comments and suggestions. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Server Management Studio, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL View, T SQL, Technology

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  • How to optimize this MySQL query

    - by James Simpson
    This query was working fine when the database was small, but now that there are millions of rows in the database, I am realizing I should have looked at optimizing this earlier. It is looking at over 600,000 rows and is Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort (which leads to an execution time of 5-10 seconds). It is using an index on the field 'battle_type.' SELECT username, SUM( outcome ) AS wins, COUNT( * ) - SUM( outcome ) AS losses FROM tblBattleHistory WHERE battle_type = '0' && outcome < '2' GROUP BY username ORDER BY wins DESC , losses ASC , username ASC LIMIT 0 , 50

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  • SQL SERVER – Quiz and Video – Introduction to Basics of a Query Hint

    - by pinaldave
    This blog post is inspired from SQL Architecture Basics Joes 2 Pros: Core Architecture concepts – SQL Exam Prep Series 70-433 – Volume 3. [Amazon] | [Flipkart] | [Kindle] | [IndiaPlaza] This is follow up blog post of my earlier blog post on the same subject - SQL SERVER – Introduction to Basics of a Query Hint – A Primer. In the article we discussed various basics terminology of the query hints. The article further covers following important concepts of query hints. Expecting Seek and getting a Scan Creating an index for improved optimization Implementing the query hint Above three are the most important concepts related to query hint and SQL Server.  There are many more things one has to learn but without beginners fundamentals one can’t learn the advanced  concepts. Let us have small quiz and check how many of you get the fundamentals right. Quiz 1) You have the following query: DECLARE @UlaChoice TinyInt SET @Type = 1 SELECT * FROM LegalActivity WHERE UlaChoice = @UlaChoice You have a nonclustered index named IX_Legal_Ula on the UlaChoice field. The Primary key is on the ID field and called PK_Legal_ID 99% of the time the value of the @UlaChoice is set to ‘YP101′. What query will achieve the best optimization for this query? SELECT * FROM LegalActivity WHERE UlaChoice = @UlaChoice WITH(INDEX(X_Legal_Ula)) SELECT * FROM LegalActivity WHERE UlaChoice = @UlaChoice WITH(INDEX(PK_Legal_ID)) SELECT * FROM LegalActivity WHERE UlaChoice = @UlaChoice OPTION (Optimize FOR(@UlaChoice = ‘YP101′)) 2) You have the following query: SELECT * FROM CurrentProducts WHERE ShortName = ‘Yoga Trip’ You have a nonclustered index on the ShortName field and the query runs an efficient index seek. You change your query to use a variable for ShortName and now you are using a slow index scan. What query hint can you use to get the same execution time as before? WITH LOCK FAST OPTIMIZE FOR MAXDOP READONLY Now make sure that you write down all the answers on the piece of paper. Watch following video and read earlier article over here. If you want to change the answer you still have chance. Solution 1) 3 2) 4 Now compare let us check the answers and compare your answers to following answers. I am very confident you will get them correct. Available at USA: Amazon India: Flipkart | IndiaPlaza Volume: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Please leave your feedback in the comment area for the quiz and video. Did you know all the answers of the quiz? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: Joes 2 Pros, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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  • SQL SERVER – Discard Results After Query Execution – SSMS

    - by pinaldave
    The first thing I do any day is to turn on the computer. Today I woke up and as soon as I turned on the computer I saw a chat message from a friend. He was a bit confused and wanted me to help him. Just as usual I am keeping the relevant conversation in focus and documenting our conversation as chat. Let us call him Ajit. Ajit: Pinal, every time I run a query there is no result displayed in the SSMS but when I run the query in my application it works and returns an appropriate result. Pinal:  Have you tried with different parameters? Ajit: Same thing. However, it works from another computer when I connect to the same server with the same query parameters? Pinal: What? That is new and I believe it is something to do with SSMS and not with the server. Send me screenshot please. Ajit: I believe so, let me send you a screenshot, Pinal: (looking at the screenshot) Oh man, there is no result-tab at all. Ajit: That is what the problem is. It does not have the tab which displays the result. This works just fine from another computer. Pinal: Have you referred Nakul’s blog post – SSMS – Query result options – Discard result after query executes, that talks about setting which can discard the query results after execution. (After a while) Ajit: I think it seems like on the computer where I am running the query my SSMS seems to have the option enabled related to discarding results. I fixed it by following Nakul’s blog post. Pinal: Great! Quite often I get the question what is the importance of the feature. Let us first see how to turn on or turn off this feature in SQL Server Management Studio 2012. In SSMS 2012 go to Tools >> Options >> Query Results > SQL Server >> Results to Grid >> Discard Results After Query Execution. When enabled this option will discard results after the execution. The advantage of disabling the option is that it will improve the performance by using less memory. However the real question is why would someone enable or disable the option. What are the cases when someone wants to run the query but do not care about the result? Matter of the fact, it does not make sense at all to run query and not care about the result. The matter of the fact, I can see quite a few reasons for using this option. I often enable this option when I am doing performance tuning exercise. During performance tuning exercise when I am working with execution plans and do not need results to verify every time or when I am tuning Indexes and its effect on execution plan I do not need the results. In this kind of situations I do keep this option on and discard the results. It always helps me big time as in most of the performance tuning exercise I am dealing with huge amount of the data and dealing with this data can be expensive. Nakul’s has done the experiment here already but I am going to repeat the same again using AdventureWorks Database. Run following T-SQL Script with and without enabling the option to discard the results. USE AdventureWorks2012 GO SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail GO 10 After enabling Discard Results After Query Execution After disabling Discard Results After Query Execution Well, this is indeed a good option when someone is debugging the execution plan or does not want the result to be displayed. Please note that this option does not reduce IO or CPU usage for SQL Server. It just discards the results after execution and a good help for debugging on the development server. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Server Management Studio, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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  • SQL SERVER – How to Ignore Columnstore Index Usage in Query

    - by pinaldave
    Earlier I wrote about SQL SERVER – Fundamentals of Columnstore Index and very first question I received in email was as following. “We are using SQL Server 2012 CTP3 and so far so good. In our data warehouse solution we have created 1 non-clustered columnstore index on our large fact table. We have very unique situation but your article did not cover it. We are running few queries on our fact table which is working very efficiently but there is one query which earlier was running very fine but after creating this non-clustered columnstore index this query is running very slow. We dropped the columnstore index and suddenly this one query is running fast but other queries which were benefited by this columnstore index it is running slow. Any workaround in this situation?” In summary the question in simple words “How can we ignore using columnstore index in selective queries?” Very interesting question – you can use I can understand there may be the cases when columnstore index is not ideal and needs to be ignored the same. You can use the query hint IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX to ignore the columnstore index. SQL Server Engine will use any other index which is best after ignoring the columnstore index. Here is the quick script to prove the same. We will first create sample database and then create columnstore index on the same. Once columnstore index is created we will write simple query. This query will use columnstore index. We will then show the usage of the query hint. USE AdventureWorks GO -- Create New Table CREATE TABLE [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail]( [SalesOrderID] [int] NOT NULL, [SalesOrderDetailID] [int] NOT NULL, [CarrierTrackingNumber] [nvarchar](25) NULL, [OrderQty] [smallint] NOT NULL, [ProductID] [int] NOT NULL, [SpecialOfferID] [int] NOT NULL, [UnitPrice] [money] NOT NULL, [UnitPriceDiscount] [money] NOT NULL, [LineTotal] [numeric](38, 6) NOT NULL, [rowguid] [uniqueidentifier] NOT NULL, [ModifiedDate] [datetime] NOT NULL ) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Create clustered index CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX [CL_MySalesOrderDetail] ON [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail] ( [SalesOrderDetailID]) GO -- Create Sample Data Table -- WARNING: This Query may run upto 2-10 minutes based on your systems resources INSERT INTO [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail] SELECT S1.* FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail S1 GO 100 -- Create ColumnStore Index CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX [IX_MySalesOrderDetail_ColumnStore] ON [MySalesOrderDetail] (UnitPrice, OrderQty, ProductID) GO Now we have created columnstore index so if we run following query it will use for sure the same index. -- Select Table with regular Index SELECT ProductID, SUM(UnitPrice) SumUnitPrice, AVG(UnitPrice) AvgUnitPrice, SUM(OrderQty) SumOrderQty, AVG(OrderQty) AvgOrderQty FROM [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail] GROUP BY ProductID ORDER BY ProductID GO We can specify Query Hint IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX as described in following query and it will not use columnstore index. -- Select Table with regular Index SELECT ProductID, SUM(UnitPrice) SumUnitPrice, AVG(UnitPrice) AvgUnitPrice, SUM(OrderQty) SumOrderQty, AVG(OrderQty) AvgOrderQty FROM [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail] GROUP BY ProductID ORDER BY ProductID OPTION (IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX) GO Let us clean up the database. -- Cleanup DROP INDEX [IX_MySalesOrderDetail_ColumnStore] ON [dbo].[MySalesOrderDetail] GO TRUNCATE TABLE dbo.MySalesOrderDetail GO DROP TABLE dbo.MySalesOrderDetail GO Again, make sure that you use hint sparingly and understanding the proper implication of the same. Make sure that you test it with and without hint and select the best option after review of your administrator. Here is the question for you – have you started to use SQL Server 2012 for your validation and development (not on production)? It will be interesting to know the answer. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Index, SQL Optimization, SQL Performance, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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  • SQL – Quick Start with Explorer Sections of NuoDB – Query NuoDB Database

    - by Pinal Dave
    This is the third post in the series of the blog posts I am writing about NuoDB. NuoDB is very innovative and easy-to-use product. I can clearly see how one can scale-out NuoDB with so much ease and confidence. In my very first blog post we discussed how we can install NuoDB (link), and in my second post I discussed how we can manage the NuoDB database transaction engines and storage managers with a few clicks (link). Note: You can Download NuoDB from here. In this post, we will learn how we can use the Explorer feature of NuoDB to do various SQL operations. NuoDB has a browser-based Explorer, which is very powerful and has many of the features any IDE would normally have. Let us see how it works in the following step-by-step tutorial. Let us go to the NuoDBNuoDB Console by typing the following URL in your browser: http://localhost:8080/ It will bring you to the QuickStart screen. Make sure that you have created the sample database. If you have not created sample database, click on Create Database and create it successfully. Now go to the NuoDB Explorer by clicking on the main tab, and it will ask you for your domain username and password. Enter the username as a domain and password as a bird. Alternatively you can also enter username as a quickstart and password as a quickstart. Once you enter the password you will be able to see the databases. In our example we have installed the Sample Database hence you will see the Test database in our Database Hierarchy screen. When you click on database it will ask for the database login. Note that Database Login is different from Domain login and you will have to enter your database login over here. In our case the database username is dba and password is goalie. Once you enter a valid username and password it will display your database. Further expand your database and you will notice various objects in your database. Once you explore various objects, select any database and click on Open. When you click on execute, it will display the SQL script to select the data from the table. The autogenerated script displays entire result set from the database. The NuoDB Explorer is very powerful and makes the life of developers very easy. If you click on List SQL Statements it will list all the available SQL statements right away in Query Editor. You can see the popup window in following image. Here is the cool thing for geeks. You can even click on Query Plan and it will display the text based query plan as well. In case of a SELECT, the query plan will be much simpler, however, when we write complex queries it will be very interesting. We can use the query plan tab for performance tuning of the database. Here is another feature, when we click on List Tables in NuoDB Explorer.  It lists all the available tables in the query editor. This is very helpful when we are writing a long complex query. Here is a relatively complex example I have built using Inner Join syntax. Right below I have displayed the Query Plan. The query plan displays all the little details related to the query. Well, we just wrote multi-table query and executed it against the NuoDB database. You can use the NuoDB Admin section and do various analyses of the query and its performance. NuoDB is a distributed database built on a patented emergent architecture with full support for SQL and ACID guarantees.  It allows you to add Transaction Engine processes to a running system to improve the performance of your system.  You can also add a second Storage Engine to your running system for redundancy purposes.  Conversely, you can shut down processes when you don’t need the extra database resources. NuoDB also provides developers and administrators with a single intuitive interface for centrally monitoring deployments. If you have read my blog posts and have not tried out NuoDB, I strongly suggest that you download it today and catch up with the learnings with me. Trust me though the product is very powerful, it is extremely easy to learn and use. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)   Filed under: Big Data, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: NuoDB

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  • Mysql 100% CPU + Slow query

    - by felipeclopes
    I'm using the RDS database from amazon with a some very big tables, and yesterday I started to face 100% CPU utilisation on the server and a bunch of slow query logs that were not happening before. I tried to check the queries that were running and faced this result from the explain command +----+-------------+-------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | businesses | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index; Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | activities_businesses | ref | PRIMARY,index_activities_users_on_business_id,index_tweets_users_on_tweet_id_and_business_id | index_activities_users_on_business_id | 9 | const | 2252 | Using index condition; Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | activities_b_taggings_975e9c4 | ref | taggings_idx | taggings_idx | 782 | const,myapp_production.activities_businesses.id,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | activities | eq_ref | PRIMARY,index_activities_on_created_at | PRIMARY | 8 | myapp_production.activities_businesses.activity_id | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+ Also checkin in the process list, I got something like this: +----+-----------------+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------+------+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+-----------------+-------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------+------+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | my_app | my_ip:57152 | my_app_production | Sleep | 0 | | NULL | | 2 | my_app | my_ip:57153 | my_app_production | Sleep | 2 | | NULL | | 3 | rdsadmin | localhost:49441 | NULL | Sleep | 9 | | NULL | | 6 | my_app | my_other_ip:47802 | my_app_production | Sleep | 242 | | NULL | | 7 | my_app | my_other_ip:47807 | my_app_production | Query | 231 | Sending data | SELECT my_fields... | | 8 | my_app | my_other_ip:47809 | my_app_production | Query | 231 | Sending data | SELECT my_fields... | | 9 | my_app | my_other_ip:47810 | my_app_production | Query | 231 | Sending data | SELECT my_fields... | | 10 | my_app | my_other_ip:47811 | my_app_production | Query | 231 | Sending data | SELECT my_fields... | | 11 | my_app | my_other_ip:47813 | my_app_production | Query | 231 | Sending data | SELECT my_fields... | ... So based on the numbers, it looks like there is no reason to have a slow query, since the worst execution plan is the one that goes through 2k rows which is not much. Edit 1 Another information that might be useful is the slow query_log SET timestamp=1401457485; SELECT my_query... # User@Host: myapp[myapp] @ ip-10-195-55-233.ec2.internal [IP] Id: 435 # Query_time: 95.830497 Lock_time: 0.000178 Rows_sent: 0 Rows_examined: 1129387 Edit 2 After profiling, I got this result. The result have approximately 250 rows with two columns each. +----------------------+----------+ | state | duration | +----------------------+----------+ | Sending data | 272 | | removing tmp table | 0 | | optimizing | 0 | | Creating sort index | 0 | | init | 0 | | cleaning up | 0 | | executing | 0 | | checking permissions | 0 | | freeing items | 0 | | Creating tmp table | 0 | | query end | 0 | | statistics | 0 | | end | 0 | | System lock | 0 | | Opening tables | 0 | | logging slow query | 0 | | Sorting result | 0 | | starting | 0 | | closing tables | 0 | | preparing | 0 | +----------------------+----------+ Edit 3 Adding query as requested SELECT activities.share_count, activities.created_at FROM `activities_businesses` INNER JOIN `businesses` ON `businesses`.`id` = `activities_businesses`.`business_id` INNER JOIN `activities` ON `activities`.`id` = `activities_businesses`.`activity_id` JOIN taggings activities_b_taggings_975e9c4 ON activities_b_taggings_975e9c4.taggable_id = activities_businesses.id AND activities_b_taggings_975e9c4.taggable_type = 'ActivitiesBusiness' AND activities_b_taggings_975e9c4.tag_id = 104 AND activities_b_taggings_975e9c4.created_at >= '2014-04-30 13:36:44' WHERE ( businesses.id = 1 ) AND ( activities.created_at > '2014-04-30 13:36:44' ) AND ( activities.created_at < '2014-05-30 12:27:03' ) ORDER BY activities.created_at; Edit 4 There may be a chance that the indexes are not being applied due to difference in column type between the taggings and the activities_businesses, on the taggable_id column. mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM activities_businesses; +-------------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | activity_id | bigint(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | business_id | bigint(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +-------------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM taggings; +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | tag_id | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | taggable_id | bigint(20) | YES | | NULL | | | taggable_type | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | tagger_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | tagger_type | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | context | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | | | created_at | datetime | YES | | NULL | | +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ So it is examining way more rows than it shows in the explain query, probably because some indexes are not being applied. Do you guys can help m with that?

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  • SQLAuthority News – Statistics Used by the Query Optimizer in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 – Microsoft Whitepaper

    - by pinaldave
    I recently presented session on Statistics and Best Practices in Virtual Tech Days on Nov 22, 2010. The sessions was very popular and I got many questions right after the sessions. The number question I had received was where everybody can get the further information. I am very much happy that my sessions created some curiosity for one of the most important feature of the SQL Server. Statistics are the heart of the SQL Server. Microsoft has published a white paper on the subject how statistics are useful to Query Optimizer. Here is the abstract of the same white paper from Microsoft. Statistics Used by the Query Optimizer in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Writer: Eric N. Hanson and Yavor Angelov Microsoft SQL Server 2008 collects statistical information about indexes and column data stored in the database. These statistics are used by the SQL Server query optimizer to choose the most efficient plan for retrieving or updating data. This paper describes what data is collected, where it is stored, and which commands create, update, and delete statistics. By default, SQL Server 2008 also creates and updates statistics automatically, when such an operation is considered to be useful. This paper also outlines how these defaults can be changed on different levels (column, table, and database). In addition, it presents how certain query language features, such as Transact-SQL variables, interact with use of statistics by the optimizer, and it provides guidance for using these features when writing queries so you can obtain good query performance. Link to white paper Statistics Used by the Query Optimizer in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ?Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com)   Filed under: Pinal Dave, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Documentation, SQL Download, SQL Query, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL White Papers, SQLAuthority News, T SQL, Technology

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  • Do a query only if there are no results on previous query

    - by yes123
    Hi guys: I do this query(1): (1)SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE title LIKE 'key%' LIMIT 1 I need to do a second(2) query only if this previous query has no results (2)SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE title LIKE '%key%' LIMIT 1 basically i need only 1 row who got the most close title to my key. Atm i am using an UNION query with a custom field to order it and a LIMIT 1. Problem is I don't want to do the others query if already the first made the result. Thanks

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  • SQL SERVER – Monday Morning Puzzle – Query Returns Results Sometimes but Not Always

    - by pinaldave
    The amount of email I receive sometime it is impossible for me to answer every email. Nonetheless I try to answer pretty much every email I receive. However, quite often I receive such questions in email that I have no answer to them because either emails are not complete or they are out of my domain expertise. In recent times I received one email which had only one or two lines but indeed attracted my attention to it. The question was bit vague but it indeed made me think. The answer was not straightforward so I had to keep on writing the answer as I remember it. However, after writing the answer I do not feel satisfied. Let me put this question in front of you and see if we all can come up with a comprehensive answer. Question: I am beginner with SQL Server. I have one query, it sometime returns a result and sometime it does not return me the result. Where should I start looking for a solution and what kind of information I should send to you so you can help me with solving. I have no clue, please guide me. Well, if you read the question, it is indeed incomplete and it does not contain much of the information at all. I decided to help him and here is the answer, which I started to compose. Answer: As there are not much information in the original question, I am not confident what will solve your problem. However, here are the few things which you can try to look at and see if that solves your problem. Check parameter which is passed to the query. Is the parameter changing at various executions? Check connection string – is there some kind of logic around it? Do you have a non-deterministic component in your query logic? (In other words – does your result is based on current date time or any other time based function?) Are you facing time out while running your query? Is there any error in error log? What is the business logic in your query? Do you have all the valid permissions to all the objects used in the query? Are permissions changing or query accessing a different object in various executions? (Add your suggestions here) Meanwhile, have you ever faced this situation? If yes, do share your experience in the comment area. I will send a copy of my book SQL Server Interview Questions and Answers to one of the most interesting comment. The winner will be announced by next Monday.  Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Interview Questions and Answers, SQL Puzzle, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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  • Enforcing a query in MySql to use a specific index

    - by Hossein
    Hi, I have large table. consisting of only 3 columns (id(INT),bookmarkID(INT),tagID(INT)).I have two BTREE indexes one for each bookmarkID and tagID columns.This table has about 21 Million records. I am trying to run this query: SELECT bookmarkID,COUNT(bookmarkID) AS count FROM bookmark_tag_map GROUP BY tagID,bookmarkID HAVING tagID IN (-----"tagIDList"-----) AND count >= N which takes ages to return the results.I read somewhere that if make an index in which it has tagID,bookmarkID together, i will get a much faster result. I created the index after some time. Tried the query again, but it seems that this query is not using the new index that I have made.I ran EXPLAIN and saw that it is actually true. My question now is that how I can enforce a query to use a specific index? also comments on other ways to make the query faster are welcome. Thanks

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  • MERGE Bug with Filtered Indexes

    - by Paul White
    A MERGE statement can fail, and incorrectly report a unique key violation when: The target table uses a unique filtered index; and No key column of the filtered index is updated; and A column from the filtering condition is updated; and Transient key violations are possible Example Tables Say we have two tables, one that is the target of a MERGE statement, and another that contains updates to be applied to the target.  The target table contains three columns, an integer primary key, a single character alternate key, and a status code column.  A filtered unique index exists on the alternate key, but is only enforced where the status code is ‘a’: CREATE TABLE #Target ( pk integer NOT NULL, ak character(1) NOT NULL, status_code character(1) NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY (pk) );   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uq1 ON #Target (ak) INCLUDE (status_code) WHERE status_code = 'a'; The changes table contains just an integer primary key (to identify the target row to change) and the new status code: CREATE TABLE #Changes ( pk integer NOT NULL, status_code character(1) NOT NULL,   PRIMARY KEY (pk) ); Sample Data The sample data for the example is: INSERT #Target (pk, ak, status_code) VALUES (1, 'A', 'a'), (2, 'B', 'a'), (3, 'C', 'a'), (4, 'A', 'd');   INSERT #Changes (pk, status_code) VALUES (1, 'd'), (4, 'a');          Target                     Changes +-----------------------+    +------------------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦    ¦ pk ¦ status_code ¦ ¦----+----+-------------¦    ¦----+-------------¦ ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦    ¦  1 ¦ d           ¦ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦    ¦  4 ¦ a           ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦    +------------------+ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦ +-----------------------+ The target table’s alternate key (ak) column is unique, for rows where status_code = ‘a’.  Applying the changes to the target will change row 1 from status ‘a’ to status ‘d’, and row 4 from status ‘d’ to status ‘a’.  The result of applying all the changes will still satisfy the filtered unique index, because the ‘A’ in row 1 will be deleted from the index and the ‘A’ in row 4 will be added. Merge Test One Let’s now execute a MERGE statement to apply the changes: MERGE #Target AS t USING #Changes AS c ON c.pk = t.pk WHEN MATCHED AND c.status_code <> t.status_code THEN UPDATE SET status_code = c.status_code; The MERGE changes the two target rows as expected.  The updated target table now contains: +-----------------------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦ ¦----+----+-------------¦ ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦ <—changed from ‘a’ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦ <—changed from ‘d’ +-----------------------+ Merge Test Two Now let’s repopulate the changes table to reverse the updates we just performed: TRUNCATE TABLE #Changes;   INSERT #Changes (pk, status_code) VALUES (1, 'a'), (4, 'd'); This will change row 1 back to status ‘a’ and row 4 back to status ‘d’.  As a reminder, the current state of the tables is:          Target                        Changes +-----------------------+    +------------------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦    ¦ pk ¦ status_code ¦ ¦----+----+-------------¦    ¦----+-------------¦ ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦    ¦  1 ¦ a           ¦ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦    ¦  4 ¦ d           ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦    +------------------+ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦ +-----------------------+ We execute the same MERGE statement: MERGE #Target AS t USING #Changes AS c ON c.pk = t.pk WHEN MATCHED AND c.status_code <> t.status_code THEN UPDATE SET status_code = c.status_code; However this time we receive the following message: Msg 2601, Level 14, State 1, Line 1 Cannot insert duplicate key row in object 'dbo.#Target' with unique index 'uq1'. The duplicate key value is (A). The statement has been terminated. Applying the changes using UPDATE Let’s now rewrite the MERGE to use UPDATE instead: UPDATE t SET status_code = c.status_code FROM #Target AS t JOIN #Changes AS c ON t.pk = c.pk WHERE c.status_code <> t.status_code; This query succeeds where the MERGE failed.  The two rows are updated as expected: +-----------------------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦ ¦----+----+-------------¦ ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦ <—changed back to ‘a’ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦ <—changed back to ‘d’ +-----------------------+ What went wrong with the MERGE? In this test, the MERGE query execution happens to apply the changes in the order of the ‘pk’ column. In test one, this was not a problem: row 1 is removed from the unique filtered index by changing status_code from ‘a’ to ‘d’ before row 4 is added.  At no point does the table contain two rows where ak = ‘A’ and status_code = ‘a’. In test two, however, the first change was to change row 1 from status ‘d’ to status ‘a’.  This change means there would be two rows in the filtered unique index where ak = ‘A’ (both row 1 and row 4 meet the index filtering criteria ‘status_code = a’). The storage engine does not allow the query processor to violate a unique key (unless IGNORE_DUP_KEY is ON, but that is a different story, and doesn’t apply to MERGE in any case).  This strict rule applies regardless of the fact that if all changes were applied, there would be no unique key violation (row 4 would eventually be changed from ‘a’ to ‘d’, removing it from the filtered unique index, and resolving the key violation). Why it went wrong The query optimizer usually detects when this sort of temporary uniqueness violation could occur, and builds a plan that avoids the issue.  I wrote about this a couple of years ago in my post Beware Sneaky Reads with Unique Indexes (you can read more about the details on pages 495-497 of Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Internals or in Craig Freedman’s blog post on maintaining unique indexes).  To summarize though, the optimizer introduces Split, Filter, Sort, and Collapse operators into the query plan to: Split each row update into delete followed by an inserts Filter out rows that would not change the index (due to the filter on the index, or a non-updating update) Sort the resulting stream by index key, with deletes before inserts Collapse delete/insert pairs on the same index key back into an update The effect of all this is that only net changes are applied to an index (as one or more insert, update, and/or delete operations).  In this case, the net effect is a single update of the filtered unique index: changing the row for ak = ‘A’ from pk = 4 to pk = 1.  In case that is less than 100% clear, let’s look at the operation in test two again:          Target                     Changes                   Result +-----------------------+    +------------------+    +-----------------------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦    ¦ pk ¦ status_code ¦    ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ status_code ¦ ¦----+----+-------------¦    ¦----+-------------¦    ¦----+----+-------------¦ ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦    ¦  1 ¦ d           ¦    ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦    ¦  4 ¦ a           ¦    ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦    +------------------+    ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ a           ¦ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ a           ¦                            ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦ d           ¦ +-----------------------+                            +-----------------------+ From the filtered index’s point of view (filtered for status_code = ‘a’ and shown in nonclustered index key order) the overall effect of the query is:   Before           After +---------+    +---------+ ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦    ¦ pk ¦ ak ¦ ¦----+----¦    ¦----+----¦ ¦  4 ¦ A  ¦    ¦  1 ¦ A  ¦ ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦    ¦  2 ¦ B  ¦ ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦    ¦  3 ¦ C  ¦ +---------+    +---------+ The single net change there is a change of pk from 4 to 1 for the nonclustered index entry ak = ‘A’.  This is the magic performed by the split, sort, and collapse.  Notice in particular how the original changes to the index key (on the ‘ak’ column) have been transformed into an update of a non-key column (pk is included in the nonclustered index).  By not updating any nonclustered index keys, we are guaranteed to avoid transient key violations. The Execution Plans The estimated MERGE execution plan that produces the incorrect key-violation error looks like this (click to enlarge in a new window): The successful UPDATE execution plan is (click to enlarge in a new window): The MERGE execution plan is a narrow (per-row) update.  The single Clustered Index Merge operator maintains both the clustered index and the filtered nonclustered index.  The UPDATE plan is a wide (per-index) update.  The clustered index is maintained first, then the Split, Filter, Sort, Collapse sequence is applied before the nonclustered index is separately maintained. There is always a wide update plan for any query that modifies the database. The narrow form is a performance optimization where the number of rows is expected to be relatively small, and is not available for all operations.  One of the operations that should disallow a narrow plan is maintaining a unique index where intermediate key violations could occur. Workarounds The MERGE can be made to work (producing a wide update plan with split, sort, and collapse) by: Adding all columns referenced in the filtered index’s WHERE clause to the index key (INCLUDE is not sufficient); or Executing the query with trace flag 8790 set e.g. OPTION (QUERYTRACEON 8790). Undocumented trace flag 8790 forces a wide update plan for any data-changing query (remember that a wide update plan is always possible).  Either change will produce a successfully-executing wide update plan for the MERGE that failed previously. Conclusion The optimizer fails to spot the possibility of transient unique key violations with MERGE under the conditions listed at the start of this post.  It incorrectly chooses a narrow plan for the MERGE, which cannot provide the protection of a split/sort/collapse sequence for the nonclustered index maintenance. The MERGE plan may fail at execution time depending on the order in which rows are processed, and the distribution of data in the database.  Worse, a previously solid MERGE query may suddenly start to fail unpredictably if a filtered unique index is added to the merge target table at any point. Connect bug filed here Tests performed on SQL Server 2012 SP1 CUI (build 11.0.3321) x64 Developer Edition © 2012 Paul White – All Rights Reserved Twitter: @SQL_Kiwi Email: [email protected]

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  • DNS Query.log - Multiple query’s for ripe.net

    - by Christopher Wilson
    Currently I run a DNS server (bind9) that handles queries from clients over the internet lately I have noticed hundreds of queries from all different address's that look like this (Server IP removed) client 216.59.33.210#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 216.59.33.204#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 208.64.127.5#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 184.107.255.202#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 208.64.127.5#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 208.64.127.5#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 205.204.65.83#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 69.162.110.106#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 216.59.33.210#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 69.162.110.106#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 216.59.33.204#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) client 208.64.127.5#53: query: ripe.net IN ANY +ED (0.0.0.0) Can someone please explain why there are so many clients querying for ripe.net ?

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  • Difference between an LL and Recursive Descent parser?

    - by Noldorin
    I've recently being trying to teach myself how parsers (for languages/context-free grammars) work, and most of it seems to be making sense, except for one thing. I'm focusing my attention in particular on LL(k) grammars, for which the two main algorithms seem to be the LL parser (using stack/parse table) and the Recursive Descent parser (simply using recursion). As far as I can see, the recursive descent algorithm works on all LL(k) grammars and possibly more, whereas an LL parser works on all LL(k) grammars. A recursive descent parser is clearly much simpler than an LL parser to implement, however (just as an LL one is simply than an LR one). So my question is, what are the advantages/problems one might encounter when using either of the algorithms? Why might one ever pick LL over recursive descent, given that it works on the same set of grammars and is trickier to implement? Hopefully this question makes some amount of sense. Sorry if it doesn't - I blame my the fact that this entire subject is almost entirely new to me.

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  • PHP: Recursive array function

    - by Industrial
    Hi everybody, I want to create a function that returns the full path from a set node, back to the root value. I tried to make a recursive function, but ran out of luck totally. What would be an appropriate way to do this? I assume that a recursive function is the only way? Here's the array: Array ( [0] => Array ( [id] => 1 [name] => Root category [_parent] => ) [1] => Array ( [id] => 2 [name] => Category 2 [_parent] => 1 ) [2] => Array ( [id] => 3 [name] => Category 3 [_parent] => 1 ) [3] => Array ( [id] => 4 [name] => Category 4 [_parent] => 3 ) ) The result I want my function to output when getting full path of node id#4: Array ( [0] => Array ( [id] => 1 [name] => Root category [_parent] => ) [1] => Array ( [id] => 3 [name] => Category 3 [_parent] => 1 ) [2] => Array ( [id] => 4 [name] => Category 4 [_parent] => 3 ) ) The notoriously bad example of my recursive skills: function recursive ($id, $array) { $innerarray = array(); foreach ($array as $k => $v) { if ($v['id'] === $id) { if ($v['_parent'] !== '') { $innerarray[] = $v; recursive($v['id'], $array); } } } return $innerarray; } Thanks!

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  • SQLAuthority News – Download Whitepaper – Understanding and Controlling Parallel Query Processing in SQL Server

    - by pinaldave
    My recently article SQL SERVER – Reducing CXPACKET Wait Stats for High Transactional Database has received many good comments regarding MAXDOP 1 and MAXDOP 0. I really enjoyed reading the comments as the comments are received from industry leaders and gurus. I was further researching on the subject and I end up on following white paper written by Microsoft. Understanding and Controlling Parallel Query Processing in SQL Server Data warehousing and general reporting applications tend to be CPU intensive because they need to read and process a large number of rows. To facilitate quick data processing for queries that touch a large amount of data, Microsoft SQL Server exploits the power of multiple logical processors to provide parallel query processing operations such as parallel scans. Through extensive testing, we have learned that, for most large queries that are executed in a parallel fashion, SQL Server can deliver linear or nearly linear response time speedup as the number of logical processors increases. However, some queries in high parallelism scenarios perform suboptimally. There are also some parallelism issues that can occur in a multi-user parallel query workload. This white paper describes parallel performance problems you might encounter when you run such queries and workloads, and it explains why these issues occur. In addition, it presents how data warehouse developers can detect these issues, and how they can work around them or mitigate them. To review the document, please download the Understanding and Controlling Parallel Query Processing in SQL Server Word document. Note: Above abstract has been taken from here. The real question is what does the parallel queries has made life of DBA much simpler or is it looked at with potential issue related to degradation of the performance? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL White Papers, SQLAuthority News, T SQL, Technology

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  • SQL SERVER – Relationship with Parallelism with Locks and Query Wait – Question for You

    - by Pinal Dave
    Today, I have one very simple question based on following image. A full disclaimer is that I have no idea why it is like that. I tried to reach out to few of my friends who know a lot about SQL Server but no one has any answer. Here is the question: If you go to server properties and click on Advanced you will see the following screen. Under the Parallelism section if you noticed there are four options: Cost Threshold for Parallelism Locks Max Degree of Parallelism Query Wait I can clearly understand why Cost Threshold for Parallelism and Max Degree of Parallelism belongs to Parallelism but I am not sure why we have two other options Locks and Query Wait belongs to Parallelism section. I can see that the options are ordered alphabetically but I do not understand the reason for locks and query wait to list under Parallelism. Here is the question for you – Why Locks and Query Wait options are listed under Parallelism section in SQL Server Advanced Properties? Please leave a comment with your explanation. I will publish valid answers on this blog with due credit. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)   Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Puzzle, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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